电子鼻对酱牛肉煮制过程中老汤风味的检测

利用电子鼻对酱牛肉煮制过程中的老汤进行风味分析,煮制时间4 h,每1 h取样1次,进行电子鼻风味检测。结果表明:随着煮制时间增加,老汤中的醇、醛、酮类及氮氧化物、硫化物成分升高,这些成分也是酱牛肉的主要风味物质来源。后将其数据分别进行主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和线性判别式分析(linear discriminant analysis,LDA),发现LDA分析效果优于PCA。采用负荷加载分析判别不同传感器对于第一、第二主成分的贡献率及相关性,R2、R6、R7、R8、R9等可作为优选传感器应用于分析老汤风味变化。因此电子鼻系统用于监控酱牛肉加工过程中老汤的风味变化是可行的。     

Fibre-optic spectrophotometry for predicting lipid content, pH and processing loss of comminuted meat slurry

A fibre-optic light guide was used to measure the internal reflectance (interactance from 400 to 1000nm) of slurries of comminuted meat. For mixtures of pork adipose tissue and beef muscle with a low connective tissue content, internal reflectance at 1000nm was correlated with lipid content ( r =0.99, P <0.005) and with cooking loss ( r =0.99, P <0.005), and at 930nm with centrifugation fluid loss ( r =0.77, P <0.005). For pork muscle varying in pH but adjusted to a constant lipid content, internal reflectance at 780nm was correlated with pH ( r = -0.80, P <0.01), at 690nm with centrifugation fluid loss ( r =0.74, P <0.025) and at 710nm with cooking loss ( r =0.63, P <0.05). The additive nature of these correlations favours the use of internal reflectance to predict the functional properties of meat slurries.     

Ground Beef Characteristics after Browning or Oil Extraction Preparation

Ground beef with 26.3% fat was cooked by browning/draining (BD), browning/rinsing (BR), and an oil-extraction method with (OA) or without (ON) meat broth added back. BR caused the most reduction of total fat and cholesterol, whereas ON and OA yielded less cooked meat than BD and BR. ON and OA cooked samples, compared to BD and BR samples, contained more polyunsaturated fatty acids and nonheme iron and had higher TBA values unon extended storage at 4°C. Trained sensory panelists rated BD or BR cooked ground beef more intense in positive flavor note (“cooked beef/brothy”) than ON or OA meat. Likewise, consumers tended to prefer meatloaf, spaghetti sauce, and chili prepared with BD or BR cooked ground beef to those prepared with ON or OA cooked meat.     

3种猪肉汤体系中蛋白质降解产物的比较研究

对3种不同烹制方法(水煮、炖煮和高压蒸煮)制得的猪肉和汤汁进行感官评定、总蛋白SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳以及总氮(TN)、水溶性氮(WSN)、非蛋白氮(NPN)和游离氨基酸(FAA)含量的比较研究。感官评定结果表明3种工艺分别为水煮30min,炖煮2h和高压蒸煮15min时,烹制所得肉和汤汁口感与风味最佳。总蛋白SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳图谱显示炖煮肉中大分子蛋白降解最为显著,炖煮肉汤中水溶性蛋白含量最高。水煮、炖煮和高压蒸煮使肉汤体系水溶性氮总量分别比鲜肉增加12%、24%和5%,非蛋白氮总量分别增加42%、59%和33%,游离氨基酸总量分别增加61%、78%和51%。炖煮猪肉的蛋白质降解程度比水煮和高压蒸煮高,且大部分蛋白质降解产物转移到汤汁中,赋予肉汤最优的营养和风味。     

EFFECTS OF HOT PROCESSING, PATTY FORMATION BEFORE OR AFTER FREEZING-THAWING AND SOY USAGE ON VARIOUS PROPERTIES OF LOW-FAT GROUND BEEF

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of combinations of boning temperature (hot = HP, cold = CP), time when patties were processed (immediately after grinding and before freezing = BF; after freezing and thawing of bulk ground beef = AF), and use of texturized soy concentrate (% usage = 0 or 20% substitution, rehydrated either in a ratio of 2.6:1 or 1.5:1) on sensory, Instron and cooking properties of ground beef patties. With the exception of HP -0% soy patties, both sensory and instrumental measures of tenderness revealed AF patties to be more tender than BF patties. BF patties received higher juiciness scores and cooking yields than AF patties. Soy usage reduced Instron values, juiciness scores, cooking loss, patty shrinkage during cooking and beef flavor intensity scores. These results indicate that the use of HP beef in combination with soy should not detrimentally affect ground beef as used in the school lunch program.     

酸汤对酸汤牛肉特征风味及品质的影响

研究酸汤（红酸汤、白酸汤、混合酸汤（红酸汤＋白酸汤））煮制对牛肉感官品质、pH值、色泽、水分含量、蒸煮损失率、嫩度、质构等理化特性的影响,并结合气相色谱-离子迁移谱分析酸汤牛肉挥发性成分,评价酸汤牛肉综合品质。结果表明,与对照组比较,酸汤可显著提高牛肉的嫩度和水分含量,降低牛肉蒸煮损失率、硬度、咀嚼性、胶黏性,改善牛肉的色泽和感官品质。白酸汤牛肉蒸煮损失率、硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性最低,水分含量最高,红酸汤牛肉水分含量次之。红酸汤牛肉与白酸汤牛肉嫩度无显著差异,红酸汤可以显著提高牛肉红度值和黄度值。混合酸汤对牛肉亮度值提升效果较好。红酸汤和白酸汤中乳酸质量浓度最高,分别为23.27、4.90 mg/mL。酸汤牛肉中共鉴定出挥发性风味物质55 种,不同酸汤牛肉挥发性成分存在明显差异;与对照组比较,酸汤煮制牛肉可降低醛类物质相对含量,增加酯类、酸类和酮类物质相对含量,其中,红酸汤牛肉酯类和酸类物质相对含量较高,醛类物质相对含量较低,感官评分最高,口感风味最佳。红酸汤牛肉主要特征风味物质为乳酸乙酯、丁醛、乙酸、苯甲醛（二聚体）、2-甲基丙酸等;白酸汤牛肉主要特征风味物质为丙醇、2-丁酮、3-戊酮、丙酸等;混合酸汤牛肉以酮类物质为主要特征风味物质。与对照组相比,酸汤牛肉中部分风味物质增加,形成酸汤牛肉特有的特征风味。综上所述,红酸汤牛肉挥发性风味成分丰富,感官评价及综合品质更好,红酸汤是制作酸汤牛肉的适宜选择。     

Free Amino Acids of Raw and Cooked Ground Beef and Pork

Ground beef and ground pork were cooked for 15 min on an electric griddle heated to a surface temperature of 121°C. Cooking reduced the total free amino acid (FAA) content from 25.23 to 17.60 mg/25g fresh weight in pork and from 32.77 to 30.09 mg/25g fresh weight in beef. Sixteen FAA were detected in both beef and pork; most individual FAA decreased during heating. Residues remaining after extraction of FAA from raw pork, when rehydrated (70% moisture) and heated (121°C, 15 min), contained only trace amounts of FAA. Free amino acids apparently were not produced under the cooking conditions employed in this study.     

Physical and sensory characterization and consumer preference of corn and barley-fed beef

Steaks from corn-fed and barley-fed beef were characterized by a trained panel, which rated corn-fed beef higher (p<0.05) for tenderness attributes and overall flavor intensity. Canadian consumers preferred (p<0.01) cooked and raw steaks from barley-fed beef, while Mexican consumers showed no preference (p>0.05) for either type of finished beef. Japanese consumers showed a preference (p<0.05) for the appearance of raw barley-fed steaks but a preference for cooked corn-fed steaks (p<0.05). No differences (p>0.05) were observed for Warner-Bratzler shear, marbling scores, cooking losses or Hunter colorimeter values. There was a trend for higher concentrations (p<0.08) of the saturated fatty acids in the barley treatment, but no differences (p>0.10) in mono or polyunsaturated fatty acids.     

Evaluation of Antioxidant Effects of Raisin Paste in Cooked Ground Beef, Pork, and Chicken

ABSTRACT:  The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible antioxidant activity of raisin paste added to raw ground beef, pork, or chicken before cooking to 163 °C. Samples were held at 2 °C for up to 14 d. TBA values were measured using a distillation method, to avoid yellow color interference found in "wet" TBA methods. Sample meat flavor intensity, rancid flavor intensity, and raisin flavor intensity were evaluated by a trained panel (n = 6). Addition of raisin paste lowered ( p < 0.05) TBA values and decreased panel scores for rancid flavor scores of all meat samples in a concentration-dependent manner. Highest antioxidant effects were obtained with a minimum of 1.5%, 2.0%, or 2.0% raisin paste in cooked ground beef, pork, or chicken, respectively. There was a high correlation (0.93, 0.94, 0.94) between TBA values and sensory rancid flavor scores in beef, pork, and chicken samples respectively. Addition of a reducing sugar (glucose) was nearly as effective as raisins for maintenance of low TBA values and rancid flavor scores, probably due to antioxidant effects of Maillard browning products. There was no detectable raisin flavor in cooked ground beef samples with added raisins. However, all meats with added glucose had a higher raisin flavor intensity score than controls, indicating that panelists associated sweetness with raisin flavor. Maillard browning (sample darkening) was evident after cooking of ground chicken with either raisins or glucose.     

芜菁牛肉丸煮制前后风味物质的变化

采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)法和气相色谱质谱联用(GC-MS)法提取芜菁牛肉丸的挥发性风味物质并进行分析和鉴定.结果 表明,煮制前芜菁牛肉丸检测出的风味物质有33种,煮制后芜菁牛肉丸检测出的风味物质有31种.与煮制前相比,芜菁牛肉丸挥发性风味物质中腈类物质变化明显,环丙乙腈、5-己腈含量增多,少了苯代丙腈,多了...     

不同烹饪方法对牛肉挥发性风味物质的影响

为了研究不同烹饪方法(炸制、蒸制和煮制)对牛肉挥发性风味物质的影响,利用固相微萃取(solid phase microextraction,SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)联用技术对不同烹饪方法处理牛肉样品中挥发性风味物质进行分离鉴定....     

Warner-Bratzler Shear Force Repeatability in Beef Longissimus Steaks Cooked With a Convection Oven, Broiler, or Clam-shell Grill

ABSTRACT: Repeatability of Warner-Bratzler shear (WBS) force in beef loin strip steaks was determined using a small kitchen clam-shell grill (GRILL), oven roasting (OVEN), or oven broiling (BROIL). Cooking time for the GRILL method (7.0 min) was shorter, and the OVEN method (22.8 min) was longer compared with the BROIL cooking method (17.5 min, P < 0.001). WBS values across all cooking methods ranged from 1.5 to 7.5 kg. Repeatability of WBS was relatively high for BROIL (r = 0.83), GRILL (r = 0.88), and OVEN (r = 0.88) cooking methods. Grilling beef loin steaks with an inexpensive clam-shell grill is an acceptable method for cooking steaks for research purposes.     

Fluorimetry via a quartz-glass rod for predicting the skin content and processing characteristics of poultry meat slurry

Collagen fluorescence in comminuted mixtures of chicken skin and muscle was measured through a quartz-glass rod. High proportions of skin decreased the gel strength of the cooked product (r=—0.99, P < 0.005), caused higher cooking losses (r = 0.99, P < 0.005) and decreased the fluid-holding capacity measured by centri-fugation (r=—0.92, P < 0.005). Fluorescence intensity was strongly correlated with skin content (r<0.99 from 460 to 510 nm) and, thus, was strongly correlated with gel strength, cooking losses and fluid-holding capacity.     

基于营养与智能感官综合比较不同烹饪方式下芫根的品质差异

为筛选出芫根的适宜烹饪方式,本研究利用氨基酸自动分析仪、电子舌和食品热量检测仪（Calory Answer）比较了5种烹饪方式（水煮、气蒸、微波、高压和油炒）下芫根游离氨基酸、整体滋味和营养成分的差异,同时对芫根的抗氧化活性进行了分析。结果表明：新鲜芫根中总游离氨基酸含量为261.06 mg/100 g,以甜味氨基酸为主,气蒸、微波和油炒后芫根中总游离氨基酸的含量分别提高90.50%、59.74%和83.92%,其中苦味氨基酸比例增加;水煮能够增加酸味和鲜味氨基酸的比例,减少苦味氨基酸比例。油炒、微波和高压能显著提高芫根的能量和碳水化合物含量,气蒸和油炒能显著提高其多酚含量和抗氧化活性（P<0.05）。电子舌能有效区分不同方式烹饪的芫根,水煮和气蒸的芫根滋味较为接近,微波和高压的相似,油炒的较其他相比滋味差异较大。主成分综合评价分析表明：芫根最适宜的烹饪方式是气蒸,其次是油炒。     

MODIFIED PREGELATINIZED POTATO STARCH IN LOW-FAT GROUND BEEF PATTIES

Effects of modified pregelatinized potato starch (MPPS) in 5 and 20% fat ground beef patties were evaluated. In formulas containing starch, MPPS comprised 3.0% and added water 5.0% of the raw mixture. Use of 20% rather than 5% fat in the ground beef improved sensory tenderness measured early in chewing, while lowering many Instron measurements. The 20% fat patties had more intense beef flavor. MPPS increased tenderness, but reduced juiciness and beef flavor. The addition (1% of formulation) of concentrated butter flavor to ground beef with MPPS produced beef flavor equivalent to all-beef patties. The use of MPPS increased cooking yields and moisture content following cooking and reduced fat retention of 20% patties. MPPS increased heating rate while retaining substantial moisture during cooking. Inclusion of MPPS in beef patty formulations offers improvements in tenderness and cooking yield, while reducing fat retention during cooking.     

不同烹饪方式的牛里脊质构品质比较

分析不同烹饪方式对黄牛牛里脊质构参数、脂肪酸含量的影响。购买新鲜黄牛牛里脊,分为5等份,分别做生牛里脊、炖制、烤制、油煎、真空低温烹饪。对比烹饪方式对黄牛牛里脊持水力、pH、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、感官品质、色泽、质构参数、脂肪酸含量的影响。真空低温牛里脊的持水力、pH值、粗蛋白、粗脂肪分别为89.98%、6.12、23.69 mg/g、23.69%。牛里脊色泽、嫩度、多汁性、风味评分分别为8.86、8.49、8.84、8.62分,色泽参数L^*值、a^*值、b^*值、c^*值、h0值分别为45.15、4.12、14.82、15.39、15.39;质构参数硬度、粘性、弹性、咀嚼性、内聚力、剪切力分别为8.36 N、0.62 N·s、6.98 mm、42.68 N·s、0.42 N/cm2、25.39 N;饱和脂肪酸含量、不饱和脂肪酸含量均较高。真空低温牛里脊与炖制牛里脊、烤制牛里脊、油煎牛里脊持水力、pH、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、感官品质、色泽、质构参数、脂肪酸含量相比,具有统计学差异(p<0.05)。由上述结果可知,不同烹饪的牛里脊与生牛里脊相比,存在一定的微观结构、质构变化和营养物质改变,真空低温烹饪方式下黄牛牛里脊微观结构较为完整,对质构的影响较小,更好的保留脂肪酸等营养成分,符合对黄牛牛里脊的烹饪要求。     

超声波协同真空滚揉处理对牛肉丸质地与风味品质的影响

以传统处理组（CON）为空白对照，分别采用真空滚揉（VT）、超声波（UW）和超声波协同真空滚揉（VT+UW）三种方式处理牛肉糜，统一制作牛肉丸，分别测定各处理组牛肉丸的蒸煮损失率、质构特性、微观结构及挥发性风味，探究不同处理方式对牛肉丸理化特性及其挥发性风味的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比，三种处理方式均可显著降低牛肉丸的蒸煮损失率（P<0.05），其中VT+UW处理可显著提高牛肉丸的硬度、胶粘性、咀嚼性，并降低其粘附性（P<0.05）。微观结果显示:VT+UW处理可促进牛肉丸形成更加致密的内部凝胶网络结构。气相色谱-质谱联用技术（gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry，GC-MS）结果显示:VT+UW处理组样品中烃类物质含量增加，醛类和醇类物质含量减少，其中真空滚揉协同超声处理10 min（VT+UW1）的牛肉丸样品挥发性风味物质总量最高，为16.16 mg/kg。相对气味活度值（ROAV）显示壬醛、(Z)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛、(+)-柠檬烯和邻-异丙基苯为牛肉丸的特征风味物质，且在VT+UW组中含量较高，进一步显示超声波协同真空滚揉处理可通过丰富特征风味化合物来优化牛肉丸风味。研究表明，适宜的超声波协同真空滚揉处理不仅可降低牛肉丸的蒸煮损失率，还可有效改善其质构特性和风味特征。     

北京油鸡煲汤过程中鸡汤的风味变化

采用电子舌结合核苷酸和游离氨基酸测定,对鸡汤的滋味变化进行研究,通过电子鼻结合气相色谱-质谱联用测定,对鸡汤的气味变化进行研究。结果表明：煲汤过程中鸡汤滋味变化是由于鲜味氨基酸谷氨酸、甜味氨基酸丙氨酸以及鸡汤中存在的一些多肽类物质引起;煲汤3.0 h后北京油鸡鸡汤中5’-肌苷酸含量为64.12 mg/L,总氨基酸含量为39.54 g/L,牛磺酸含量为11.70 g/L;鸡汤中的醛类物质是鸡汤产生特征性香味的原因,其中壬醛、(E)-2-庚醛、(E)-2-辛烯醛、反-2-十三烯醛、反-2-十一烯醛影响最大;此外,一些含硫化合物（二硫醚）及醇类物质（1-辛烯-3-醇）也对北京油鸡鸡汤的特征性香味产生影响。     

Warmed-Over Flavor Development in Beef Patties Prepared by Three Dry Heat Methods

THE THIOBARBITURIC ACID (TBA) test and sensory evaluations were used to assess the effectiveness of three dry heat preparations—microwave, microwave/convection combination and oven broiling—in retarding warmed-over flavor (WOF) development in ground beef patties. Animals finished on pasture, 60 and 120-day grain were used. The oven broiling method was found to delay WOF development in refrigerated patties. Taste panelists failed to detect differences in flavor as a result of cooking or animal diet. There was a significant (P < 0.001) negative correlation (r=?0.66) between aroma and flavor scores and TBA values over time. Panelists were able to detect deteriorating changes in flavor and aroma after refrigerated storage.