预分解窑窑灰对水泥-矿渣粉胶凝体系的影响

预分解窑窑灰以石灰石为主要成分,含有少量天然岩石或粉煤灰,由于其比表面积高达1200m2/kg,含有大量细微颗粒,作为一种混合材料,可以减少水泥颗粒堆积空隙率。按正交设计进行了多组P·Ⅰ42.5R硅酸盐水泥、矿渣粉、粉煤灰和预分解窑窑灰不同组合的物理性能试验。结果表明,预分解窑窑灰与矿渣粉按适当比例配合,比单独掺入矿渣粉3d、7d、28d三龄期强度均明显提高,特别是明显提高了3d强度,弥补了矿渣粉掺入水泥后早期强度明显下降的缺点。在P·I42.5R硅酸盐水泥中掺入4%预分解窑窑灰和26%比表面积537m2/kg的矿渣粉,能够在保持水泥3d强度与P·I42.5R硅酸盐水泥比较基本不变的前提下,大幅度提高水泥的28d强度。     

高细石灰石粉与矿渣粉复合配制高强水泥试验研究

按正交试验方法设计了不同比例高细石灰石粉、矿渣粉和粉煤灰掺入到P.Ⅰ42.5R硅酸盐水泥中的多组样品,使用RRSB线性回归得到样品的颗粒群分布,并检验样品的物理性能。结果表明,高细石灰石粉和矿渣粉可以明显改善水泥的粒度分布,增加水泥细微颗粒含量,显著提高水泥早期、后期和长期强度。将60%的P.Ⅰ42.5R硅酸盐水泥、6%的高细石灰石粉、30%矿渣粉和4%粉煤灰混合可以配制3d、28d和90d抗压强度分别为38.5MPa、71.2MPa和76.5MPa的高强水泥,与P.Ⅰ42.5R硅酸盐水泥比较,3d、28d和90d抗压强度分别提高约7MPa、10MPa和13MPa。     

水泥强度对蒸养混凝土掺合料活性指数影响的研究

研究了采用P·II 52.5和P·O 42.5两种对比水泥，测定了4个不同品种的蒸养混凝土掺合料在不同龄期的胶砂试件抗折强度、抗压强度，计算了4个不同品种掺合料不同龄期的活性指数。发现了掺合料活性指数测定值与选用的对比水泥强度等级有关，采用P·O 42.5对比水泥时测定的掺合料活性指数较采用P·II 52.5对比水泥时测定值高25.6%～29.9%。     

高细石灰石粉用作水泥混合材料的试验研究

实验室试验了在P·Ⅰ42.5R硅酸盐水泥中掺入高细石灰石粉对水泥物理性能的影响。试验结果表明,高细石灰石粉是一种优良的水泥混合材料;高细石灰石粉与矿渣粉按适当比例配合,比单独掺入矿渣粉各试验龄期强度均明显提高,特别是大幅度提高了3d强度。在P·Ⅰ42.5R硅酸盐水泥中掺入4%高细石灰石粉和26%矿渣粉,能够在保持水泥3d强度基本不变的前提下,大幅度提高水泥的28d强度。     

水泥粉磨配料调整矿粉掺入比例的研究

生产P·O42.5优等品水泥时,通过调整矿粉掺入比例来提高磨机产量,以满足不同季节水泥市场的需求。矿粉的掺加比例直接影响水泥的价格成本、化学指标和物理性能,本文从实际生产阐述了在P·O42.5水泥生产中熟料、粉煤灰、石灰石掺量做相应调整的情况下,研究外掺矿粉从5%提高到15%,P·O42.5水泥的价格成本、化学指标和物理性能的变化。     

石膏掺量对海工硅酸盐水泥性能的影响

以粉煤灰、矿渣粉和硅灰为混合材制备海工硅酸盐水泥,通过掺入不同量的石膏,研究石膏掺量对海工硅酸盐水泥物理性能及耐久性能的影响。试验结果表明,适宜的石膏掺量(7%),具有明显的缓凝作用,可有效激发海工硅酸盐水泥的活性,提高水泥砂浆的早期强度;当石膏掺量超过适宜范围时(7%),会降低海工水泥的早期、后期强度,进而影响海工硅酸盐水泥的耐久性能。XRD和SEM分析表明,与P·O42.5水泥相比,适宜的石膏掺量(7%)可以提高水泥水化体系中AFt的生成量,使水泥石更加致密,孔隙率小,凝胶体多,使得水泥硬化体具有优异的力学性能和耐久性能。     

大掺量粉煤灰混凝土试验研究

为研究大掺量粉煤灰混凝土,对采用强度等级52.5硅酸盐水泥配制大掺量粉煤灰混凝土、不掺粉煤灰混凝土以及强度等级42.5普通硅酸盐水泥配制的混凝土进行混凝土力学性能、长期性能、耐久性和绝热温升试验,绘制相应的曲线,以验证采用强度等级52.5硅酸盐水泥配制大掺量粉煤灰混凝土的可行性。     

粉煤灰-矿粉复合超细粉制备及其在水泥中的应用试验研究

将煤粉炉粉煤灰、循环流化床粉煤灰和S95矿粉分别进行超细粉磨，按照不同比例复合配制粉煤灰-矿粉复合超细粉，研究复合超细粉的粒度分布、活性指数和流动度比，以及复合超细粉替代一定比例成品P·O42.5水泥后水泥的标准稠度用水量、凝结时间和力学性能。结果表明，煤粉炉粉煤灰、循环流化床粉煤灰及矿粉分别经超细粉磨后，中位粒径分别为4.632 μm、2.611 μm和6.039 μm，循环流化床粉煤灰粒度更细。粉煤灰-矿粉复合超细粉的活性指数和流动度比均满足S95矿粉、甚至S105矿粉技术要求。粉煤灰-矿粉复合超细粉替代25%成品P·O42.5水泥，复合水泥标准稠度用水量和初凝时间略增加，复合水泥3 d和28 d抗压强度明显提高。     

硅酸盐水泥对钢渣活性激发的性能研究

试验研究了在硅酸盐水泥体系中通过碱性激发提高钢渣水化活性的方法.研究表明,钢渣掺入量<30%时,硅酸盐水泥对钢渣的活性激发效果最好;复掺矿渣对钢渣活性的激发效果优于粉煤灰,即使掺量为30%时,其早期强度也与相应龄期普通硅酸盐水泥强度持平,而后期强度逐渐超过纯水泥的强度;在普通硅酸盐水泥体系中掺入钢渣可以改善其硬化浆体的性能.     

水泥熟料-粉煤灰体系中粉煤灰活性的复合激发研究

通过水泥砂浆强度试验方法研究了水泥熟料-粉煤灰体系中添加CaO、Na2SO4、明矾等化学物质对其中的粉煤灰活性的激发效果,同时借助于XRD和SEM分析了水泥硬化浆体的组成和微观结构.研究结果表明:CaO-Na2SO4-明矾复合添加能够很好地激发粉煤灰活性,使粉煤灰水泥早期强度降低程度减小.采用42.5等级硅酸盐水泥熟料,粉煤灰掺量高达50％时水泥强度仍然能够达到42.5等级指标.XRD分析表明,CaO-NaSO4-明矾复合激发剂的加入引起了水泥硬化体样品中石英和Ca(OH)2衍射峰的降低,说明它们在一定程度上促进了水泥水化放出的Ca(OH)2与粉煤灰中酸性氧化物的反应,从而加剧粉煤灰潜在活性的快速释放.水泥硬化体样品的SEM照片显示,CaO-Na2 SO4-明矾的加入,使粉煤灰球体表面腐蚀明显,硬化体结构更加致密化.     

Transparent lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) ceramic fibers for high-frequency ultrasonic transducer applications

This paper presents fabrication of transparent lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) fibers using extrusion technique. The diameter of the sintered PLZT fiber is about 400-μm, and the fibers exhibit very good transparency. Measured dielectric constant, remnant polarization and coercive field of PLZT fiber were found to be 2340, 22.5-μC/cm², and 9.8-kV/cm, respectively. The transparent piezoelectric materials may exhibit great potential for Photoacoustic (PA) imaging and hybrid intravascular imaging combining OCT and ultrasound imaging by using the transparent fiber as the path of light propagation and ultrasonic transducer material. In our study, these transparent PLZT fibers were designed to fabricate two types of high-frequency ultrasonic transducers: small aperture single PLZT fiber/epoxy composite and large aperture 1–3 PLZT fiber/epoxy composite ultrasonic transducers. Besides, a 20-μm tungsten wire phantom and the cornea of the porcine eye were also imaged with the 1–3 PLZT fiber/epoxy composite ultrasonic transducer to demonstrate its imaging capability.     

新型超声清洗换能器及其应用

讨论了三种新型超声清洗换能器：半穿孔结构宽频带换能器、圆管换能器和高频无容器清洗器及它们的应用。     

Modification of ultrasonic transducers to study crack propagation in vinyl polymers,supported by SEM technique

Detecting defects in various industrial products remains a challenging task in the industry. Researchers are constantly working to improve detection techniques and tools for various defects, particularly cracks. Many industrial structures suffer from cracks. The selection of a suitable technique and/or tool is based upon the tested structures and the accuracy of the technique and/or tool. The work's novelty is the development of a fully accurate, simple, and safe ultrasonic tool for precisely scanning cracks. A pen-shaped cone was added to the ultrasonic transducers to improve their performance. Different crosshead speeds and annealing techniques were used to cause cracks on medium density polyethylene (MDPE) and poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA) polymer plates with specific dimensions. Cone reduced the front diameter of the transducers from 12 to 2 mm (cone tip diameter). It improved the transducers by giving them new properties such as a small near field, a collimated beam, high sensitivity, and high wave reflection. The modified transducers tracked the cracks at discrete sequential sites, where the ultrasonic velocity was measured to determine the crack speed, critical crack speed, dynamic stress intensity factor, and crack branching phenomenon. Additionally, ultrasonic attenuation was measured in order to accurately determine crack growth behavior, the crack's neck zone, and the crack growth dependency on both plate thickness and annealing. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed crack propagation in polymer plates. The results of ultrasonic testing and SEM evaluations were consistent. This guaranteed that the modified transducers could scan cracks accurately.     

High-temperature thin film lithium niobium oxide transducers for bolts

In the present work, we studied structure, surface morphology, and ultrasonic response of thin film Lithium Niobium Oxide (LNO) transducers deposited on Inconel bolts, stainless steel and silicon substrates by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The deposited transducer material was a mixture of LiNbO₃/LiNb₃O₈ phases, having a well-developed columnar structure. Further, the in-situ high-temperature ultrasonic response was studied in the temperature range of 18–800 °C in ambient air during short-term annealing. It was observed that long-term annealing (at 700 °C for 160 h and 800 °C for 40 h) deteriorated the ultrasonic response, owing to the irreversible change from the initial columnar structure to the porous granular structure. Dielectric and piezoelectric properties of the thin film LNO transducers were also studied. The thin film LNO ultrasonic transducers have potential applications in bolts and screws up to 700 °C.     

Bismuth sodium titanate based lead-free ultrasonic transducer for microelectronics wirebonding applications

Bismuth sodium titanate based lead-free piezoelectric ceramic 0.885(Bi_1/2Na_1/2)TiO₃–0.05(Bi_1/2K_1/2)TiO₃–0.015(Bi_1/2Li_1/2)TiO₃–0.05BaTiO₃ (BNKLBT-1.5) rings (OD = 12.7mm, ID = 5.1 mm and 2.3 mm thick) were fabricated and characterized. Four ceramic rings were sandwiched between front and back metal plates to form a pre-stressed piezoelectric sandwich transducer and used as the driving element of an ultrasonic wirebonding transducer and the performance of the transducer was evaluated. The BNKLBT-1.5 transducer, when fitted with titanium front and back plates, was found to have axial vibration comparable to that of PZT transducer thus showing that BNKLBT-1.5 has the potential to be used in fabricating lead-free ultrasonic wirebonding transducers.     

Nanoporous alumina-based interferometric transducers ennobled

A high fidelity interferometric transducer is designed based on platinum-coated nanoporous alumina films. The ultrathin metal coating significantly improves fidelity of the interferometric fringe patterns in aqueous solution and increases the signal-to-noise ratio. The performance of this transducer is tested with respect to refractive index unit (RIU) sensitivity measured as a change in effective optical thickness (EOT) in response to a solvent change and compared to porous silicon based transducers. RIU sensitivity in the order of 55% is attainable for porous alumina providing excellent signal-to-noise ratio, which exceeds the sensitivity of current interferometric transducers. Finally, as a proof-of-principle, we demonstrate biosensing with two distinct immunoglobulin antibodies.     

Synthesis and Characterization of CNT Composites for Laser‐Generated Ultrasonic Waves

In the last few years, extensive progress in ultrasonic wave generation by using multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in combination with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), functional composites, has been achieved. Due to high optical absorption of MWCNTs as perfect absorbers for laser beams and the high thermal expansion coefficient of PDMS, a compact transducer for ultrasonic wave generation at higher frequency can be realized. This study reports a novel method to synthesize MWCNT–PDMS composites deposited on a glass substrate by spray coating, which is done in a short time of 2 h. The layers (0.9–32.2 µm) show low optical transmission properties of 13.9–0.0% at a wavelength of 1047 nm. Apart from using a 1% Triton‐X‐100 stock solution and then diluted to a 0.1% relatively nonhazardous solution, no toxic chemicals are used. The Triton‐X‐100 solution is not hazardous for lab handling and is a commonly used lab detergent for the treatment of biological cells. The achieved sound pressure level is 3.4 MPa with a frequency bandwidth of 9.7 MHz. These results show the potential for a fast and nontoxic production of laser‐generated ultrasonic transducers, which can be used well in the field of nondestructive material testing of layered materials or in medicine with an appropriate frequency range.     

Composite Polymers Transducers for Ultrasonic and Biological Applications

Ferrite polymer transducer and copolyesters are being used for ultrasonic generation to be used in technology and in biological applications like orthodontic treatment. The objectives of this study were to introduce a new piezoelectric composite polymers and to evaluate and compare their electric and mechanical properties with the widely used other materials. The resonance and antiresonance frequencies were measured for the materials in the radial mode. It is noticed that the resonance frequency decreased with increasing CoZn ferrite concentrations in polymers. The electromechanical coupling factor was determined to be of value 0.8 which is the highest value of the piezoelectric materials. It is very difficult to produce ceramic transducers in large sizes because they are fragile, thus the composite transducer could be an alternative. The ultrasonic wave velocity of the composite polymer is higher than that of other polymers and piezoelectric ceramics making them more attractive for many applications than ceramics. The Young's modulus of the composite polymer increased with increasing ferrite concentrations.     

Piezoelectric and Dielectric Properties of Ceramics in the System Potassium—Sodium Niobate

High radial coupling coefficients are observed for compositions having up to 50 mole % sodium niobate additions to potassium niobate. The activity diminishes with additional sodium niobate content and disappears beyond about 98 mole % additions. Dielectric constants are relatively low, varying from 450 to 125, depending on composition. A.-c. losses are high and d.-c. resistivities are ∼10¹²ohm-cm. The low dielectric constants and high coupling obtained in certain regions of the system make these materials promising for solid ultrasonic delay line use, especially where thin sectioned plates are required, as in high-frequency thickness extensional or thickness shear mode transducers.     

Evaluation of the sensitivity of ultrasonic detection of disbonds in graphite/epoxy-to-metal joints

A study was conducted to evaluate, improve and optimize ultrasonic techniques for the detection of disbonds in composite laminate-to-metal joints. Four graphite/epoxy laminates joined to metal plates were investigated using matched pairs of compression and shear wave ultrasonic transducers of three frequencies (1,2.25, and MHz). Pulse-echo and through transmission modes were used and A-scans, C-scans and frequency spectra were analysed. It was found that the higher frequency (5 MHz) compression wave transducer operated in the through transmission mode gave the best results in most cases. Shear wave transducers were found to be cumbersome to use and unsuitable for the cases studied.