大型竖井贯流泵多工况水力稳定性及其动应力分析

水泵的水力和结构稳定性直接决定着水泵的运行效率和安全性。为此,建立了南水北调二级坝竖井贯流式泵站的全流道三维模型,利用CFD方法模拟了不同工况下水泵内部流动,研究了水泵内部压力脉动特性,并探究了压力脉动和动应力的内在联系。通过在叶轮进出口过流面设置压力监测点,得到了叶轮进出口的压力脉动时频域特性。结果表明:(1)水泵叶轮进出口的压力脉动呈现周期性波动,其主频分别是叶轮叶片通过频率和后导叶通过频率,且出口压力脉动幅值明显大于进口,说明引起压力脉动的原因是叶轮的转动和后导叶与叶轮叶片之间的动静干涉,且动静干涉的影响较大;将叶片上水压力荷载加载到结构中,获得了叶轮的动应力时频特性。(2)对不同工况下的压力脉动与动应力计算结果进行了分析,结果表明应力最大值点位于叶片根部,与静应力计算结果相同,且应力值始终满足结构强度要求,动应力最大值在时域上呈现出周期性,其幅值在静应力附近波动,飞逸工况下的动应力波动较大;动应力频域分析显示,动应力的主次频分别为叶轮叶片通过频率和导叶通过频率,这表明水泵的水力激振力是导致动应力波动的主要原因。     

大流量低扬程水泵无叶区非定常流动特性研究

本文是东方电机为珠江三角洲水资源配置工程的鲤鱼洲和高新沙泵站开展水力开发的部分工作,主要研究水泵在最优工况和大流量工况无叶区的非定常流动特性,为泵站的稳定运行提供依据.非定常计算结果显示,无叶区压力脉动主要受动静干涉影响,脉动幅值较小(最优工况不高于4％,大流量工况不高于7％),因此满足工程稳定运行需求.压力脉动主要频...     

轴流泵装置模型试验压力脉动特性研究

结合南水北调某轴流泵装置模型试验,研究了泵站机组的压力脉动情况。研究表明：设计工况时,压力脉动的频率脉动相对幅值较小,一旦偏离设计工况,随着扬程的减小,脉动相对幅值增大,叶轮进口处存在比较明显的压力脉动,叶轮出口处压力脉动相对幅值比进口处减小,出水流道处的压力脉动相对幅值比叶轮出口处又有所增加。在小扬程工况下,压力脉动的频率值以叶片通过频率为主;在大扬程工况下,由于泵内湍流强烈的不规则运动,低于1倍叶片通过频率的低频脉动会随着流量的减小幅值越来越大并占据主导地位。     

水泵水轮机泵工况压力脉动和转轮受力特性

为研究水泵水轮机在泵工况下的内部流态变化对压力脉动和转轮叶片受力的影响,采用 SAS－SST 湍流模型对某一模型水泵水轮机的多个非设计工况进行非定常数值模拟,分析了水轮机 内部流态对导叶与转轮之间无叶区、尾水管内的压力脉动和转轮叶片径向受力的影响。结果表明: 在流量为 40% ～80%设计流量时,导叶区内产生旋转失速,转失速涡团初生于固定导叶进口,并随着流量的降低向活动导叶进口发展,且覆盖区域逐渐增大。旋转失速使压力和过流沿周向不均匀分布, 导致压力脉动和转轮径向受力波动大幅上升。在40%设计流量时,失速涡团发展最为充分,无叶区 压力脉动和转轮受力波动的低频分量幅值最高。旋转失速产生的低频脉动可向尾水管传播,形成的低 频压力脉动幅值约为无叶区低频脉动幅值的10%。当流量低于 40%设计流量时,导叶区旋转失速消失,复杂的涡结构形成的压力脉动低频成分没有周期性。此外,转轮进口的流动分离使尾水管内产生复杂的回流涡结构,导致尾水管内形成频谱丰富的压力脉动; 流量降低使转轮进口回流涡结构的湍动 能增加,导致尾水管内压力脉动幅值大幅上升。小流量工况下,转轮进口的涡结构演变是转轮径向力波动的主要影响因素。     

水泵水轮机泵工况压力脉动和转轮受力特性

为研究水泵水轮机在泵工况下的内部流态变化对压力脉动和转轮叶片受力的影响,采用SAS-SST湍流模型对某一模型水泵水轮机的多个非设计工况进行非定常数值模拟,分析了水轮机内部流态对导叶与转轮之间无叶区、尾水管内的压力脉动和转轮叶片径向受力的影响。结果表明:在流量为40%～80%设计流量时,导叶区内产生旋转失速,转失速涡团初生于固定导叶进口,并随着流量的降低向活动导叶进口发展,且覆盖区域逐渐增大。旋转失速使压力和过流沿周向不均匀分布,导致压力脉动和转轮径向受力波动大幅上升。在40%设计流量时,失速涡团发展最为充分,无叶区压力脉动和转轮受力波动的低频分量幅值最高。旋转失速产生的低频脉动可向尾水管传播,形成的低频压力脉动幅值约为无叶区低频脉动幅值的10%。当流量低于40%设计流量时,导叶区旋转失速消失,复杂的涡结构形成的压力脉动低频成分没有周期性。此外,转轮进口的流动分离使尾水管内产生复杂的回流涡结构,导致尾水管内形成频谱丰富的压力脉动;流量降低使转轮进口回流涡结构的湍动能增加,导致尾水管内压力脉动幅值大幅上升。小流量工况下,转轮进口的涡结构演变是转轮径向力波动的主要影响因素。     

双吸离心泵吸水室和压水室压力脉动特性试验研究

双吸离心泵压力脉动是影响水泵机组运行稳定性的关键因素之一。采用试验的方法,分别在吸水室和压水室的壁面布置压力脉动传感器,采集各个测试流量下的压力脉动信号,进行混频幅值和频谱分析。结果表明,低于轴频的低频脉动和轴频脉动在吸水室区域占主导地位。在额定流量和大流量工况下,低频脉动频率主要为1/3倍的轴频。在小流量工况下,该低频脉动影响范围显著扩大,幅值明显增大。叶频脉动在隔舌区域非常强烈,是压水室区域的主导脉动成分,沿压水室圆周方向传播并耗散脉动能量。当偏离额定工况时,压水室压力脉动峰峰值显著增加,尤其是在小流量工况,该幅值达到额定工况下相应值的5~6倍。     

叶轮与导叶匹配关系对立式离心泵水力特性影响的实验研究

大型含导叶立式离心泵广泛应用于高扬程远距离调水,旋转叶轮与静止导叶动静干涉引起的无叶区内高幅值压力脉动是影响其稳定运行的关键因素.为研究叶轮与导叶匹配关系对水泵水力特性的影响,对3台模型泵开展能量特性与压力脉动同台对比实验,分别监测了进水流道、无叶区和压水室的压力脉动信号,并进行时域和频域分析.结果表明:泵运行流量越靠...     

水泵水轮机反水泵工况区压力脉动特性分析

为研究水泵水轮机反水泵区的压力脉动特性,以某抽水蓄能电站模型水泵水轮机为研究对象,基于分离涡湍流方法(detached eddy simulation,DES),对水泵水轮机反水泵工况进行了数值模拟。探讨了全流道三维湍流场特性,并与试验结果相对比,分析了水泵水轮机在反水泵工况区压力脉动特性。结果表明,反水泵工况下,转轮与导叶之间和尾水管内的主频均为0.143倍转频,主频幅值占混频幅值比例分别达到12%和34.6%。通过流场分析,发现尾水管锥管段内的螺旋形涡带结构是导致这种低频脉动的主要原因。同常规运行工况相比,反水泵工况区的不稳定流场会导致压力脉动相对幅值的突增,引起机组剧烈的振动,严重影响机组的安全运行。     

轴流泵不稳定流场的压力脉动特性研究

流场压力脉动是影响大型轴流泵运行稳定性的关键因素,本文采用时间相关的瞬态流分析理论及大涡模拟方法研究轴流泵内部非定常流动,得到了不同工况下泵内水压力脉动结果。通过与实测扬程和功率对比,证明本文所提出的方法可较准确地反映泵的流动特征。研究表明,轴流泵内最大压力脉动发生在叶轮进口前,压力脉动频率主要受叶轮转频控制;在叶轮进口与出口处,从轮毂到轮缘压力脉动逐渐增大,而在导叶中间及导叶出口处,结果正好相反。偏离最优工况越远,脉动的相对振幅越大,在60%流量工况下泵内压力脉动约为最优工况的2倍。     

中比转速离心泵小流量工况下压力脉动特性

采用Navier-Stokes方程和RNG k-ε湍流模型,对不同流量工况下离心泵内部非定常流动进行了数值计算,计算得到的离心泵外特性与试验结果吻合较好。数值模拟结果表明,不同流量工况下叶轮内压力脉动具有明显的周期性变化,压力脉动强度随着流量的减小而增强,叶片压力面脉动强度更加剧烈,叶轮旋转频率始终占主导作用。由叶轮进口至出口,叶片压力面和吸力面压力脉动最大幅值均渐渐增大。相同监测点的压力脉动最大幅值在30%设计流量工况时最大,约为设计流量工况下3~4倍。随时间叶轮流道内存有旋涡的产生、发展、脱落的周期性变化过程,这是造成离心泵运行效率低、压力脉动副值增大、脉动波形紊乱的主因。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。