Effect of activator and curing mode on fly ash-based geopolymers

The influences of concentration and modulus of sodium silicate solution and curing mode on the phase composition, microstructure and strength development in the geopolymers prepared using Class F fly ash were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and MAS NMR were utilized. Results show that the compressive strength increases as sodium silicate solution modulus increases, but when modulus exceeds 1.4, the compressive strength decreases, and it decreases markedly while the modulus is greater than 2.0. The compressive strength was improved by the increase of sodium silicate solution concentration. When the concentration is 32%, the compressive strength reaches the maximum, then it reduces as concentration increasing. Elevated temperature can increase the strength of samples that synthesized from sodium silicate solution with 32% concentration and modulus 1.2. Compared to the strength of the sample cured at 50 °C, the strength of the samples cured at 65 °C and 80 °C are higher at 1 d and 3 d, but the same at 7 d. At high temperature, prolonged curing time will decrease the strength. Long precuring at room temperature before application of heat is beneficial for strength development, and there is about 50% increase in strength of the samples cured at 1 d precuring and 2 d elevated temperature as compared to the strengths of the samples cured for 3 d at elevated temperatures or cured for 28 d at room temperature. The main product of reaction in the geopolymeric material is amorphous alkali aluminosilicate gel.     

Solidification of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash with Cement and Its Leaching Behaviors of Heavy Metals

The solidifying qffect of cement addition on municipal solid waste incineration fly ash ( MSWFA for short, collected from the gas exhaust system of MSW incinerator), the interaction of MSWFA with cement and water and the leaching of heavy metals from cement-solidified MSWFA are investigated. The main results show that : ( 1 ) when MSWFA is mixed with cement and water, 112 evolution, the formation and volume expansion of AFt will take place, the volume expansion can be reduced by ground rice husk ash addition ; (2) heavy metals do leach from cement-solidified MSWFA and at lower pH more leaching will occur; (3) compared with cement - so-lidified fly ash, the leachate of solidified MSWFA is with higher heavy metal contents ; (4) with the increment of cement addition leached heavy metals are decreased ; and (5) concentrations of Zn , Mn , Cu and Cd in all the leachates can meet the relevant Standards of Japan, but as the regulations for soil and groundwater protection of Japan are concerned, precautions against the leaching of Pb , Cl^- and Cr^6 and so on are needed.     

煤矸石中重金属动态淋滤和静态浸泡溶出特征研究

以山东济宁三矿煤矸石为研究对象,分别采用动态淋滤和静态浸泡对煤矸石中重金属的溶出特征进行对比研究。实验结果表明:无论动态淋滤实验还是静态浸泡实验,煤矸石中重金属元素背景值影响溶出液中重金属浓度,背景值越高,在两种实验过程中析出重金属的浓度越高(Mn除外);静态浸泡并不是动态淋滤的极限,煤矸石通过动态淋滤对环境产生的危害大于静态浸泡产生的危害;无论是动态淋滤实验还是静态浸泡实验,溶出液中只有Cr和Pb的浓度超过了国家地表水环境质量标准(Ⅲ类);溶出液呈弱碱性,符合国家地表水环境Ⅲ类质量标准。     

火化飞灰综合处理技术--PAMCATS固化剂的应用

利用合成的侧链高分子化合物配位稳定火化飞灰中的重金属，并配合石灰固化飞灰与土壤的混合物，实现飞灰的无害直接填埋。实验室有毒物质检测程序（TCLP）检测得到的重金属浸出量符合废物填埋控制标准。飞灰粘土固化件无侧限抗压强度达到2MPa以上，水稳定性好，长期抗渗透能力高。     

Physicochemical properties and heavy metals leachability of fly ash from coal-fired power plant

The physicochemical properties of fly ash from two kinds of coal-fired power plants were studied. Three aspects were examined: the micro-morphology, the mineral composition and the content of heavy metals. The results show that the fly ash from plants using a circulating fluidized bed are more irregular particles, while the particles from the plants using a pulverized coal-fired boiler are mainly spherical in shape. Quartz and mullite are the main crystalline phases in the ash. Clearly, both the technology and the coal used by a power plant can influence the mineral composition of the ash. The mineral composition of fly ash from a circulating fluidized bed is more complex than that from a pulverized coal-fired boiler. The quantity of elements found in the fly ash is greater than that found in the bottom ash for the same plant. Heavy metals are likely to be enriched in the fly ash. Heavy metal leachability was studied using two leaching methods. The results indicate that most of the heavy metals that leached during either batch leaching or column leaching experiments did not exceed the related maximum concentration standards. But Ni concentrations in the leachates from both batch and column tests exceed the standard. The highest excess rates in both tests were 572% and 497%, which levels might threaten the environment.     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属特性分析

对国内四个不同的垃圾焚烧厂产生的飞灰进行物理及化学特性分析.四种飞灰在颗粒尺寸分布上有相似的规律,飞灰中重金属的质量分数分析结果表明采用纯垃圾焚烧的炉排炉飞灰中的质量分数高于掺煤混烧的流化床焚烧飞灰中的质量分数.随着飞灰颗粒尺寸的减小,飞灰中重金属的浓度呈现增加的趋势.飞灰的渗滤特性表明,飞灰中Ca质量分数越高,飞灰的酸中合能力越强,且重金属的渗出率受飞灰渗滤液的pH影响大,而在碱性渗滤条件下受飞灰中重金属质量分数的影响小.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融过程中重金属固化特性

为探索垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属在熔融过程中的迁移特性,采用燃油式表面熔融炉,对杭州某生活垃圾焚烧厂的焚烧飞灰连续进行了6个多月日处理规模为500kg/d的熔融固化中试实验.采用X射线衍射仪、电感耦合等离子体质谱仪、X射线荧光光谱仪研究不同工艺参数(温度、添加剂、冷却方式)对飞灰中重金属固化率的影响.结果表明:随着温度的升高和添加剂比例的增大,重金属Cu、Zn的固化率显著提高,Pb、Cd和Cr则变化不明显;水冷却方式下,重金属固化率要略大于空气自然冷却.熔融过程中,烟气中常规污染物浓度和二噁英等污染物总毒性浓度均小于标准限值.     

Factors affecting the shrinkage of fly ash geopolymers

The shrinkage of fly ash geopolymers was studied in the present study.Fly ash was used as the source material for making the geopolymers.The effects of the concentration of NaOH,sodium silicate-to-NaOH ratio,liquid-to-ash ratio,curing temperature,and curing time on shrinkage were investigated.The geopolymers were cured at 25,40,and 60℃,respectively.The results indicate that the shrinkage of geopolymers is strongly dependent on curing temperature and liquid-to-ash ratio.The increase in shrinkage is associate...     

酸溶粉煤灰制备混凝剂及其处理污水效果

为了提高粉煤灰的利用价值,采用酸溶法提取其中的铝、铁元素,制备粉煤灰基混凝剂.以硫酸为酸浸液,固定酸灰比为3:1,考查不同酸溶方式的溶出效果,并利用制得的混凝剂处理生活污水.实验结果表明:硫酸浓度或反应温度的提高有助于粉煤灰中铝、铁的溶出.添加NH4F为助溶剂,铝、铁的总溶出率可达63.42%,但存在F-的二次污染.经过高温焙烧后粉煤灰中铝、铁酸溶性降低,但添加碳酸钠且配比达到0.06以上时,熟料中铝酸溶性提高;由此制得的混凝剂处理污水时,适宜投量为1.2 mL/L,效果优于市售混凝剂,COD、TP的去除率分别为69%、95%,剩余SS低于20 mg/L.     

早龄期低钙粉煤灰基地聚物混凝土拉伸徐变特性

对早龄期低钙粉煤灰基地聚物混凝土拉伸徐变特性的把握,能够为受拉状态地聚物混凝土的应力解析及开裂预测提供重要的参数依据。采用自制混凝土拉伸徐变试验装置,通过恒定应力下的混凝土拉伸徐变试验获取混凝土比徐变、徐变增长速率等徐变特性,研究不同初始加载龄期（2、3、4 d）对低钙粉煤灰基地聚物混凝土拉伸徐变的影响。结果表明：高温密封养护可以使低钙粉煤灰基地聚物混凝土短时间内达到强度稳定状态;低钙粉煤灰基地聚物混凝土的拉伸徐变特性与普通水泥混凝土相似,试验初期阶段徐变增长速率较快,随持荷时间的增加,徐变增长速率迅速下降;在同一应力强度比下,初始加载龄期越大,比徐变越小,试验初期阶段的徐变增长速率也越小;相较于试验中期阶段与后期阶段,初始加载龄期对试验初期阶段的徐变影响更大。     

MSWI fly ash based novel solidification/stabilization matrices for heavy metals

The possibilities of MSWI fly ash as a major constituent of novel solidification/stabilization matrices for secure landfill were investigated by mixing MSWI fly ash with rich aluminum components, which was added as bauxite cement or metakaolinite instead, to form Friedel and Ettringite phases with high fixing capacities for heavy metals. The physical properties, heavy metals-fixing capacity, mineral phases and its vibration bands in the novel matrices were characterized by compressive strength, TCLP（toxic characteristic leaching procedure）, XRD （x-ray diffraction） , DTG （derivative thermogravimetry）, and FTIR （fourier transform infrared spectroscopy）, respectively. The Tessier＇s five-step sequential extraction procedure was used to analyze the fractions of chemical speciation for Pb, Cd and Zn ions. The experimental results indicate that Friedel-Ettringite based novel solidification/stabilization matrices can incorporate Pb, Cd and Zn ions effectively by physical encapsulation and chemical fixation, and it exhibits a great potential in co-landfill treatment of MSWI fly ash with some heavy metals-bearing hazardous wastes.     

地聚物固化体抗高温性能及数学模型研究

地聚物对焚烧飞灰中的重金属具有良好的固定作用.为了进一步探索固化飞灰后的地聚物固 化体的抗环境侵蚀性能, 开展了固化体高温—恒温时间—地聚物抗压强度的研究及经受高温后固 化体的重金属浸出试验, 探讨抗压强度与高温、恒温时间之间的关系以及地聚物固化垃圾焚烧飞灰 的稳定性.通过对固化体试块的高温试验以及对不同温度、不同恒温时间下固化体抗压强度试验, 分析这三者之间的关系, 建立数学模型, 并根据实验结果拟合温度—恒温时间—抗压强度的三维 曲面.     

Leachability of heavy metals from solidified sludge

Solidified sludge undergoes progressive depletion of the alkalinity materials under natural weathering condition and releases out of heavy metals. The leaching of heavy metals from solidified sewage sludge was studied by acid neutralization capacity (ANC) test and flow-through leaching test. The results of ANC test showed that heavy metals release at high concentration when the pH of extract lowers than 6. The disintegration of solidified sludge and the transformation of heavy metals are the main reasons for the resolubilisation of contaminants. Flow-through leaching test indicated that leaching of heavy metals from solidified sludge occurs in a slow way. A mathematical model has been developed to predict the stabilization time of heavy metals in solidified sludge. The research results showed that decreasing hydraulic conductivity is more important than cement addition for controlling the release of heavy metals from solidified sludge. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50678075)     

五种重金属对蛋白核小球藻的动态毒性研究

以蛋白核小球藻为受试生物,以五种常见的重金属(铜、锰、镉、锌和铅)为研究对象,应用时间依赖微板毒性分析法系统测定不同浓度的五种重金属分别对蛋白核小球藻在7个不同暴露时间(12、24、36、48、60、72和96 h)的动态生长抑制效应数据,应用非线性最小二乘法拟合在不同暴露时间测定的浓度-效应数据。结果表明,两参数非线性函数Logit能够较好地拟合五种重金属对蛋白核小球藻在除了暴露时间12 h外的浓度-效应数据(R0.91,RMSE0.1);五种重金属对蛋白核小球藻的毒性先随着时间的延长而逐渐增加,在一定时间后,毒性几乎不再增加,即具有明显的的时间依赖性,但不同重金属随暴露时间的延长,其毒性变化规律不同,如铜、镉和锌的毒性从暴露时间12 h时就开始逐渐增强,在24 h增加速度最快,然后缓慢增加至72 h后几乎不再增加,而锰和铅的毒性在开始的12 h内几乎没有毒性,此后开始迅速增加,铅在24 h内的抑制效应甚至超过了50%,锰在24 h和48 h两个时间点迅速增加,然后毒性几乎不再增加;不同重金属的毒性大小顺序随时间的变化规律也不相同。     

差异含水率条件下飞灰及其螯合物的应力应变及环境特性

垃圾焚烧飞灰因极高的重金属含量而被认为是一种危险废弃物,但与火山灰成分的相似使该材料有着资源化利用的潜在价值。以飞灰及其螯合物为研究对象,探讨了含水率、养护条件等因素对材料应力应变及环境特性的影响。研究结果表明：飞灰螯合物重金属浸出浓度较低,并有着较强的吸水特性;飞灰及其螯合物强度早期随着养护时间的增长呈上升趋势,破坏应变随之减小,脆性不断增大;材料强度在中后期出现明显分化,飞灰（90%湿度养护）强度约为螯合飞灰的23.11倍。飞灰强度随含水率的增大而减小,可归结于孔隙水对压实能量的吸收和结构的影响;螯合飞灰强度均随养护时间和含水率增加而显著增大。     

从工业废料中回收重金属

介绍了用酸溶氧化沉淀法，从金属切削废料中选择性分离、回收镍、铬、铁等重金属制成各种化合物的工艺方法，试验并确定了最佳反应条件，并对结果进行了分析。     

Removal of heavy metals from mine water by cyanobacterial calcification

The influence of different illumination intensities on cyanobacterial calcification induced removal of heavy metals from contaminated mine water was studied. Cyanobacterial calcification experiments were performed using a growth medium intended to simulate contaminated mine water. The results indicate that calcification can promote the removal of heavy metal ions. As the illumination intensity became stronger calcification rates increased and the removal of Zn2+ and Cd2+ became more obvious. When the illumination intensity was 10000 lux the removal of Pb2+ was the largest observed: stronger or weaker illumination reduced the amount of lead removed. The removal of three different heavy metals complies with an index function. For identical illumination intensities different ions were removed to different degrees.     

活性污泥对重金属Cr6+和Cu2+的吸附研究

为研究Cu²⁺在缺氧和好氧不同环境中对活性污泥沉降性及脱氮性能的影响,在3个完全相同以缺氧/好氧方式运行的序批式反应器（SBR）中,采用以乙酸钠为唯一碳源的合成废水,待系统的硝化反硝化过程运行稳定后,SBR 1#作为对照试验,每周期分别在SBR 2#的缺氧段和SBR 3#的好氧段投加CuSO₄溶液,每次按反应器内5 mg/L Cu²⁺投加.研究结果表明：在缺氧段投加Cu²⁺能引发污泥膨胀,而在好氧段投加Cu²⁺并未引起污泥沉降性的恶化;在缺好氧环境中Cu²⁺都未引起丝状菌的大量增殖;Cu²⁺能刺激微生物分泌更多的胞外聚合物抵御Cu²⁺的毒害作用,抑制微生物贮存聚-β-羟基烷酸酯（PHA）的能力;在SBR 2#的缺氧段投加Cu²⁺有利于短程硝化反硝化的形成,但长期投加并不能维持短程硝化,而在SBR 3#的好氧段投加Cu²⁺后,系统迅速丧失脱氮性能.

     

Extraction of valuable metals from low-grade nickeliferous laterite ore by reduction roasting-ammonia leaching method

Nickel and cobalt were extracted from low-grade nickeliferous laterite ore using a reduction roasting-ammonia leaching method. The reduction roasting-ammonia leaching experimental tests were chiefly introduced, by which fine coal was used as a reductant. The results show that the optimum process conditions are confirmed as follows: in reduction roasting process, the mass fraction of reductant in the ore is 10%, roasting time is 120 min, roasting temperature is 1 023–1 073 K; in ammonia leaching process, the liquid-to-solid ratio is 4:1(mL/g), leaching temperature is 313 K, leaching time is 120 min, and concentration ratio of NH₃ to CO₂ is 90 g/L:60 g/L. Under the optimum conditions, leaching efficiencies of nickel and cobalt are 86.25% and 60.84%, respectively. Therefore, nickel and cobalt can be effectively reclaimed, and the leaching agent can be also recycled at room temperature and normal pressure.