高钙粉煤灰地聚合物固化/稳定重金属的试验研究

利用高钙粉煤灰研制地聚合物来固化/稳定重金属,采用静态和动态浸出试验研究了高钙粉煤灰地聚合物对重金属的固化/稳定效果,并进一步探索了重金属的迁移机制和长期安全性.研究表明:高钙粉煤灰地聚合物分别固化/稳定0.025％的铅,0.025％的铬和0.01％的汞后,经静态浸出试验,重金属浸出浓度远低于规定的上限值,且固化率均在98％以上.经动态浸出试验,重金属的实时浸出浓度低于规定的上限值,累积浸出浓度在72 h后趋于稳定;固化体中重金属的径向分布相似;重金属的有效扩散系数和浸出率非常低,长期安全性优良.     

Utilization of thermally treated flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and class-C Fly Ash (CFA) to prepare CFA-based geopolymer

The feasibility of utilization of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and Class-C fly ash (CFA) to prepare CFA-based geopolymer were studied. The results showed that geopolymer made from 90% CFA and 10% FGD gypsum (FGDG) which was thermally treated at 800 ℃ for 1 h obtained the better compressive strength of 37.0 MPa. The micro characteristics and structures of the geopolymer samples of CFA and CFA-FGDG were tested by XRD, FT-IR, and SEM-EDXA after these samples cured at 75 ℃ for 8 h followed by 23 ℃ for 28 d. Both the geopolymer samples of CFA and CFA-FGDG have significant asymmetric stretching of Al-O/Si-O bonds and Si-O-Si / Si-O-Al bending band. In geopolymer sample of CFA-FGDG, a small quantity of lathy products probably being the ettringite wrapped over the spherical fly ash particle, and the concentration of sulfur is much more than that in geopolymer sample of CFA. It is indicated that FGD gypsum may react during alkali-activated and geopolymeric process.     

Strength and Microstructural Analysis of Geopolymer Prepared with Recycled Geopolymer Powder

The strength and microstructural analysis of recycled geopolymer are presented in this paper.Five kinds of geopolymers containing 0%,20%,50%,80% and 100 % of recycled geopolymer powder were prepared using metakaolin as the source material.The alkali activator solution was a mixture of sodium silicate (Na_2SiO_3) and 12 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH).The change laws of compressive and flexural strength of recycled geopolymer specimens were investigated.And the microscopic characteristics were carried out by SEM,XRD and FTIR to observe the internal morphology and analyze changes in components of recycled geopolymers at different substitution rates.The results show that,with the increase of substitution rate of recycled geopolymer powder,the mechanical properties of recycled geopolymers degenerate and the looser structure are formed.When the substitution rate is less than 50%,the recycled geopolymer specimen meets the use requirements of heavy traffic load class.And the specimen with 80% of substitution rate satisfies the requirements of plastering mortar.     

Synthesis and heavy metal immobilization behaviors of fly ash based gepolymer

Two aspects of studies were carried out: 1) synthesis of geopolymer by using fly ash and metakaolin; 2) Immobilization behaviors of fly ash based geopolymer in a presence of Pb and Cu ions. As for the synthesis of fly ash based geopolymer, 4 different fly ash content (10%, 30%, 50%, 70%) and 3 types of curing regimes (standard curing, steam curing and autoclave curing) were investigated to obtain the optimum synthesis condition based on the compressive and flexural strength. The experimental results show that geopolymer, containing 30% fly ash and synthesized at steam curing (80° for 8 h), exhibits higher mechanical strengths. The compressive and flexural strengths of fly ash based geopolymer reach 32.2 MPa and 7.15 MPa, respectively. Additionally, Infrared (IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to characterize the microstructure of the fly ash geopolymer. IR spectra shows that the absorptive band at 1086 cm⁻¹ shifts to lower wave number around 1033 cm⁻¹, and the 6-coordinated Al transforms into 4-coordination during the synthesis of fly ash based geopolymer. The resulting geopolymeric products were X-ray amorphous materials. As for immobilization of heavy metals, the leaching tests were employed to investigate the immobilization behaviors of the fly ash based geopolymer synthesized under the above optimum condition. The leaching tests showed that fly ash based geopolymer can effectively immobilize Cu and Pb heavy metal ions, and the immobilization efficiency reached 90% greater when heavy metals were incorporated in the fly ash geopolymer in the range of 0.1% to 0.3%. The Pb exhibits better immobilization efficiency than the Cu, especially in the case of large dosages of heavy metals.     

掺加矿渣的土壤聚合物对重金属的固化

在土壤聚合物固化重金属时进行了掺加不同量高炉矿渣的实验，测定固化体的抗压强度、浸出毒性．试验结果表明，土壤聚合物掺加一定量的高炉矿渣固化重金属对不同的重金属固化效果不同，但总体来说，固化体的浸出毒性低于国家标准，抗压强度可迭30MPa以上，能用于建材．高炉矿渣的掺量在30％左右时抗压强度最好，浸出毒性则随着高炉矿渣掺量的增加而下降，所以利用土壤聚合物固化一定含量的重金属时，可以加入适当的高炉矿渣来减小浸出毒性．     

Fly Ash-based Geopolymers:Effect of Slag Addition on Efflorescence

Blended fly ash/blast-furnace slag geopolymers are focused on due to their excellent mechanical and chemical resistant properties. We investigated the effect of slag partial substitution for fly ash on the efflorescence of the resulting geopolymers. The efflorescence of geopolymer binders was inspected and evaluated through leaching tests. The efflorescence deposits on surface of the geopolymer binders were analyzed using XRD and SEM-EDS. The results showed that sodium and calcium cations leached from geopolymer binders reacted with the atmospheric CO_2 and formed the crystal deposits, gaylussite and calcite, in the forms of granular and angular crystal particles. The slag addition led to a refinement of the pore structure of fly ash-based geopolymers, but an increment in the concentration of alkali leaching. The crystal deposits gradually developed in the pore volume of the binders, and finally exceeded the capacity of pore volume. The extent of efflorescence on the surface of specimens increased with the slag substitution. The visible efflorescence is therefore a result of available alkalis and pore sizes and volumes. Higher concentration of available alkalis and smaller pores(and volume) will lead to more intensive efflorescence.     

盐酸对冶金污泥中铜锌镉铅的浸出工艺优化

为了能够充分回收利用冶金污泥中的有价金属,采用盐酸作为浸取剂浸出污泥中的重金属,并进行浸出工艺的优化.首先对污泥性质进行分析,分别采用烘干法测定冶金污泥的含水率,用X射线荧光光谱仪测定试样中金属成分及质量分数,用X射线衍射仪对试样中各元素的物相特征进行定性和定量分析.结果显示:污泥含水率为75.88%;干污泥含铜和锌的质量分数分别是1.51%和1.71%;污泥矿物相中铜主要以单质形式存在,锌主要以闪锌矿形式存在.然后采用盐酸作浸取剂,在单因素条件下进行浸出反应.研究了冶金污泥中铜、锌、镉、铅等重金属的浸出规律,并考察了浸出温度、浸出时间、盐酸浓度、液固比、粒径等因素对浸出率的影响.盐酸浸出污泥中重金属最佳工艺参数:浸出温度为25℃,浸出时间为10 min,盐酸浓度为1mol/L,液固比为25∶1(mL/g),干污泥粒度小于150μm.在此条件下,铜、锌、镉、铅的浸出率可分别达到84.4%、88.1%、98.8%、85.4%.盐酸浸出最佳工艺条件的确定,对工业应用有一定实用价值.     

利用酒石酸土柱淋洗法修复重金属污染土壤

通过室内模拟试验,采用土柱淋洗方法,研究酒石酸溶液两种不同添加方式对冶炼厂土壤中重金属离子去除率的影响,采用连续分级方法研究了淋洗前后冶炼厂土壤中重金属形态的变化.结果表明,2.5 L酒石酸5次加样的淋洗效果明显好于10次加样的淋洗效果,其中5次加样淋洗能去除91.3%的Cd,11.1%的Pb,39.2%的Zn,11.1%的Cu;淋洗过程中铅的穿透曲线明显滞后于镉、铜和锌3种重金属离子.形态分级结果表明,酒石酸5次加样淋洗能有效去除污染土壤中交换态和碳酸盐结合态部分重金属离子,明显降低氧化物结合态部分重金属离子,而对有机态和残余态部分重金属离子作用效果不明显.可见用酒石酸土柱淋洗法修复重金属污染的土壤是可行的.     

废弃粗粉煤灰-水泥系统固化重金属废弃物的探讨

利用强度发展、毒性浸出试验(TCLP)和动态浸出试验(DLT)等手段探讨了废弃粗粉煤灰-水泥系统固化/稳定含铅、铜和锌的重金属废弃物的可能性。研究发现废弃粗粉煤灰-水泥系统养护28d后符合固化/稳定的指标要求，而且长期效果优于细粉煤灰-水泥系统。另外试验还发现，固化/稳定系统的酸中和能力是决定样品中重金属浸出能力的主要指标。     

NH_3-(NH_4)_2SO_4体系浸析PCB污泥中铜的研究

利用NH3-(NH4)2SO4体系,对印刷电路板(printed circuit boards,PCB)生产过程中产生大量的含铜污泥中的铜进行浸析。对PCB污泥中重金属的质量分数进行了测定,其中铜在污泥中的质量分数为33.500%,其余金属质量分数较小。重点探讨了氨-硫酸铵浓度及pH、浸析时间、液固比、温度等条件对浸析率的影响。NH3-(NH4)2SO4体系对PCB污泥中铜浸析的最优条件为氨、硫酸铵浓度分别为3.0mol/L和1.5mol/L,液固比为20mL/g,浸析时间为180min,浸析温度为25℃。在最优条件下进行了浸析应用试验,结果表明铜的浸析率可达到97.5%,此方法的相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)为0.63%。     

Preparation of fly ash and rice husk ash geopolymer

The geopolymer of fly ash (FA) and rice husk ash (RHA) was prepared. The burning temperature of rice husk, the RHA fineness and the ratio of FA to RHA were studied. The density and strength of the geopolymer mortars with RHA/FA mass ratios of 0/100, 20/80, 40/60, and 60/40 were tested. The geopolymers were activated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium silicate, and heat. It is revealed that the optimum burning temperature of RHA for making FA-RHA geopolymer is 690℃. The as-received FA and the ground RHA with 1%-5% retained on No.325 sieve are suitable source materials for making geopolymer, and the obtained compressive strengths are between 12.5-56.0 MPa and are dependent on the ratio of FA/RHA,the RHA fineness, and the ratio of so dium silicate to NaOH. Relatively high strength FA-RHA geopolymer mortars are obtained using a sodium silicate/NaOH mass ratio of 4.0, delay time before subjecting the samples to heat for 1 h, and heat curing at 60℃ for 48 h.     

重金属在废弃粉煤灰-水泥固化体系内的迁移

采用径向动态浸出实验（rDLT）研究了含废弃粉煤灰-水泥固化朋急定样品内部重金属铅、铜、锌的氢氧化物的迁移行为，发现重金属在酸溶液作用下虽然会从样品内部向外迁移，但不同重金属的迁移规律各不相同。其中铅会在靠近固液界面的区域富集而不会及时进入外界浸出液，铜的富集区域远大于铅，锌基本不会富集而被直接浸出。在固化／稳定体系中添加Ca（OH）2可以有效阻碍锌的浸出。     

Leachability of heavy metals from solidified sludge

Solidified sludge undergoes progressive depletion of the alkalinity materials under natural weathering condition and releases out of heavy metals. The leaching of heavy metals from solidified sewage sludge was studied by acid neutralization capacity (ANC) test and flow-through leaching test. The results of ANC test showed that heavy metals release at high concentration when the pH of extract lowers than 6. The disintegration of solidified sludge and the transformation of heavy metals are the main reasons for the resolubilisation of contaminants. Flow-through leaching test indicated that leaching of heavy metals from solidified sludge occurs in a slow way. A mathematical model has been developed to predict the stabilization time of heavy metals in solidified sludge. The research results showed that decreasing hydraulic conductivity is more important than cement addition for controlling the release of heavy metals from solidified sludge. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50678075)     

酸性条件对湖北某银矿固体废物重金属浸出特性

为了解矿业活动中的固体废物在酸性条件下重金属浸出浓度对环境的影响,采用硫酸硝酸-浸出毒性实验方法,研究了湖北某银矿3种不同的固体废物废石、尾矿、氰化残渣在不同pH条件下的重金属浸出浓度及浸出率的变化.结果表明锌、铅、镉在pH=2的条件下浸出浓度最高,采矿废石中的铜在pH=2的条件下浸出浓度最高,而浮选尾矿和氰化废渣中的铜在pH=3的条件下浸出浓度最高.铜、锌、铅、镉在pH=2的环境中浸出率较高.不同样品中,重金属的浸出浓度与重金属所对应的浸出率不一定成正比关系.矿山固体废弃物释放的重金属元素会对生态环境造成影响,需要加强监测与管理.     

冶金污泥中铜锌镉铅的氨水和碳酸铵选择性浸出分离

为了将冶金污泥中的有价金属资源化并合理回收与利用,用采用氨水和铵盐复配对冶金污泥中的铜、锌、镉和铅进行选择性浸出,并且通过单因素条件试验分别考察铵盐种类、氨水和铵盐复配体系作为浸出剂中氨水和铵盐各自的浓度、浸出反应的温度和浸出反应时间等因素对铜、锌、镉和铅浸出率的影响,从而通过对比得出最佳的金属浸出工艺条件:复配体系中铵盐选择为碳酸铵,浓度为0.5mol/L,缓冲剂氨水浓度为3mol/L,反应温度为50℃,浸出反应时间时间为120min.在此条件下,铜、锌和镉的浸出率分别为91.51%、85.13%和89.51%,而铅的浸出率则低于6.00%,本工艺可以实现铜、锌和镉的回收同时可以实现对铅元素的基本分离.     

CaO对飞灰重金属元素浸出特性的影响

我国燃煤锅炉飞灰的主要处理方式是将灰堆积在灰场。由于燃煤锅炉飞灰中含有多种有害重金属元素,如砷、硒等,在自然界雨水,尤其是酸雨的浸润作用下,有害重金属元素会释放出来．污染环境和水源。研究了CaO对飞灰重金属元素浸出特性的影响,为解决我国燃煤锅炉飞灰存放的重金属污染问题,提供一个切实可行的思路。     

污水污泥制备页岩烧结砖的试验研究

试验研究了污水污泥掺量、烧成温度对页岩烧成试样性能的影响;选择3种代表性重金属,超量掺入污泥页岩混合料中,研究烧结过程中的重金属挥发和烧成试样对重金属的固化能力。结果表明：污水污泥掺量达到30%,烧成温度在900℃时,可以制备出抗压强度大于10MPa的污泥页岩烧成试样;掺加污水污泥有利于提高砖坯混合料的塑性,可以明显降低页岩烧成试样的体积密度,但会增加砖坯干燥和烧成收缩,污泥掺量宜控制在30%以内,烧成温度宜控制在900～1 000℃之间;掺入污水污泥会使烧成试样出现泛霜,掺量越多泛霜程度越严重,提高烧成温度能在一定程度上抑制泛霜;污泥页岩烧成试样在烧结过程中的重金属挥发远低于纯污泥焚烧过程,其总铜、总铬、总铅浸出浓度远低于安全标准控制值。     

污泥制备水泥及其重金属释出的初步研究

城市污泥的最佳出路是无害化处理，资源化利用，产业化发展，将城市污泥作为生态水泥的生产配料是目前污泥资源化利用的新途径。该文将城市污泥作为配料分别按照6％和20％的比例与粘土混合制成水泥并养护7天后，测定水泥熟料的一些物理化学性质以及水泥固结体的重金属浸出含量。研究结果表明：与粘土相比，污泥有烧失量大、杂质含量高、A1203含量偏低的特点；以低比例污泥制备成的水泥熟料的化学成分、矿物组成和物理性能更接近于普通水泥熟料；水泥固结体中铅、镉、总铬、铜和锌可浸出含量未超出GB5085．3—1996浸出毒性标准，表明污泥中的重金属离子得到有效的束缚。     

Solidification of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash with Cement and Its Leaching Behaviors of Heavy Metals

The solidifying qffect of cement addition on municipal solid waste incineration fly ash ( MSWFA for short, collected from the gas exhaust system of MSW incinerator), the interaction of MSWFA with cement and water and the leaching of heavy metals from cement-solidified MSWFA are investigated. The main results show that : ( 1 ) when MSWFA is mixed with cement and water, 112 evolution, the formation and volume expansion of AFt will take place, the volume expansion can be reduced by ground rice husk ash addition ; (2) heavy metals do leach from cement-solidified MSWFA and at lower pH more leaching will occur; (3) compared with cement - so-lidified fly ash, the leachate of solidified MSWFA is with higher heavy metal contents ; (4) with the increment of cement addition leached heavy metals are decreased ; and (5) concentrations of Zn , Mn , Cu and Cd in all the leachates can meet the relevant Standards of Japan, but as the regulations for soil and groundwater protection of Japan are concerned, precautions against the leaching of Pb , Cl^- and Cr^6 and so on are needed.     

不同来源龙牙楤木中 ４ 种重金属含量分析

建立微波消解-原子吸收光谱法测定龙牙楤木中铅、镉、砷、汞的含量。采用微波消解法,配合石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定龙牙楤木中铅、镉含量,氢化物法测定砷含量,冷原子吸收法测定汞含量。方法线性关系良好,相关系数r＞0.995|铅、镉、砷、汞4种元素检出限分别为：0.041 μg/L、0.0048 μg/L、0.033 μg/L、0.021 μg/L|精密度试验结果分别为1.9%、2.2%、2.8%、3.2%|平均回收率分别为98.5%、99.0%、99.4%、96.4%。龙牙楤木中4种重金属含量,来源不同存在差异,其中采自黑龙江省伊春市龙牙楤木铅含量高于其他产地,采自辽宁省沈阳市龙牙楤木汞含量高于其他产地。经方法学验证,该法适合龙牙楤木重金属含量测定,为龙牙楤木重金属限度质量标准提供参考。