不同盐对鲤鱼肌原纤维蛋白结构和凝胶特性的影响

肌原纤维蛋白是鱼肉中的主要蛋白质,对鱼糜类制品的质量起到关键的作用。文中研究了NaCl、CaCl2和Na4P2O73种盐类及其浓度对鲤鱼肌原纤维蛋白结构特性(表面疏水性、蛋白聚合程度)和凝胶特性(质构、微观结构、蛋白浊度)的影响。结果表明:鲤鱼肌原纤维蛋白的等电点为5.5;3种盐加入肌原纤维蛋白后会引起肌原纤维蛋白发生一定程度的聚集,表面疏水性降低;随着盐浓度的增大,肌原纤维蛋白凝胶硬度、弹性、浊度降低;添加CaCl2比其它盐类更明显降低鱼糜的凝胶硬度、弹性和浊度,且差异性显著(P<0.05);NaCl和Na4P2O7使鱼糜凝胶微观结构更致密、CaCl2使鱼糜凝胶微观结构变得松散。因此,在鲤鱼肌原纤维蛋白中添加NaCl、CaCl和NaPO对鱼糜肌原纤维蛋白结构和凝胶特性均有不同程度的影响。     

鳓鱼鱼糜与常见鱼糜凝胶品质对比

目的:为鳓鱼鱼糜在鱼糜制品中的加工应用提供理论支持。方法:制备鱼糜凝胶样品,分别从凝胶强度、全质构、凝胶化指数、凝胶劣化指数、持水性、白度和微观结构7个方面研究其与白鲢鱼糜、铜盆鱼糜、金线鱼糜的凝胶品质差异。结果:鳓鱼鱼糜的硬度、咀嚼性、胶着性、凝胶强度、持水性显著高于白鲢鱼糜(P＜0.05);这与扫描电镜检测的鳓鱼鱼糜凝胶表面结构光滑致密、孔径大小规则均匀的试验结果相一致。同时鳓鱼鱼糜的白度(71.23±0.09)显著高于铜盆鱼糜(67.81±0.25)和金线鱼糜(67.16±0.55)。结论:鳓鱼鱼糜在凝胶强度、白度、持水性和微观结构等方面兼具淡水鱼糜和海水鱼糜的优势。     

谷氨酰胺转氨酶对竹荚鱼鱼糜蛋白凝胶特性的影响

以质构、白度和持水力为指标研究谷氨酰胺转氨酶(TGase)添加量、凝胶化时间和凝胶化温度对竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。结果表明：当TGase 添加量为80U/100g 鱼糜、凝胶化时间为5h、凝胶化温度为37.5℃时,竹荚鱼鱼糜的凝胶特性达到最佳,能够形成高度致密、均匀的凝胶网络结构。采用二段加热法制备的竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶的特性好于一段加热法。     

茶多酚延缓冷藏大黄鱼肌原纤维蛋白变性降解机理研究

研究经过0.3%茶多酚浸泡的养殖大黄鱼鱼片和对照组在-2℃冷藏条件下25 d内肌原纤维蛋白生化特性以及鱼糜凝胶特性变化规律。定期分析处理组和对照组大黄鱼肌原纤维蛋白生化指标(钙酶活性、巯基含量和表面疏水性)和鱼糜凝胶特性指标(凝胶弹性、凝胶强度和凝胶持水性)。试验结果表明,茶多酚处理组和对照组的鱼片肌原纤维蛋白的生化特性具有显著差异性,储藏期间鱼片中肌原纤维蛋白的SH含量下降,表面疏水性增大,Ca2+-ATPase活性逐渐下降。同时显示,冷藏过程中茶多酚处理组和对照组鱼糜凝胶弹性、凝胶强度及凝胶持水性随着贮藏时间的延长而明显下降。SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示,肌原纤维蛋白发生一定程度的降解。此外,肌纤维蛋白质的SH含量和表面疏水性与贮藏时间呈显著线性相关,可以作为蛋白质变性程度的指示指标。茶多酚能延缓肌原纤维蛋白变性和降解程度,延缓鱼片和鱼糜氧化变质程度。     

转谷氨酰胺酶诱导的鱼糜凝胶及其体外消化

鱼糜及其制品近年来已经成为发展最快的水产食品之一,为了开发更好更适宜消化的鱼糜制品,通过添加不同浓度的转谷氨酰胺酶(TGase),制备不同交联程度的鱼糜凝胶,采用胃蛋白酶-胰蛋白酶分步酶解法模拟人体胃肠道消化进程,研究不同交联程度的鱼糜凝胶体外消化程度及消化产物。结果表明,随着TGase的添加量的增加,鱼糜凝胶的交联程度显著性升高(p0.05);鱼糜凝胶的消化程度随交联程度的增强而增加。利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)对消化产物进一步分析,得出在胃蛋白酶消化阶段,不同交联程度的鱼糜凝胶消化产物无明显差异,但在胰蛋白酶消化阶段,不同交联程度的鱼糜凝胶在保留时间分别为(16~18)min、(19~21)min、(22~24)min有差异。因此合适的TGase添加量,不仅能提高交联程度改善鱼糜制品品质和口感,还能利于消化。     

两种鱼明胶-离子多糖复合体对带鱼鱼糜冻藏品质的影响

目的 探究鱼明胶-离子多糖(fishgelatin-anionicpolysaccharide,FG-AP)复合体对带鱼鱼糜冻藏特性的影响。方法 以带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus)鱼糜为原料,研究FG及FG-黄原胶(xanthan gum, XG)、FG-κ-卡拉胶(κ-carrageenan,κC)两种FG-AP对带鱼鱼糜凝胶的颜色、持水性、凝胶特性和胶体结构的影响。结果 添加FG、FG-XG和FG-κC复合体对带鱼鱼糜凝胶冻藏期间的持水性均有积极的改善作用,即冻藏8周后,持水性仍高于60%。质构分析表明,加入FG和FG-AP复合体可显著提高鱼糜凝胶冻藏期间的凝胶强度(P<0.05)。电镜结果分析表明,加入FG和FG-AP后,鱼糜凝胶的网络结构较对照组更加致密,其中FG-κC的网状结构更为致密,且受冷冻储藏时间的影响较小。结论 综合色泽、持水性、质构和微观结构分析, FG和FG-AP可提高带鱼鱼糜凝胶的储藏特性影响,其中FG-κC的作用效果更好。     

内源性甲醛对鱿鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

以秘鲁鱿鱼鱼糜为原料,研究凝胶性条件对鱿鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响,并优化了鱿鱼鱼糜凝胶条件。实验分为新鲜鱿鱼鱼糜和冻藏鱿鱼鱼糜2组,比较不同凝胶条件下2组鱼糜的甲醛等相关指标的含量变化和凝胶品质的变化。结果表明:相对新鲜鱼糜,冻藏的鱿鱼鱼糜中甲醛、二甲胺、三甲胺含量显著(p0.05)升高,氧化三甲胺含量显著(p0.05)降低,凝胶品质劣化。当低温凝胶化温度为40℃,凝胶化时间为30 min时,经二段式加热鱿鱼鱼糜凝胶表现出的凝胶(质构特性、凝胶强度、弛豫时间T23、持水性和蒸煮损失)品质更好;扫描电镜观察鱼糜凝胶组织微观结构表面较平整、分布均匀。     

酸诱导鱼糜凝胶的酸化条件研究及凝胶特性分析

以葡萄糖酸内酯(GDL)为酸化剂,研究温度和时间等凝胶化条件对酸诱导鱼糜凝胶理化性质的影响。结果表明:随着凝胶化温度从30℃升高到50℃,酸化速率升高,凝胶pH达到稳定所需要的时间缩短,GDL诱导鱼糜凝胶的凝胶强度逐渐下降,失水率逐渐上升。化学作用力结果表明GDL诱导鱼糜凝胶网络结构主要是通过疏水相互作用维持,且与凝胶强度趋势相一致。总巯基含量随着温度的升高逐渐升高,说明二硫键含量逐渐降低。SDS-PAGE结果显示GDL诱导鱼糜凝胶MHC条带强度受温度影响较小。当凝胶化条件为30℃、3.5h时,可通过电镜扫描观察到一个致密均匀的网络结构。说明合适的凝胶化温度和时间可以显著提高鱼糜凝胶的质构特性,促使鱼糜形成一个致密均匀的网络结构。     

柠檬醛纳米乳液对鲅鱼鱼糜凝胶品质及贮藏稳定性的影响

目的 为了改善鱼糜制品的品质及其贮藏稳定性,添加不同浓度柠檬醛纳米乳液（0.35%-0.55%,添加量为3%）制备鲅鱼鱼糜。方法 测定鱼糜的凝胶性能、微观结构、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）值、氧化稳定性以及菌落总数。结果 柠檬醛纳米乳液的添加提高新鲜鲅鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度、持水性以及质构特性 (P < 0.05),降低蒸煮损失率 (P < 0.05),且凝胶网络结构致密有序,孔洞较小,表面光滑。当柠檬醛纳米乳液浓度为0.45%时,新鲜鱼糜凝胶品质最好。此外,在贮藏过程中,各处理组鱼糜的持水性、蒸煮损失、氧化稳定性、TVB-N值和菌落总数均优于对照组,表现最佳为0.45%组。结论 柠檬醛纳米乳液的加入能够提高鲅鱼鱼糜的凝胶性能,增强鱼糜在贮藏过程中的氧化稳定性,抑制鱼糜中微生物的生长,为进一步鱼糜凝胶品质的改善提供参考。     

热处理条件对竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

研究加热条件对竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响,主要采用质构分析法、扫描电镜法、持水力、白度、TCA-可溶性肽含量和鱼糜凝胶溶解度的测定等方法研究凝胶化温度、凝胶化时间和加热方式对竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。结果表明：凝胶化温度、凝胶化时间和加热方式影响竹荚鱼鱼糜的凝胶特性。竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶的制备宜采用30℃凝胶化5h 或40℃凝胶化4h,然后90℃加热20min 的二段加热方式,竹荚鱼鱼糜形成了高度致密、均一的三维网络结构。50～70℃凝胶化后,竹荚鱼鱼糜形成大小不一的凝胶孔洞,凝胶网络的致密性下降,呈现出明显的凝胶劣化现象。     

Waxy corn starch affecting texture and ultrastructure of sardine surimi gels

 The effect of waxy corn starch (WCS) on the texture, water-holding capacity and microstructure of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) surimi gels in two different systems was studied. In the type A system, increasing amounts of WCS (2, 4, 6 or 8 g/100 g surimi) were added to surimi while maintaining the gel moisture constant at 78%; in the type B system, WCS was added without correcting the gel moisture. Gels were made using two different heat treatments [heat-induced setting (HS) and direct cooking (DC)]. When starch was replaced by surimi (type A) and a heat treatment was applied that favoured formation of a preliminary actomyosin (AM) network (i.e. HS), gel strength (GS) was lower than in the control and decreased as more starch was added, despite an increase in the amount of water held by the gel. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the matrix network was fibrillar with a globular surface. Starch appeared to be totally gelatinized and surrounded by a continuous matrix. When the amount of dry matter in gels was increased (type B), in no case did starch have a reinforcing effect, despite an increasing water-holding capacity; SEM showed a denser continuous matrix surrounding the gelatinized starch. Both types of gel made using the heat treatment that allows simultaneous gelling of surimi and gelatinization of starch (i.e. DC) exhibited much poorer GS than did HS gels, while addition of starch made practically no difference to gel texture. The findings suggest that the effect of starch is related to the type of gel matrix that forms upon addition of ingredients. Although such gels contained more water or dry matter, their texture parameters were lower, possibly because of the type of network formed by sardine surimi. Nonetheless, gels of acceptable quality were successfully made with added starch by incorporating less surimi. Received: 18 March 1996     

Waxy corn starch affecting texture and ultrastructure of sardine surimi gels

 The effect of waxy corn starch (WCS) on the texture, water-holding capacity and microstructure of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) surimi gels in two different systems was studied. In the type A system, increasing amounts of WCS (2, 4, 6 or 8 g/100 g surimi) were added to surimi while maintaining the gel moisture constant at 78%; in the type B system, WCS was added without correcting the gel moisture. Gels were made using two different heat treatments [heat-induced setting (HS) and direct cooking (DC)]. When starch was replaced by surimi (type A) and a heat treatment was applied that favoured formation of a preliminary actomyosin (AM) network (i.e. HS), gel strength (GS) was lower than in the control and decreased as more starch was added, despite an increase in the amount of water held by the gel. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the matrix network was fibrillar with a globular surface. Starch appeared to be totally gelatinized and surrounded by a continuous matrix. When the amount of dry matter in gels was increased (type B), in no case did starch have a reinforcing effect, despite an increasing water-holding capacity; SEM showed a denser continuous matrix surrounding the gelatinized starch. Both types of gel made using the heat treatment that allows simultaneous gelling of surimi and gelatinization of starch (i.e. DC) exhibited much poorer GS than did HS gels, while addition of starch made practically no difference to gel texture. The findings suggest that the effect of starch is related to the type of gel matrix that forms upon addition of ingredients. Although such gels contained more water or dry matter, their texture parameters were lower, possibly because of the type of network formed by sardine surimi. Nonetheless, gels of acceptable quality were successfully made with added starch by incorporating less surimi. Received: 18 March 1996     

基于蛋白质结构和理化性质的鱼糜蛋白-油脂相互作用

通过添加不同质量分数大豆油和猪油，研究油脂对金鲳鱼鱼糜凝胶理化性质和蛋白结构的影响。在油脂质量分数范围内（0%～20%）,8%的猪油与大豆油使鱼糜白度、持水性、凝胶强度、储能模量（G’）和感官评价显著增加。而油脂质量分数高于8%后，鱼糜凝胶强度、持水性、G’等指标下降。与大豆油相比，含有猪油的鱼糜凝胶（8%）的指标更优。扫描电子显微镜结果显示，油脂不仅以颗粒填充的方式占据蛋白间的空隙，还在表面形成界面蛋白膜，通过蛋白丝与蛋白基质结合。研究表明油脂在鱼糜凝胶中所产生的作用是由油脂-界面蛋白膜-蛋白质共同作用而形成。拉曼光谱图谱表明，添加油脂会使蛋白质α-螺旋相对含量下降，β-折叠相对含量先上升后下降。而大豆油的加入，使得鱼糜凝胶的无规卷曲相对含量也明显增加，而猪油处理组中无规卷曲相对含量变化不如大豆油组。大豆油和猪油的添加均导致鱼糜凝胶的蛋白侧链疏水基团暴露。这些结果表明油脂的存在会改变鱼糜蛋白的微环境和分子结构，进而影响鱼糜凝胶的理化性质。当猪油质量分数为8%时，鱼糜凝胶表现出更优的性质。     

不同种类淀粉对罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响

为了改善淡水鱼鱼糜制品的品质,以冷冻罗非鱼鱼糜为原料,分别添加4%木薯原淀粉、3种木薯变性淀粉（磷酸酯淀粉、羟丙基淀粉和乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯）及复配木薯变性淀粉（乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯与羟丙基淀粉质量比为3∶2）,考察淀粉添加对鱼糜凝胶质构、流变学特性、持水性及水分分布和微观结构等的影响,探讨不同种类淀粉对鱼糜凝胶品质的改善。结果表明,与对照组相比,添加5种淀粉均会显著降低罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶的白度（P<0.05）,但其凝胶强度、硬度和咀嚼性显著增大,凝胶持水性显著提高（P<0.05）,蒸煮损失率显著下降（P<0.05）,结合水含量显著增加（P<0.05）,凝胶微观结构更加均匀致密,且添加了复配木薯变性淀粉的凝胶质构特性最好,持水性最高。低场核磁共振成像和光学显微镜观察结果显示,不同种类的淀粉均能有效锁住鱼糜凝胶基质中的水分;升温过程中淀粉吸水膨胀,在鱼糜凝胶网络结构中起浓缩和填充作用;添加了复配木薯变性淀粉的鱼糜凝胶结构最致密均匀。因此,添加复配木薯变性淀粉可以有效改善罗非鱼鱼糜制品的品质,为淡水鱼鱼糜制品的开发提供了理论支撑。     

Physicochemical Changes in Alaska Pollock Surimi and Surimi Gel as Affected by Electron Beam

ABSTRACT: Alaska pollock surimi and surimi gels (cooked) were subjected to various doses of electron beam (e-beam). Shear stress of surimi gels increased as the dose increased up to 6 to 8 kGy and then decreased. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed gradual degradation of myosin heavy chain as the dose increased. The degradation was slower for frozen samples. The integrity of actin was slightly affected by high doses (25 kGy). The amount of sulfhydryl groups and the level of surface hydrophobicity of Alaska pollock surimi decreased as the dose increased, suggesting formation of disulfide bonds and hydrophobic interactions. The sulfhydryl groups and hydrophobicity of surimi gels increased as the dose increased up to 6 kGy and then decreased.     

Thermal Gel Degradation (Modori) in Sturgeon (Acipenseridae) Surimi Gels

Sturgeon meat has been found to be suitable as surimi raw materials. The present study determined the modori phenomenon in sturgeon surimi gels and identified its relationship with cathepsins. In all heat‐treated gels (25 to 90 °C, at 5 °C intervals), the 40 °C‐incubated sturgeon surimi gel showed the weakest gel properties and water‐holding capacity (P < 0.05), a rough protein gel network under SEM, and the highest protein solubility and trichloroacetic acid‐soluble peptides content (P < 0.05). SDS‐PAGE indicated that the myosin heavy chain band of sturgeon surimi gels was almost completely degraded at 40 °C. Moreover, the highest cathepsin L activity was observed in 40 °C‐treated sturgeon surimi gels (P < 0.05). Our results suggested that the modori phenomenon in sturgeon surimi gels occurred at 40 °C, which was partially attributed to cathepsin L, thereby allowing for the better exploitation and utilization of sturgeon surimi.     

Comparison of Atlantic menhaden gels from surimi processed by acid or alkaline solubilization

Heat-induced gelling abilities of surimis prepared by pH shifting (isoelectric precipitation following acid (AC) or alkaline (AL) solubilization) were compared to that of conventionally washed (CW) surimi. Greater endogenous transglutaminase activity (evidenced as enhanced strength of cooked gels subjected to 30–40 °C preincubation) was measured for CW and AL surimi than for AC surimi (all at pH 7). Upon addition of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase), increased crosslinking of myosin heavy chain and gel strengthening during 30–40 °C preincubation were apparent for all three types of surimi, most markedly in CW and AL surimi. Salt addition improved CW gels most, but seemed to adversely affect MTGase activity in AC and AL surimi. AC and AL surimi gels were of lower whiteness than were CW surimi gels.     

Elucidating Factors Affecting Floatation of Fish Ball

ABSTRACT:  Factors affecting floatation of fish ball in water were investigated. The density of threadfin bream (TB) surimi paste significantly decreased ( P < 0.05) as moisture content, temperature, or salt concentration increased. The ability of surimi paste to float or sink in water was observed according to changes in density. In gel texture measurement, when surimi was thawed for 1 h before chopping at 5 °C with 2% salt, the highest breaking force and deformation values were obtained. Apparent viscosity of surimi paste decreased as moisture content increased or salt concentration increased, and chopping temperature decreased. Setting gels in salt solution (5 or 10%) significantly reduced ( P < 0.05) stickiness, which is the tendency to stick to one another.     

没食子酸对金线鱼鱼糜凝胶特性及其体外消化产物活性的影响

以金线鱼鱼糜为原料,添加没食子酸（gallic acid,GA）,通过二段加热法制备金线鱼鱼糜凝胶,考察GA添加量（0%～0.25%）对鱼糜凝胶特性、微观结构和分子间化学作用力的影响,进行体外模拟消化,研究体外消化产物的抗氧化活性和降胆固醇活性,探讨GA的添加对鱼糜凝胶功能活性的改善。结果表明,添加GA能改善鱼糜凝胶强度和质构特性,而对凝胶的白度不利。当GA添加量为0.15%时,鱼糜凝胶的质构特性最好,白度和持水性最高,凝胶的微观结构致密,维持凝胶的主要化学作用力是二硫键。体外消化结果显示,添加GA后,鱼糜凝胶的蛋白质体外消化率增加（P＜0.05）,消化产物的活性增强（P＜0.05）。当GA的添加量为0.15%时,鱼糜凝胶体外消化产物的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除率、2,2′-联氮-双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)阳离子自由基清除率、羟自由基清除率均增加到80%（P＜0.05）,胆固醇酯酶抑制率增加到50.82%（P＜0.05）,胆固醇胶束化抑制率增加到41.88%（P＜0.05）,表明GA添加到鱼糜中经热处理和体外消化后仍保留了自身的生物活性。因此,适量没食子酸的添加能有效改善金线鱼鱼糜的热凝胶性能且能保留其功能活性,为新型功能性鱼糜制品的开发提供一定参考。     

Inhibition of Modori (Gel Weakening) in Surimi by Plasma Hydrolysate and Egg White

The effects of beef plasma hydrolysate and egg white solids were evaluated in surimi gels using measurements of torsional shear stress and strain, bound water, cook loss and SDS-PAGE. Treatments included level of protein addition, surimi type (by species and grade) and cooking schedule. Addition of proteins, regardless of type or level of addition, significantly increased torsional shear stress and strain for all gels precooked at 60°C (90°C final cook). For gels made from low quality surimi, all levels of treatment proteins improved stress and strain for all cooking schedules and improved water holding for gels precooked at 60°C. Electrophoretic results showed a decrease in the density of the myosin heavy chain only in those gels without added proteins precooked at 60°C.