Fault Location for Single-Circuit Line Based on Bus-Impedance Matrix Utilizing Voltage Measurements

Diverse transmission line fault location algorithms have been proposed in the past depending on measurements available. Existing algorithms usually require measurements captured from buses of a faulted line. By taking advantage of the bus-impedance matrix technique, this paper presents a possible fault location approach for single-circuit lines utilizing only voltage measurements from one or two buses, which may be distant from the faulted line. With the addition of a fictitious bus where the fault occurs, the transfer impedances of this bus and other buses are revealed as a function of the fault location. Based on the relationship between the bus voltage change due to fault and the transfer impedance, the fault location can be derived. Shunt capacitance of the line is ignored first and then fully considered based on distributed parameter line model. Electromagnetic transients program simulation studies have shown quite encouraging results.     

基于邻接矩阵的低压配电网故障区段定位方法

低压配电网具有线路区段短、分支众多且拓扑结构复杂多变的特点,分布式电源的并网进一步增加了其故障定位的难度。结合图论分析方法和人工智能算法,提出了基于拓扑邻接矩阵的低压配电网故障区段定位方法。首先生成与配电网故障监测单元配置相对应的邻接矩阵,其次建立故障电流在故障监测单元拓扑中的连通性等效模型,根据故障电流从电源到估计故障区段的最短路径计算故障监测信息。以此为基础建立了考虑多重故障的低压配电网故障定位模型并利用粒子群优化算法进行模型求解。仿真算例验证了所提方法能够有效提高故障定位的效率和准确度。     

一种基于有向图的配电网故障定位方法

为提高配电网的故障定位效率,减少因故障停电带来的损失,本文基于有向图提出了一种配电网故障定位的新方法。它利用主站接收到的故障指示器动作信号,通过构造节支关联矩阵和线路电流向量,进行两者相乘运算,确定故障所在区段。所提方法无需规格化处理,可实现含分布式电源接入、多重故障和闭环运行的复杂配电网故障定位,具有较强的容错能力。文中不仅应用KCL电流定律从理论证明了方法的正确性和适用性,而且还在某市配电网系统上进行了仿真。结果表明了该方法可以用于实际配电网,具有很大的应用前景。     

脉冲注入法和单端故障行波法相结合的直流输电系统接地极线路故障测距

分析了直流输电系统在单极运行方式下,接地极线路故障暂态行波和外部注入脉冲信号在接地极线路上的传播过程。以此为基础,提出一种将脉冲注入法和单端故障行波法相结合的接地极线路故障测距方案。首先通过在换流站直流中性母线处监测接地极线路故障暂态行波识别线路是否发生故障,在线路故障暂态过程结束后从中性母线向线路注入脉冲信号。根据脉冲注入法得到初步测距结果,并以此确定故障区段。然后,根据确定的故障区段,进一步用单端故障行波法再次获得测距结果。最后,对两次测距结果取平均值,作为最终测距结果。以PSCAD/EMTDC为仿真平台,搭建了直流输电系统在单极运行方式下的接地极线路故障测距仿真模型。并借助Matlab对仿真波形数据进行分析,表明所提出的接地极线路故障测距方案是可行的。     

New fault-location method for a single multiterminal transmission line using synchronized phasor measurements

This paper describes a new iterative method to locate a fault on a single multiterminal transmission line. The method uses synchronized voltage and current measurements from all terminals. Using positive-sequence components of the prefault and postfault waveforms, positive-sequence source impedances are estimated. Using these source impedances and the line data, the positive-sequence bus impedance matrix (Z/sub bus/) is formed. Using the properties of Z/sub bus/, an iterative algorithm is proposed. The algorithm first identifies the faulted section and then locates the fault on this section. This algorithm is applied to the data obtained from the Electromagnetic Transients Program simulation of a multiterminal transmission line. The simulation results show that the distinctive features of this method are that it performs with very high accuracy for all types of faults at different fault locations and is practically immune to fault resistance.     

基于零序分量的阻抗法配电网故障定位技术

精准故障定位对提高配电网的安全性、可靠性有着重要意义。提出了一种基于零序分量的阻抗法定位技术。依据线电压对称性及零序电压幅值判断是否发生单相接地故障,再利用安装在母线处及线路末端的同步相量测量单元获取线路发生单相接地故障后的稳态零序信号。在此基础上,根据线路两端零序电压、母线侧零序电流及线路零序参数建立各区段发生单相接地故障时的测距方程,以区段线路长度为限制排除伪根、确定真实根,通过遍历系统各区段可同时实现区段定位及故障测距。在EMTP/ATP仿真软件中搭建10 kV配电网。结果表明,所提方法在混合线路、多分支线路等多种配电网结构下都能保持较高精度,且测距精度不受接地电阻和故障相角的影响。     

钻石型配电网的保护与自愈策略分析

为提升钻石型配电网供电可靠性,配网二次保护系统引入自愈方案。首先,在变电站出口和开关站母线分段处配置不同类型的自愈终端,通过线路光纤差动保护、简易母差保护和分支线过流保护协同,采用光纤手拉手连接的通信模式,确保实现故障的精确定位和快速隔离。其次,优选环内联络开关自愈控制,辅以站间备自投,由此实现正常态单一故障、检修态单一故障和正常态双重故障时,处于非故障段负荷的快速复电。仿真结果表明：所提方法能在最小范围内定位和隔离故障,在0.5 s内恢复非故障段负荷,从而满足供电可靠性需求。     

A combined impedance and traveling wave based fault location method for multi-terminal transmission lines

A new fault location method suitable for multi-terminal transmission lines that combines the advantages of both impedance and traveling wave based methods has been developed and presented in this paper. The proposed method first determines whether the fault is grounded or ungrounded by comparing the magnitude of the ground mode wavelet coefficients at the measurement end. Next, the impedance based method is used to identify the faulted half of the line in the case of two-terminal line and the faulted line section as well as the faulted half of the line section in the case of multi-terminal lines. Finally the fault location is determined by taking the time difference between the first two consecutive aerial modes of the current traveling waves observed at one end of the multi-terminal line. The proposed method has been tested on four- and five-terminal transmission lines with different types of faults, fault resistances and fault inception angles using ATP simulation.     

专家系统方法在配电网输电线故障测距中的应用

从研究小电流接地系统故障的故障特性出发 ,利用专家系统的方法 ,对小电流接地系统的各种故障进行故障分类及判别。如果判断出是单相接地故障 ,则应用插值法进行输电线路的故障测距。在采用插值法进行故障测距时 ,输电线路采用分布参数模型 ,充分考虑到输电线的分布电容对故障测距的影响。本方案的故障测距的精度可达 5 % ,对于配电网的输电线的故障测距 ,此方法是较为可行的     

Fault location scheme for a multi-terminal transmission line based on current traveling waves

As very little research on the fault location for multi-terminal transmission lines based on current traveling waves only has been done, a new fault location scheme on this is proposed. The proposed scheme is different from the traditional ones based on fundamental impedance. Fast Intrinsic Mode Decomposition (FIMD) and Teager Energy Operator (TEO) are combined (FIMD&TEO) to detect the arrival time of the traveling wave at each terminal. Fault Distance Ratio Matrix (FDRM) and rules for identifying faulted sections of a multi-terminal transmission line are proposed and the method for building FDRM is presented in this paper. After several couples of local and remote terminals connecting through the faulted section are got, their fault distances are calculated by means of a two-ended traveling wave method, and then the fault point can be located by averaging the fault distances. Many simulations under various fault conditions have been done, and the results show that the proposed scheme can locate faults more accurately than existing impedance-based methods.     

基于多代理系统的含DG辐射状配电网故障定位

分布式电源(DG)的高渗透接入使配电网结构发生了改变,导致传统的配电网故障定位算法失效.基于含多DG辐射状配电网拓扑结构的特点,构建多代理系统的配电网故障定位框架,该系统主代理根据子代理上传的电源端故障量测量建立RBF神经网络故障测距模型,估计各电源端到故障点的故障距离,考虑上传量测量误差对相邻线路分界点故障定位的影响...     

一种利用衰减直流分量的谐振接地系统故障选线方法

高频暂态量故障选线方法利用的是故障产生的高频分量。当在电压过零附近发生单相接地故障时,引起的高频分量将很少,高频暂态量选线方法灵敏度会大大下降。但电压过零附近故障会引起较大的衰减直流分量,可以构成基于衰减直流分量的暂态量选线方法。分析与仿真表明:对于经消弧线圈接地的小接地电流系统,当线路不在电压最大值附近发生单相接地故障时,故障线路上的衰减直流分量很大,而非故障线路上的衰减直流分量很小;当母线故障时,所有线路上的衰减直流分量都将很小。提出了一种利用衰减直流分量的故障选线方法,用来克服现有高频暂态量选线方法在电压过零附近故障时灵敏度低的缺点。该方法与高频暂态量选线方法集成可以形成完善的故障选线方案。     

A Fault-Location Method for Application With Current Differential Relays of Three-Terminal Lines

This paper presents a new method for locating faults on three-terminal power lines. Estimation of a distance to fault and indication of a faulted section is performed using three-phase current from all three terminals and additionally three-phase voltage from the terminal at which a fault locator is installed. Such a set of synchronized measurements has been taken into consideration with the aim of developing a fault-location algorithm for applications with current differential relays of three-terminal lines. The delivered fault-location algorithm consists of three subroutines designated for locating faults within particular line sections and a procedure for indicating the faulted line section. Testing and evaluation of the algorithm has been performed with fault data obtained from versatile Alternate Transients Program-Electromagnetic Transients Program simulations. The sample results of the evaluation are reported and discussed.     

基于故障电流暂态分量的测距研究

提出利用故障生成的电流暂态分量进行故障定位的思想。通过与方向行波测距进行比较，指出两者在利用行波表示的时间-距离对应信息上的一致性。与传统的电流行波测距法相比，该算法无需相邻健全线路的电流，从而具有更 好的适应系统运行方式的能力,并节省了测距装置的模拟和数字输入通道。仿真试验表明， 在合适的小波滤波器和小波分解算法的作用下，暂态测距与利用方向行波测距的精度基本相 同。其在测距精度上同样不受故障类型、接地电阻、线路长度、采样率、系统运行方式的影响，具有良好的波头定位能力。     

A WAMS/PMU-based fault location technique

A WAMS (wide-area measurement/monitoring system)/PMU (phasor measurement unit)-based fault location technique is proposed in this paper. The technique uses synchronized fault voltages of two nodes of the faulted line and their neighboring nodes for fault location. Based on these fault node voltages measured by PMUs, line currents between these nodes can be calculated. Then, node injection currents at two terminals of the faulted line are formed from the line currents. Based on the calculated fault node injection currents, fault node can be deduced or fault location in transmission lines can be calculated accurately. Fault location formulas are derived in full details. Case studies on IEEE-14-bus system and a testing network with 500 kV transmission lines including ATP/EMTP simulations are given to validate the proposed technique. Various fault types and fault resistances are also considered.     

Application of magneto-optical sensors for fault location in an air-insulated substation bus

A new fault location system using optical current transducers (CTs) to detect faulted sections in the bus bars of directly grounded 275-kV substations has been developed. This system detects fault current by combining optical CTs with wound-type CTs. The new type of optical CT applies a bulk-type Faraday sensor to the combination of windings around a magnetic iron core and a solenoid coil. The optical CT was capable of current measuring over 50 kA. A current differential discriminator combining an optical CT and a wound-type CT verified the operational performance with 40-kA currents. The intended level of fault detection performance was obtained. Based on these results, a system is being made for actual application in 275-kV substations. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn 119(2): 10–17, 1997     

带同杆双回线的T型线路故障分支判定算法

针对T型线路中出现同杆双回线的线路结构,提出了判定故障分支的新方法.该方法以六序分量法为基础,当某支路发生故障时,首先求取各支路保护安装处的突变电气量,然后通过正序网络图,计算2个必要的参数用于判别故障支路,区分非同杆双回线故障、同杆双回线的跨线故障,以及同杆双回线的单回线故障.该方法的特点是考虑了同杆双回线的跨线故障,能够确定同杆双回线中的单回线的故障回路以及跨线故障,并且物理意义明确.序电流可以用来区分同杆双回线的同名相跨线故障.同时,进行了大量的EMTP仿真,结果表明支路判断的准确度不受系统运行方式、故障点过渡电阻等因素的影响,并且也能很好地适用于不对称同杆双回线路.     

A method for locating fault section by using sequential information at substations

This paper presents a new real-time method for locating fault section at substations. When a fault occurs, considerable information resulting from protective relay operation and circuit-breaker operation is recorded. Using this information an attempt is made to locate the fault section, especially by considering the sequential relationship of the information and by dividing fault areas. Primarily, in this method, the fault area is divided into several sections based on protection area and operation time of protective relays. Next, expecting subsequent operation of backup relays, the “waiting time” for reasoning is given to each divided section. After a lapse of “waiting time,” all the suspected fault sections are extracted and given priority based on the empirical knowledge of experts. A prototype of the expert system was developed for fault section location, which was applied to various complicated fault cases. The effectiveness of the method was proved even in case of multiple faults and no-operation of protective relays the circuit breakers.     

基于注入法的小电流接地系统故障定位新方法

介绍了基于“S注入法”的小电流接地系统单相接地故障选线定位保护。当故障停电后,该保护就存在绝缘恢复和定位困难的问题。为此提出了一种定位新方法。该方法通过向停电后的接地线路故障相外加恒定直流高压,再注入交流信号,并根据所注交流信号的消失点准确地判定故障位置。基于新方法的故障定位装置运行很成功。     

配电网络故障区段定位新方法

针对小电流接地系统故障定位问题,提出了一种利用暂态纯故障分量的配电网故障区段定位方法。该方法在计算故障后各检测点的暂态零模功率纯故障分量近似熵值的基础上,求取出各区段的比例因子值,进而通过与主站中的阈值比较大小来判定故障位置。大量的ATP仿真表明,无论是母线故障还是分支线路区段故障,该方法均能准确判定出故障位置。另外,基于近似熵算法的故障判定方法,不需要各检测点精确时间同步,适合于实际的故障定位系统。