Effect of Spray Particle Velocity on Cavitation Erosion Resistance Characteristics of HVOF and HVAF Processed 86WC-10Co4Cr Hydro Turbine Coatings

The hydro plants utilizing silt-laden water for power generation suffer from severe metal wastage due to particle-induced erosion and cavitation. High-velocity oxy-fuel process (HVOF)-based coatings is widely applied to improve the erosion life. The process parameters such as particle velocity, size, powder feed rate, temperature, affect their mechanical properties. The high-velocity air fuel (HVAF) technology, with higher particle velocities and lower spray temperatures, gives dense and substantially nonoxidized coating. In the present study, the cavitation resistance of 86WC-10Co4Cr-type HVOF coating processed at 680 m/s spray particle velocity was compared with HVAF coatings made at 895, 960, and 1010 m/s. The properties such as porosity, hardness, indentation toughness, and cavitation resistance were investigated. The surface damage morphology has been analyzed in SEM. The cohesion between different layers has been examined qualitatively through scratch depth measurements across the cross section. The HVAF coatings have shown a lower porosity, higher hardness, and superior cavitation resistance. Delamination, extensive cracking of the matrix interface, and detachment of the WC grains were observed in HVOF coating. The rate of metal loss is low in HVAF coatings implying that process parameters play a vital role in achieving improved cavitation resistance.     

高含沙水流用水轮机叶片表面热喷涂WC/Co涂层的性能

通过高速火焰喷涂技术(高速氧-燃气喷涂,HVOF)在水轮机叶片用06Cr13不锈钢表面喷涂WC/Co涂层。采用金相显微镜、硬度计、万能试验机分析了WC/Co涂层的孔隙率、显微硬度及其与基体的结合强度;并在高含沙水流环境中通过冲蚀、汽蚀试验测试WC/Co涂层的耐冲蚀性能和耐汽蚀性能。结果表明:WC/Co涂层的孔隙率、显微硬度及其与基体的结合强度分别为0.68%、1211HV、70MPa;WC/Co涂层具有优良的耐冲蚀性能,冲蚀后其磨损量仅为06Cr13不锈钢基体的0.18倍;WC/Co涂层具有良好的致密度、结合力及强韧性,因此涂层也具有优良的耐汽蚀性能。     

WC颗粒尺寸对WC-CoCr涂层组织与性能的影响

喷涂粉末颗粒尺寸是影响碳化钨涂层性能的关键因素。采用HVOF工艺制备3种不同WC颗粒尺寸的WC-CoCr涂层,利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计和颗粒冲蚀磨损试验机等对涂层的组织结构及性能进行分析,系统研究了WC颗粒尺寸对涂层组织及性能的影响。结果表明:FN-WC涂层中碳化钨分解严重,PN-WC及M-WC涂层中碳化钨颗粒少量分解。FN-WC、PN-WC及M-WC涂层孔隙率分别为2.1%、2.0%和2.3%,硬度分别为1 254、1 241和1 229HV0.3,结合强度分别为68.7、73.5和72.9 MPa。15°攻角下FN-WC、PN-WC及M-WC涂层的抗冲蚀磨损阻力Re分别为9.3×104、15.5×104和10.74×104 g/cm3,90°攻角下的抗冲蚀磨损阻力Re分别为4.68×104、4.70×104和4.26×104 g/cm3。PN-WC涂层组织更均匀,WC相分解轻微,涂层硬度分布更集中,结合强度最高,在15°攻角下表现出最好的耐冲蚀性,综合性能优异。     

激光重熔对电弧喷涂含非晶相铁基涂层性能的影响

目的提高电弧喷涂含非晶相Fe基涂层的抗冲蚀及耐腐蚀性能。方法采用YAG脉冲激光器对电弧喷涂含非晶相Fe基涂层进行激光重熔处理。通过X-ray、SEM、冲蚀磨损和电化学等检测手段,研究该涂层重熔后的组织结构、冲蚀磨损性能和耐腐蚀性能。结果电弧喷涂含非晶相Fe基涂层经激光重熔后发生了晶化,并随着功率的增加,非晶含量降低,硬度也降低。重熔后,涂层与基体的结合方式由之前的机械咬合转变为冶金结合,涂层的致密度明显提高,组织缺陷减少。与喷涂层相比,0.3k W激光重熔涂层的抗冲蚀性能在30°攻角下可提高3倍,在90°攻角下可提高将近6倍。重熔层的冲蚀磨损机制在低冲角时以显微切削为主,高冲角时则以挤压破碎为主。随着激光功率的增加,重熔涂层的抗冲蚀性能降低。同时,在3.5%NaCl溶液中,重熔层的耐蚀性能随重熔激光功率的提高而提高,并且重熔层的腐蚀电流密度比喷涂层明显降低。结论激光重熔不但改善了电弧喷涂含非晶相Fe基涂层与基体间的结合状态,同时也增强了涂层的耐蚀和耐磨性能,是一种有效提升涂层性能的后处理工艺。     

Microstructure and Cavitation Erosion Properties of Ceramic Coatings Fabricated on Ti-6Al-4V Alloy by Pack Carburizing

In this study, Ti-6Al-4V alloy was processed by pack carburizing to improve the cavitation erosion behavior. X-ray diffraction and scanning-electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that a uniform and crack-free ceramic coating formed on the surface of the treated samples. The coating layer comprised primary TiC and less oxide. Cavitation erosion experiment results indicated that the treated samples have the factor of 3.44 to 6.68 increase in cavitation erosion resistance (R _e) as compared with the as-received sample. The ceramic coatings with high hardness and good metallurgical bonding were responsible for the enhanced cavitation erosion properties. When the coatings were treated at condition of high temperature and/or long time, the R _e was enervated due to the thin oxide film formed at the outermost surface. Cavitation erosion mechanism for the coatings was characterized as brittle mode by SEM observation of the worn surfaces.     

Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Fe-Based Coatings Prepared by Twin Wires Arc Spraying Process

FeB, FeBSi, and FeNiCrBSiNbW coatings were prepared by twin wires arc spraying process on AISI 1045 steel substrate, and the microstructure and phases were characterized by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and x-ray diffraction. The corrosion resistance was investigated by means of electrochemical tests. It was found that FeB coating and FeBSi coating were composed of α-Fe, FeO, and Fe₂O₃ phases. FeNiCrBSiNbW coating consisted of amorphous phase and α-(Fe, Cr) nanocrystalline phase, with porosity of 1.8%, hardness of 807 Hv_0.1 and tensile bonding strength of 52.1 MPa. Three kinds of electrochemical tests were employed to identify the corrosion resistance of the coatings. The results indicated that the FeNiCrBSiNbW coating had a superior corrosion resistance, much better than FeB and FeBSi coatings. It was attributed to the amorphous/nanocrystalline structure and the presence of corrosion-resistant element Cr.     

水轮机金属材料及其涂层抗空蚀和沙浆冲蚀研究进展

空蚀和沙浆冲蚀是对包括水轮机在内的水力机械过流元件产生破坏,进而降低其服役寿命的两种主要破坏形式。采用特定的工艺在水轮机过流元件基体材料表面沉积涂层,以提高元件的抗蚀性能受到越来越多的关注。综述了水轮机常用金属材料和近年来国内外研究人员对水轮机材料及其涂层空蚀和冲蚀失效机理的研究进展,针对国内外文献报道中采用的超音速火焰喷涂、激光熔覆、物理气相沉积和化学气相沉积等工艺制备的涂层的抗空蚀和沙浆冲蚀性能进行了重点论述。依据材料性质对文献中出现的表面强化材料进行分类,即合金材料、陶瓷材料、复合材料、金属玻璃材料和类金刚石材料五类,结合涂层制备工艺对各类涂层失效机理进行剖析。通过案例重点讨论了涂层的微观缺陷,如孔隙、裂纹、未熔颗粒,涂层的硬度,涂层与基材的结合强度,涂层的厚度等因素对抗蚀性能的影响。最后对其研究和应用现状,从工艺方法和材料两方面提出了展望,指出运用先进涂层技术和新型涂层材料制备高效涂层,是解决复杂多相流条件下空蚀和冲蚀联合问题的有效途径。     

Microstructure,Mechanical Properties,and Two-Body Abrasive Wear Behavior of Cold-Sprayed 20 vol.% Cubic BN-NiCrAl Nanocomposite Coating

20 vol.% cubic boron nitride (cBN) dispersoid reinforced NiCrAl matrix nanocomposite coating was prepared by cold spray using mechanically alloyed nanostructured composite powders. The as-sprayed nanocomposite coating was annealed at a temperature of 750 °C to enhance the inter-particle bonding. Microstructure of spray powders and coatings was characterized. Vickers microhardness of the coatings was measured. Two-body abrasive wear behavior of the coatings was examined on a pin-on-disk test. It was found that, in mechanically alloyed composite powders, nano-sized and submicro-sized cBN particles are uniformly distributed in nanocrystalline NiCrAl matrix. Dense coating was deposited by cold spray at a gas temperature of 650 °C with the same phases and grain size as those of the starting powder. Vickers hardness test yielded a hardness of 1063 HV for the as-sprayed 20 vol.% cBN-NiCrAl coating. After annealed at 750 °C for 5 h, unbonded inter-particle boundaries were partially healed and evident grain growth of nanocrystalline NiCrAl was avoided. Wear resistance of the as-sprayed 20 vol.% cBN-NiCrAl nanocomposite coating was comparable to the HVOF-sprayed WC-12Co coating. Annealing of the nanocomposite coating resulted in the improvement of wear resistance by a factor of ~33% owing to the enhanced inter-particle bonding. Main material removal mechanisms during the abrasive wear are also discussed.     

High-Temperature Erosion Resistance of FeBSiNb Amorphous Coatings Deposited by Arc Spraying for Boiler Applications

Erosive high-temperature wear in boilers is one of the main causes of downtime and one of the principal engineering problems in these installations. This article discusses the use of FeBSiNb amorphous coatings synthesized by arc spraying to improve elevated-temperature erosion resistance for boiler applications. The influence of test temperature, velocity, and impact angle on material wastage was revealed using air solid particle erosion rig. The experimental results showed that moderate degradation of the coating was predominant at lower impact velocity and impact angles, while severe damage arose for higher velocities and impact angles. The erosion behavior of the coating was sensitive to test temperature. The erosion rates of the coating decreased as a function of environment temperature. The relationship between microstructure and erosion resistance of the coating was also analyzed in details. The FeBSiNb coating had excellent elevated-temperature erosion resistance at temperatures at least up to 600 °C during service.     

超音速等离子喷涂沉积可磨耗封严涂层研究

采用超音速等离子喷涂沉积Ni-C及NiCr-BN可磨耗封严涂层,通过实验对比研究两种涂层的结合强度、表面硬度及在不同冲蚀角下的冲蚀磨损性能.结果表明:NiCr-BN涂层中的润滑相尺寸比Ni-C涂层更为细小;NiCr-BN涂层的结合强度及表面硬度均高于Ni-C涂层;NiCr-BN涂层的抗冲蚀性能要优于Ni-C涂层.     

Properties of Detonation Nanostructured Titanium-Based Coatings

Titanium-based coatings were deposited on aluminum samples using cumulative-detonation equipment. The gas mixture consumption (propane-oxygen-air) was up to 5 m³ per 1 kg of powder. The titanium-based coatings were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with diffraction, x-ray phase analysis, hardness measurements, and plasticity adhesion/cohesion resistance scratch tests. It was shown that the detonation titanium-based coatings are characterized by the presence of nanodispersed ceramic compounds and exhibit high values of plasticity, hardness, and adhesion strength. The titanium-based coatings had an amorphous structure, high hardness of up to 16 GPa, and a tensile bonding strength ranging from 52.5 to 53.0 MPa. A failure mode occurring in the tested samples was cohesive within the inter and intralamellar structure of coating.     

Synthesis and Erosion Behaviors of Nanoscale Coatings Prepared by Wire Arc Spraying

The effects of erosive parameters,such as impact angles and environment temperature,on erosion properties of FeBSiCrMnNb nanoscale coatings were investigated.A series of coatings were prepared by wire arc spraying process.The microstructure of the coating consists of amorphous andα(Fe,Cr)nanocrystalline phase.The nanocrystals with average size of 39 nm are homogenously dispersed in amorphous matrix.The erosion results reveal that the coating exhibits better erosion resistance at lower impact angle.The erosion rates of the coating decrease as function of environment temperature.The relatively erosion resistance of the nanoscale coating is 3.7 times higher than that of AISI1045 steel substrate at 650°C.The main failure mechanism of the coating is brittle fracture.     

The effect of plasma spray parameters on the cavitation erosion of Al2O3-TiO2 coatings

This paper reports a study of how the choice of plasma spray parameters, used during deposition of Al₂O₃-13%TiO₂ coatings on carbon steel, influences the cavitation erosion properties of such coatings. The parameters studied are the power feeding rate and hydrogen flow rate. The surface and cross section of coatings before and after cavitation were also observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The phases present in the coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction method (XRD). The microscopic observations were used to study the inter-lamellar connection, porosity, unmelted particles and so on inside the coating. We also measured the roughness, microhardness, adhesion strength and cavitation erosion of the coatings. The XRD results showed that the coating includes different allotropes of Al₂O₃ such as α and γ. The cavitation erosion studies of the coatings were conducted by ultrasonic cavitation testing on the basis of ASTM G32 standard. It was found that cavitation erosion is accelerated around the unmelted particles and porosities. The results reveal that the cavitation resistance of the coating is determined by its microstructure and that increasing discontinuities (inside the coating) reduce its cavitation resistance. We have found that the coating obtained at hydrogen gas flow rate of 16 L/min and powder feeding rate of 20 g/min has the best cavitation resistance.     

WC和Al2O3对氩弧熔覆FeAlCoCrCuTi0.4高熵合金涂层组织和耐冲蚀性能影响

利用氩弧熔覆技术制备了FeAlCoCrCuTi_0.4,WC/Al₂O₃-FeAlCoCrCuTi_0.4高熵合金涂层,并通过XRD,SEM,EDS,硬度测试和冲蚀磨损测试等方法,探究了WC和Al₂O₃的添加对FeAlCoCrCuTi_0.4高熵合金涂层显微组织和性能的影响.结果表明,通过氩弧熔覆技术所制备的合金涂层表面成形性良好,无孔洞、裂纹等缺陷产生,与基体呈高强度冶金结合.WC和Al₂O₃的添加对涂层稀释率的降低有显著作用.三种涂层都是主要由Bcc相（Fe-Cr固溶体）构成,晶粒以胞状树枝晶形式存在.添加WC后,晶粒细化明显,在各种强化作用下涂层硬度为685.8 HV.且WC和Al₂O₃的添加显著提高了涂层耐冲蚀磨损性能,耐磨性几乎可以达到FeAlCoCrCuTi_0.4高熵合金涂层的2倍.     

Elevated Temperature Solid Particle Erosion Performance of Plasma-Sprayed Co-based Composite Coatings with Additions of Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> and CeO<Subscript>2</Subscript>

In this paper, investigation into solid particle erosion behavior of atmospheric plasma-sprayed composite coating of CoCrAlY reinforced with Al₂O₃ and CeO₂ oxides on Superni 76 at elevated temperature of 600 °C is presented. Alumina particles are used as erodent at two impact angles of 30° and 90°. The microstructure, porosity, hardness, toughness and adhesion properties of the as-sprayed coatings are studied. The effects of temperature and phase transformation in the coatings during erosion process are analyzed using XRD and EDS techniques. Optical profilometer is used for accurate elucidation of erosion volume loss. CoCrAlY/CeO₂ coating showed better erosion resistance with a volume loss of about 50% of what was observed in case of CoCrAlY/Al₂O₃/YSZ coating. Lower erosion loss is observed at 90° as compared to 30° impact angle. The erosion mechanism evaluated using SEM micrograph revealed that the coatings experienced ductile fracture exhibiting severe deformation with unusual oxide cracks. Reinforced metal oxides provide shielding effect for erodent impact, enabling better erosion resistance. The oxidation of the coating due to high-temperature exposure reforms erosion process into oxidation-modified erosion process.     

AC-HVAF热喷涂非晶和金属陶瓷涂层在压裂液中的冲蚀行为

采用喷射冲蚀与电化学测试相结合方法,对AC-HVAF热喷涂非晶金属和金属陶瓷两种涂层在压裂工况下的冲蚀规律进行了研究,评价了腐蚀和冲蚀的交互作用,分析了耐蚀性和硬度在冲蚀时的主导作用,确定了冲蚀机理。结果表明,硬度决定材料的抗冲蚀性能,硬度高的WC涂层表现出更高的抗冲蚀能力。冲蚀过程中,纯机械冲刷引起的失重占主导作用。交互作用中,涂层由腐蚀引起的增量占比例则较高,提高涂层耐蚀性可以减少交互作用失重,进而提高其抗冲蚀性能。AC-HVAF涂层表面则呈现出脆性冲蚀特征,冲蚀时侧重于固体砂粒对表面的碰撞和切削剥蚀作用。涂层孔隙的降低和粘结相结合强度的提高是提高其在压裂液中抗冲蚀性能的关键。     

电火花沉积Invar/非晶复合涂层的组织与性能

采用电火花沉积技术在45Mn2钢基材表面沉积了Invar、Invar/非晶及Invar/非晶/Invar涂层,通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、摩擦磨损试验仪和电化学工作站等分析了沉积层的组织结构、摩擦磨损和电化学腐蚀性能。结果表明,制备的涂层致密、均匀,与基材呈冶金结合。采用Invar合金打底,获得了约60 μm厚度的无显著裂纹Invar/非晶/Invar涂层。Invar涂层为FCC固溶体结构,Invar/非晶和Invar/非晶/Invar涂层为非晶/固溶体复相结构。Invar、Invar/非晶和Invar/非晶/Invar沉积层的平均硬度分别为176.6、 757.7和772.8 HV0.1,摩擦因数分别为0.44、0.21和0.19。提高沉积层非晶含量可提高硬度,降低摩擦因数,提高耐磨性。沉积层在3.5%NaCl溶液中没有明显的钝化现象,Invar、Invar/非晶及Invar/非晶/Invar涂层的自腐蚀电位分别为-0.74、 -0.54、-0.34和-0.31 V,自腐蚀电流密度分别为7.08、5.15、3.78和3.11 μA·cm^-2。电火花沉积的Invar/非晶/Invar涂层致密、均匀、无裂纹,可极大提高45Mn2钢基体表面的耐磨及耐蚀性能。     

Influence of Pulse Electrodeposition and Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Tribological, and Corrosion Behavior of Nano-Grain Size Co-W Coatings

In the present study, Co-W nano-structured alloy coatings are produced on low-carbon steel substrate by means of pulse electrodeposition from a citrate-based bath under different average current densities and duty cycles. The results indicate that the coating deposited under 60% of duty cycle and 1 A/dm² of average current density exhibit optimum pulse plating conditions with 44.38 wt.% W, 37 nm grain size, and 758 HV microhardness. The effect of heat treatment temperature on microstructure, composition, corrosion behavior, and morphology of amorphous deposited Co-W alloy with 44 wt.% W was investigated. The microhardness of the coating increased to 1052 HV after heat treatment at 600 °C, which is due to the formation of Co₃W and CoWO₄ phases in the deposit. Furthermore, the coatings heat-treated at 600 °C had lower friction coefficients and better wear resistance under various loads than before heating.     

Effect of Nozzle Geometry on the Microstructure and Properties of HVAF-Sprayed WC-10Co4Cr and Cr<Subscript>3</Subscript>C<Subscript>2</Subscript>-25NiCr Coatings

Thermally sprayed hard metal coatings are the industrial standard solution for numerous demanding applications to improve wear resistance. In the aim of improving coating quality by utilising finer particle size distributions, several approaches have been studied to control the spray temperature. The most viable solution is to use the modern high velocity air-fuel (HVAF) spray process, which has already proven to produce high-quality coatings with dense structures. In HVAF spray process, the particle heating and acceleration can be efficiently controlled by changing the nozzle geometry. In this study, fine WC-10Co4Cr and Cr₃C₂-25NiCr powders were sprayed with three nozzle geometries to investigate their effect on the particle temperature, velocity and coating microstructure. The study demonstrates that the particle melting and resulting carbide dissolution can be efficiently controlled by changing the nozzle geometry from cylindrical to convergent–divergent. Moreover, the average particle velocity was increased from 780 to over 900 m/s. The increase in particle velocity significantly improved the coating structure and density. Further evaluation was carried out to resolve the effect of particle in-flight parameters on coating structure and cavitation erosion resistance, which was significantly improved in the case of WC-10Co4Cr coatings with the increasing average particle velocity.     

AZ91D镁合金化学镀Ni-P及Ni-W-P镀层的结构与耐蚀性

在AZ91D镁合金上直接化学镀Ni-P和Ni-W-P镀层,并利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪及电化学工作站研究后续热处理对化学镀层组织形貌、相组成及其耐蚀性的影响。结果表明,制备的Ni-P镀层为非晶态,而Ni-W-P镀层为纳米晶结构,两者在3.5%NaCl水溶液中的耐蚀性相当。热处理可以明显提高Ni-W-P镀层的耐蚀能力,但却稍微弱化Ni-P镀层的耐蚀能力,热处理后的Ni-W-P层自腐蚀电位相对于未处理的化学镀Ni-W-P或Ni-P层提高了约150 mV。