溅射纳米晶Ni20Cr涂层的高温氧化行为

利用溅射法在Ni20Cr合金表面制备相同成分的纳米晶涂层,研究了该合金与纳米晶涂层在空气中1000℃的恒温氧化和抗循环氧化行为.结果表明,纳米晶涂层恒温氧化时生成单层连续氧化膜,氧化产物以Cr2O3为主,有少量的NiCr2O4存在.经1000℃循环氧化,纳米晶涂层生成的氧化物致密且颗粒细小,氧化膜相对较完整.溅射纳米晶...     

High-Temperature Corrosion of HVAF-Sprayed Ni-Based Coatings for Boiler Applications

Oxidation of Metals - The present study investigates the initial corrosion behaviour of HVAF-sprayed NiCr, NiAl and NiCrAlY coatings in two different environments, O2 + H2O and...     

Effect of Ceramic Particles on Properties of Cold-Sprayed Ni-20Cr+Al2O3 Coatings

Cold spraying is a thermal spray process enabling the production of metallic and metal-ceramic coatings with low porosity and low oxygen content, capable of, e.g., resisting corrosion. The aim of this study was to characterize the microstructural and mechanical properties of cold-sprayed Ni-20Cr+Al₂O₃ coatings and to clarify the effect of the hard particles on different coating properties. Accordingly, the research focused on the microstructure, denseness (impermeability), adhesion strength, and hardness of the coatings. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and corrosion tests were run to gain information on the through-porosity. Ceramic addition in cold-sprayed Ni-20Cr+Al₂O₃ coatings improved their quality by lowering their porosity. Moreover, hardness was slightly higher than those of cold-sprayed Ni-20Cr coating, indicating a hardening effect by the ceramic particles. The addition of Al₂O₃ also made it possible to use high gas temperatures without nozzle clogging, which affects coating properties, such as coating thickness, denseness, and hardness.     

Ni－20Cr合金的高温氯化

研究了Ｎｉ－２０Ｃｒ合金在ＨＣｌ＋Ｈ２气氛中１０２３Ｋ和１２２３Ｋ下的高温氯化腐蚀行为。热力学计算表明，Ｎｉ－２０Ｃｒ合金氯化的相平衡图中存在两个不同的区域，在较低ＰＨＣｌ／ＰＨ２和较高温度区，主要的氯化产物是气相ＣｒＣｌ２（ｇ）；在较高ＰＨＣｌ／ＰＨ２和较低温度区，将形成凝聚相ＣｒＣｌ２（ｃ）。热重测定发现，在ＣｒＣｌ２（ｇ）稳定区合金的氯化动力学表现为速率随时间变化的质量损失行为，由气相扩散引起的线性过程和固相扩散引起的抛物线过程串联控制；在ＣｒＣｌ２（ｃ）稳定区，其氯化动力学表现为质量增加。氯化后样品表面形貌证实了热力学分析与动力学测定结果。     

Studies on the Sliding Wear Performance of Plasma Spray Ni-20Cr and Ni3Al Coatings

Two metallic powders namely Ni-20Cr and Ni₃Al were coated on AISI 309 SS steel by shrouded plasma spray process. The wear behavior of the bare, Ni-20Cr and Ni₃Al-coated AISI 309 SS steel was investigated according to ASTM Standard G99-03 on a Pin-on-Disc Wear Test Rig. The wear tests were carried out at normal loads of 30 and 50 N with a sliding velocity of 1 m/s. Cumulative wear rate and coefficient of friction (μ) were calculated for all the cases. The worn-out surfaces were then examined by scanning electron microscopy analysis. Both the as-sprayed coatings exhibited typical splat morphology. The XRD analysis indicated the formation of Ni phase for the Ni-20Cr coating and Ni₃Al phase for the Ni₃Al coating. It has been concluded that the plasma-sprayed Ni-20Cr and Ni₃Al coatings can be useful to reduce the wear rate of AISI 309 SS steel. The coatings were found to be adherent to the substrate steel during the wear tests. The plasma-sprayed Ni₃Al coating has been recommended as a better choice to reduce the wear of AISI 309 SS steel, in comparison with the Ni-20Cr coating.     

Ni-20Cr合金的高温氯化

研究了Ｎｉ－２０Ｃｒ合金在ＨＣｌ＋Ｈ２气氛中１０２３Ｋ和１２２３Ｋ下的高温氯化腐蚀行为。热力学计算表明,Ｎｉ－２０Ｃｒ合金氯化的相平衡图中存在两个不同的区域,在较低ＰＨＣｌ／ＰＨ２和较高温度区,主要的氯化产物是气相ＣｒＣｌ２（ｇ）;在较高ＰＨＣｌ／ＰＨ２和较低温度区,将形成凝聚相ＣｒＣｌ２（ｃ）。热重测定发现,在ＣｒＣｌ２（ｇ）稳定区合金的氯化动力学表现为速率随时间变化的质量损失行为,由气相扩散引起的线性过程和固相扩散引起的抛物线过程串联控制;在ＣｒＣｌ２（ｃ）稳定区,其氯化动力学表现为质量增加。氯化后样品表面形貌证实了热力学分析与动力学测定结果。     

Ti-20Ni-15Cr钎料与纯钛的钎焊

采用Ti-20Ni-15Cr研究了钛材非真空钎焊工艺.分析了钎焊过程中钎料和钛基体之间的相互扩散或反应.钎焊时间对钎焊接头的强度具有重要影响.钎焊时间太短时,由于钎料刚刚熔化,钎料层和扩散区的组织还不均匀,因此接头强度较低;钎焊时间过长时,钎缝中又会形成大量的脆性金属间化合物,接头强度趋于降低.因此既要保证钎料和钛基体之间进行必要的扩散或反应,同时要避免在钎缝中产生大量的脆性金属间化合物的产生.     

Cu-30Ni-20Cr纳米复合镀层的高温氧化行为

采用复合电沉积法制备出新型的Cu-30Ni-20Cr纳米复合镀层．该镀层的组织结构与常规Cu-Ni-Cr三元合金不同，是由Cu-Ni基固溶体（晶粒尺寸约为60nm）和纳米Cr颗粒（平均尺寸约为28nm）组成．与相同工艺条件下制备的Cu-40Ni合金镀层相比，Cu-30Ni-20Cr纳米复合镀层在800℃空气中的氧化速率显著降低，这是由于它能迅速形成一层连续、致密的Cr2O3膜所致．对Cr颗粒在Cu-30Ni-20Cr纳米复合镀层的高温氧化过程中所起的作用进行了讨论．     

THE PROPERTIES OF NICHROME 80 Ni-20Cr UNDER MECHANICAL WORKING

为了掌握X20H80电热丝材料的加工性能,曾进行了可塑性、锻造、压延、冷拔和热处理的系统研究工作,并曾于实验室内由200毫米直经的铸锭制造了1.0毫米直经的线材进行寿命测量试验。结果良好,充分证实了在实验室内求出的可塑性指标是正确的。兹将本研究的主要结果归纳如下: 1.不同的可塑性试验和实际的锻造和压延试验证实了此合金的最好热加工温度范围为1100-1300℃。在800℃与1000℃之间存在着一个较脆性的温度范围,在加工过程中,应尽量避开此较脆性的温度范围。 2.在800℃与1300℃之间压延此合金的扁平试样时,变形阻力与压下率间存在着直线关系。横展量亦随压下率的增大而迅速上升。在压下率为30％以下,温度的上升提高了横展量。 3.为了获得良好的成品,锻造时应采用圆角较大的锤头以消除折叠;孔型设计时应充分考虑横展量,以免产生耳子造成折叠;冷拔模子应力求光滑,润滑剂亦应保证清洁。 4.冷拔时线材的退火规范,依冷拔量的不同,在900-1050℃下保温20-30分钟,均能获得良好的结果。 5.此合金有良好的冷加工性能。退火后一次冷拔不发生断裂的最大加工量可达35.4％,连续冷拔可以达到90％的断面减缩率。     

High temperature corrosion of Ni-20Cr and Ni-15Cr-8Fe alloys in sulfur dioxide

Two nickel-base alloys, Ni-20Cr and Ni-15Cr-8Fe, in the form of wire specimens, have been exposed to 100 mbar of sulfur dioxide between 550 and 850°C. For Ni-20Cr, an outer Cr₂O₃ layer formed only at the beginning of the reaction, but very quickly Ni₃S₂ grew preferentially at the exterior by outward diffusion of nickel. The reaction rate is regulated by an external interfacial process. A barrier effect was noted near 645°C associated with the formation of NiCr₂O₄; a new acceleration takes place above 680°C. The external growth of Ni₃S₂ is attributed to the low radius of curvature of the samples. For Ni-15Cr-8Fe, the reaction mechanism is rather similar, except that no barrier effect occurred. A protective Cr₂O₃ layer formed above 800°C in both cases.     

Relation between impurities and oxide-scale growth mechanisms on Ni-34Cr and Ni-20Cr alloys. II. Influence of sulphur

The oxidation of presulphidized Ni-Cr alloys has been studied by taking into account the influence of the two distinct oxidation mechanisms described in part I of this article. Sulphur enters the Cr₂O₃ scale (in Ni-34Cr alloys) mainly as S^2– species, which at high temperatures increases the V_Cr content, and hence the oxidation kinetics. Sulphur is randomly distributed in the scale, except at the inner oxide-alloy interface, where intergranular microsulphides are analyzed in the oxide-scale zone. In the case of NiO, NiCr₂O₄, Cr₂O₃ oxide multilayers (in a Ni-20Cr alloy), sulphur in the S^2– state is distributed in the oxide layers or at Si-precipitate interfaces. Such a distribution leads to crack formation, especially during cooling.     

机械合金化Ni-20Cr合金的热腐蚀行为

用机械合金化及热压法制备块体细晶Ni-20Cr合金,并研究其在900℃,涂75mass%Na2SO4 + 25mass%2SO4盐膜后的热腐蚀行为.结果表明,机械合金化Ni-20Cr合金在900℃热腐蚀时,表面形成了单一连续的Cr2O3外氧化膜,有效阻止了硫的向内扩散,延长了热腐蚀的孕育期,呈现出较熔炼粗晶Ni-20Cr合金更好的抗热腐蚀性能.     

晶粒细化对Cu—20Ni—20Cr合金氧化行为的影响

为探讨晶粒尺寸变化对三元复相合金氧化行为的影响，采用机械合金化制备了纳米晶三元Cu-20Ni-20Cr合金，并对比研究了该合金与同成分的铸态合金在700℃～800℃，0．1MPa纯氧气中的氧化行为。结果表明，铸态合金表面没有形成连续的Cr2O，保护膜，而是形成了含有所有组元氧化物及它们复合氧化物的复杂氧化膜结构。纳米晶Cu—20Ni—20Cr合金在700℃时合金表面形成了连续的Cr2O3氧化膜，而800℃时虽没有形成Cr2O3外氧化膜，但氧化膜规则平坦，外层是CuO，中间层是Cu2O，NiO和Cr2O3组成的混合氧化物区，内层则形成了一薄但不连续的Cr2O3层。晶粒细化降低了合金表面形成Cr2O3氧化膜所需活泼组元Cr的临界浓度。     

电子束物理气相沉积制备纳米晶Ni-20Cr-0．6Al合金在1000℃的氧化行为

利用电子束物理气相沉积（EB-PVD）方法制备了厚度为0．5mm的Ni-20Cr-0．6Al合金薄板，晶粒尺寸小于100nm。研究了Ni-20Cr-0．6Al合金在1000℃空气中的氧化行为。结果表明：氧化100h后在合金表面只生成了连续致密的α-Al2O3氧化膜。纳米化使得在Cr含量为20％时，要生成连续的Al2O3膜所需的最小铝含量大幅度下降。纳米晶Ni-20Cr-0.6Al合金1000℃氧化时的动力学曲线符合四次方规律，其氧化性能明显优于普通晶粒的Ni-20Cr-0．6Al合金。     

Corrosion behavior of Fe-20Cr and Ni-20Cr alloys in Ar-H2O-HBr gas mixtures at 1000 K

Discontinuous mass-change measurements and corrosion-product analyses were made for Fe-20Cr and Ni-20Cr alloys after exposing them to Ar-H ₂ O-HBr gas mixtures at 1000 K for 24 hours. Predominantly chromia scales formed on both alloys. Upon cooling, the scales remained adherent to the Fe-20Cr alloy but spalled extensively from Ni-20Cr samples. After tests in HBr-rich gas mixtures, bromine-rich corrosion products were found underneath chromia scales on both alloys while nickel evaporation was observed from Ni-20Cr samples. Preoxidation of the Ni-20Cr alloy prior to exposure to Ar-H ₂ O-HBr gas mixtures increased chromia scale adherence but did not prevent nickel loss from the alloy. Chromia scales formed on the Fe-20Cr alloy were more protective due to the absence of iron oxides in the scale. Large NiO crystals formed over the Ni-20Cr alloy decreased chromia-scale adherence and increased nickel loss from the alloy due to the low stability of NiO in HBr-containing gas mixtures.     

机械合金化Ni-20Cr合金的循环氧化行为

结合XRD、TEM、SEM、OM等表面分析技术,研究机械合金化Ni-20Cr合金在1000℃空气中的循环氧化行为,并与熔炼合金进行比较.结果表明:200 h循环氧化后,机械合金化Ni-20Cr合金表面生成Cr2O3氧化膜,且剥落轻微;而熔炼Ni-20Cr合金表面生成由NiO和NiCr2O4组成的氧化膜,且剥落严重,其单位面积失重明显大于机械合金化Ni-20Cr合金.在实验条件下,机械合金化Ni-20Cr合金较熔炼Ni-20Cr合金具有更好地抗循环氧化性能.一方面,晶粒细化促进保护性Cr2O3膜的生成;另一方面,晶粒细化使氧化膜中的热应力减小并可通过扩散蠕变来释放,使氧化膜的粘附性明显提高.     

Ni-20Cr/hBN自润滑材料的高温氧化行为

采用粉末冶金法制备六方氮化硼(hBN)含量为8%、10%和12%(质量分数)的Ni-20Cr/hBN自润滑复合材料,研究其在600、700和800℃的高温氧化行为,绘制氧化动力学曲线,并利用XRD和SEM分析氧化层的成分和形貌。结果表明:Ni-20Cr/hBN复合材料在600℃氧化300 h后氧化反应不明显;在700和800℃氧化300 h后出现较明显的氧化产物,主要有Cr2O3、NiCr2O4和CrBO3。氧化反应前100 h的氧化行为符合氧化增量动力学曲线,800℃的氧化抛物线速率常数比700℃的高一个数量级;而氧化100 h后,由于B2O3的熔融,试样质量保持不变或甚至呈下降趋势;在700℃下连续氧化膜基本形成,起到较好的保护作用,在800℃时氧化膜出现不同程度的腐蚀。     

High-Temperature Erosion Resistance of FeBSiNb Amorphous Coatings Deposited by Arc Spraying for Boiler Applications

Erosive high-temperature wear in boilers is one of the main causes of downtime and one of the principal engineering problems in these installations. This article discusses the use of FeBSiNb amorphous coatings synthesized by arc spraying to improve elevated-temperature erosion resistance for boiler applications. The influence of test temperature, velocity, and impact angle on material wastage was revealed using air solid particle erosion rig. The experimental results showed that moderate degradation of the coating was predominant at lower impact velocity and impact angles, while severe damage arose for higher velocities and impact angles. The erosion behavior of the coating was sensitive to test temperature. The erosion rates of the coating decreased as a function of environment temperature. The relationship between microstructure and erosion resistance of the coating was also analyzed in details. The FeBSiNb coating had excellent elevated-temperature erosion resistance at temperatures at least up to 600 °C during service.     

高速电弧喷涂FeMnCr/Cr3C2涂层抗高温冲蚀磨损性能

针对超临界锅炉管道的严重冲蚀磨损问题,采用高速电弧喷涂技术在20钢表面制取耐磨涂层,并研究其高温冲蚀磨损特性。采用场发射扫描电子显微镜和X射线能谱分析等方法探讨涂层的冲蚀磨损规律。结果表明,FeMnCr/Cr3C2涂层最大冲蚀率出现在冲击角60°附近,表现出半塑性冲蚀磨损特征;其耐高温冲蚀性与FeCrNi/Cr3C2涂层相近,明显优于20钢。