Development and evaluation of a cabrito smoked sausage product

In order for the meat goat producer to survive, new avenues for marketing goats must be created. Currently, the live animal is sold directly to consumers, or to brokers who in turn sell the animal directly to consumers or retail stores that cater to various ethnic groups. The production of value-added products with appeal to North American consumers, as well as current ethnic consumers, should result in increased profitability of the meat goat. The objectives of this study were to develop a value added product, cabrito smoked sausage, using goat meat as the sole meat ingredient; evaluate soy protein concentrate (SPC) at various levels in an effort to reduce product cost; determine consumer acceptability; and conduct a cost analysis to determine the approximate market price for the product. Three fermented cabrito smoked sausage products were manufactured containing 0, 1.75 or 3.50% SPC and stored at 2±1°C until evaluated. The sausages were evaluated for sensory characteristics, proximate analysis, pH, water activity and smokehouse yields. Trained panelists detected no significant flavor differences (P > 0.05) between the products. As a result of these findings, sausages formulated with 0 and 3.50% SPC were compared in a consumer sensory evaluation. Consumer panelists detected no significant differences (P > 0.05) in flavor, texture and overall acceptance between the snack sticks. Approximately 65% of the panelists commented that they would purchase the value added products. Proximates, pH, water activity and smokehouse yields were similar (P > 0.05) for the sausages formulated with 0 and 3.50% SPC. The addition of SPC resulted in an 8.79% reduction in the price of the 3.50% SPC formulation when compared to the sausage formulated with no SPC.     

Effect of Sodium Erythorbate on Residual Nitrite, pH and Bacterial Growth in Liver Sausage Formulated with Different Levels of Mechanically Separated Pork

Some microbiological, chemical, and physical characteristics of liver sausage formulated with 0, 25, 50, and 75% mechanically separated pork (MSP), 156 ppm sodium nitrite and 0 or 550 ppm sodium erythorbate were studied during refrigerated storage (5°C, 6 days) and subsequent elevated-temperature holding (20–24°C, 48 hr). Growth of inoculated Clostridium sporogenes was inhibited by 156 ppm nitrite in all sausages even after 48 hr at 20–24°C, regardless of MSP level. Growth of aerobic mesophiles and facultative anaerobes at 20–24°C was also inhibited in sausage formulated with 156 ppm nitrite and 550 ppm erythorbate. Erythorbate addition and increased MSP levels resulted in higher Hunter a color values. Residual nitrite, pH values, and total iron content of liver sausage increased with increasing MSP content.     

Nitrite promotes protein carbonylation and Strecker aldehyde formation in experimental fermented sausages: Are both events connected?

The role played by curing agents (nitrite, ascorbate) on protein oxidation and Strecker aldehyde formation is studied. To fulfill this objective, increasing concentrations of nitrite (0, 75 and 150 ppm) and ascorbate (0, 250 and 500 ppm) were added to sausages subjected to a 54 day drying process. The concurrence of intense proteolysis, protein carbonylation and formation of Strecker aldehydes during processing of sausages suggests that α-aminoadipic semialdehyde (AAS) and γ-glutamic semialdehyde (GGS) may be implicated in the formation of Strecker aldehydes. The fact that nitrite (150 ppm, ingoing amount) significantly promoted the formation of protein carbonyls at early stages of processing and the subsequent formation of Strecker aldehydes provides strength to this hypothesis. Ascorbate (125 and 250 ppm) controlled the overall extent of protein carbonylation in sausages without declining the formation of Strecker aldehydes. These results may contribute to understanding the chemistry fundamentals of the positive influence of nitrite on the flavor and overall acceptability of cured muscle foods.     

SALT PREBLENDING AND INCORPORATION OF MECHANICALLY DEBONED CHICKEN MEAT IN SMOKED SAUSAGE

A smoked sausage product was made by incorporating mechanically deboned poultry meat (MDPM) without skin in combination with a 3:1 pork:beef mixture. The ratio of MDPM to pork:beef was 10:90, 30:70, 50:50 and 70:30. Effects of preblending the meat components 24 h prior to mixing and stuffing were also studied. The sausages were evaluated for proximate composition, cook yield and sensory acceptability. As the level of MDPM increased objective and sensory textural attributes of cohesiveness increased (P < 0.05) while firmness decreased. Preblending increased the firmness and chewiness of smoked sausages (P < 0.05). Sausages in all treatment combinations were well accepted by the sensory panelists, with a score of 6.9 or higher for overall reaction on a scale from 0 to 10, 10 being the most desirable.     

Effect of Curing Agents on the Oxidative and Nitrosative Damage to Meat Proteins during Processing of Fermented Sausages

The effect of increasing concentrations of curing agents, ascorbate (0, 250, and 500 ppm), and nitrite (0, 75, and 150 ppm), on the oxidative and nitrosative damage to proteins during processing of fermented sausages was studied. The potential influence of these reactions on color and texture of the fermented sausages was also addressed. Nitrite had a pro‐oxidant effect on tryptophan depletion and promoted the formation of protein carbonyls and Schiff bases. The nitration degree in the fermented sausages was also dependent on nitrite concentration. On the other hand, ascorbate acted as an efficient inhibitor of the oxidative and nitrosative damage to meat proteins. As expected, nitrite clearly favored the formation of the cured red color and ascorbate acted as an enhancer of color formation. Nitrite content was positively correlated with hardness. The chemistry behind the action of nitrite and ascorbate on muscle proteins during meat fermentation is thoroughly discussed. The results suggest that ascorbate (500 ppm) may be required to compensate the pro‐oxidant impact of nitrite on meat proteins.     

The use of nisin as a preservative in fish sausage stored at ambient (28 ± 2 °C) and refrigerated (6 ± 2 °C) temperatures

Summary The efficacy of nisin at three different concentrations, 12.5, 25 and 50 ppm, on the keeping quality of fish sausage in synthetic casing at ambient (28 ± 2 °C) and refrigerated (6 ± 2 °C) temperatures was assessed. Gel strength, expressible water content, total volatile base nitrogen, total plate count and aerobic spore counts were affected by the storage temperatures and nisin concentrations used. Fish sausage treated with 50 ppm of nisin was acceptable after storage at ambient temperature for 20–22 days compared with the control, which were acceptable only for 2 days. The keeping quality of the sausages, at refrigerated temperature, varied from 30 days in the control to 150 days in 50‐ppm nisin‐treated samples. The residual nisin decreased slowly in samples stored at refrigerated temperature, whereas, in fish sausages stored at ambient temperature, the decrease was rapid. Nisin at 50‐ppm level showed a significant effect (P ≤ 0.05) on the gel strength and overall acceptability scores both at ambient and refrigerated temperature.     

发酵香肠乳酸菌筛选及其对产品品质的影响

利用香肠模型结合主成分分析（PCA），筛出了一株对香肠风味物质有显著提升的植物乳杆菌M-25(Lactobacillus plantarum,M-25)。将其添加到香肠中，以未接菌组作为对照，在川式香肠制作的第0、1、3、7、14 d对pH、Aw、色泽、过氧化值（POV）、硫代巴比妥酸（TBARS）以及挥发性风味物质进行了检测。应用偏最小二乘模型（PLS-DA），以VIP（投影中的变量重要性）>1,P<0.05作为筛选条件对香肠中的特征风味物质进行评价。结果表明，随发酵时间推移对照组和接种植物乳杆菌香肠的pH均先降低后缓慢上升；Aw显著降低（P<0.05）;POV和TBARS显著升高（P<0.05）；而色泽却无显著性差异（P>0.05）。与对照组相比，接种植物乳杆菌香肠的pH、Aw、POV和TBARS值均明显更低，且接种植物乳杆菌香肠中醇类、酮类和酯类物质均明显高于对照组，能明显提升特征风味物质（异戊酸、3-羟基-2-丁酮、苯乙醛和苯乙醇）的含量。综上所述，利用香肠模型筛选的植物乳杆菌M-25能有效提升香肠品质和风味特性。     

Development of Sausages Containing Mechanically Deboned Chicken Meat Hydrolysates

Pork meat sausages were prepared using protein hydrolysates from mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM). In terms of the color, compared to the controls before and after storage, the redness (a*) was significantly higher in sausages containing MDCM hydrolysates, ascorbate, and sodium erythorbate. After storage, compared to the other sausage samples, the yellowness (b*) was lower in the sausages containing ascorbate and sodium erythorbate. TBARS was not significantly different among the sausage samples before storage, whereas TBARS and DPPH radical scavenging activities were significantly higher in the sausagescontainingascorbate and sodium erythorbate, compared to the other sausage samples after 4 wk of storage. In terms of sensory evaluation, the color was significantly higher in the sausages containing MDCM hydrolysates, ascorbate, and sodium erythorbate, compared to the other sausage samples after 4 wk of storage. The “off‐flavor” and overall acceptability were significantly lower in the sausages containing MDCM hydrolysates than in the other sausage samples.     

猪肉火腿肠综合品质的研究

对在超市购买的3种猪肉火腿肠的理化指标、微生物指标、感官评定、质构特性、微观结构和色泽进行了研究,结果表明,3种猪肉肠的硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性、剪切力和亮度值存在显著性差异;猪肉肠A和C的弹性与猪肉肠B的弹性存在显著性差异;猪肉肠A和B的内聚性与猪肉肠C的内聚性存在显著性差异;3种猪肉肠的硬度和胶着性、咀嚼性和剪切力数值依次减小;猪肉肠A、B的理化指标和微生物指标总体相对较好,猪肉肠A的色泽最好,猪肉肠B的口感、风味和微观结构最好,两者的总体接受性相当,猪肉肠C的嫩度好。综合各指标总体评价,猪肉肠A和B的综合品质好于猪肉肠C。     

Potassium Lactate Effects on Low-Fat Fresh Pork Sausage Chubs During Simulated Retail Distribution

Typical pork sausage (25% fat) and low-fat (8% fat) sausage with or without 20% added water and 0.4% carrageenan were compared to identical treatments containing 3.0% potassium lactate. Microbial populations of low-fat treatments did not differ (P>0.05). However, typical sausages with lactate had lower psychrotrophic counts than typical sausage. Lactate delayed (P<0.05) pH decline in typical sausages but had no effect on low-fat sausages (P>0.05). Addition of water and carrageenan to commercially manufactured and distributed low-fat sausage had no deleterious effects on microbial, lipid or color stability.     

Effect of sodium citrate, carboxymethyl cellulose and carrageenan levels on quality characteristics of low-salt and low-fat bologna type sausages

Quality characteristics of low-salt bologna-type sausage manufactured with sodium citrate (NAC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and carrageenan (CAR) were examined. Three levels of salt, NAC, CMC and CAR, and two levels of fat were used. Batter and sausage pH values were measured and the frying loss of sausages was analysed by frying slices in an electric grill. Firmness, juiciness, saltiness and flavour intensity of the sausages were sensorically evaluated. Altogether 20 separate sausage batches were prepared. In low-salt sausages containing less than 1.4% NaCl, the use of NAC, CAR and CMC decreased frying loss and increased saltiness. NAC and CAR also increased flavour intensity, but CMC did not. Furthermore, NAC, CAR and CMC increased the firmness of the low-salt sausage, while only NAC increased juiciness when the NaCl content was below 1.4%. NAC increases, however, the sodium content of the product. Therefore, it can be concluded that in low-salt sausages no additive alone is suitable. A mixture of NAC and CAR appears to be the best combination.     

新颖的香肠生产方案

<正> 德国香肠的种类繁多,原材料从猪肉、牛肉到动物内脏或蔬菜等,也会配搭各类香料以制作具地方色彩的独特产品,因此香肠会以地区米命名,例如:法兰克福香肠(Frankfurter) 、维也纳香肠(Wiener)、纽伦香肠堡(Nurnberger)等。除了德国香肠外,     

Microbiological and color aspects of cooked sausages made from a standardized porcine blood cell concentrate

The objective of this study was to determine the potential for blood cell concentrates (BCCs) from pigs as an ingredient in food. Sausages were made for this study according to a basic recipe for a type of blood sausage that is common in Germany. First, sausages were produced with rind and kettle broth only, and different amounts (2.5 to 31%) of standardized blood cell concentrate (s-BCC) were added (15% table salt [NaCl] and 25% protein content). Then, sausages were made with whole blood and compared with s-BCC sausages; both the BCC and blood had been pretreated either with NaCl or curing salt (nitrite). The impact of BCC and blood on the color (La*b*) of these rind sausages was determined. Finally, blood sausages were made with 12% s-BCC and either natural spices or spice extracts. These sausages were investigated microbiologically and compared to customary commercial blood sausage products (with whole blood) in terms of aerobic plate count (APC), Enterobacteriaceae, sulfite-reducing anaerobic bacteria, coagulase-positive staphylococci, and spore-forming bacilli. The desired color parameters (L, 34.5; a*, 17.8; and b*, 10.6) were obtained with the addition of about 12% s-BCC. Curing the blood or BCC beforehand had no significant (P > 0.05) influence on the color. The microbial counts of both the blood (APC, 4.4 log CFU/g) and the natural spices (APC, 6.6 log CFU/g) were relatively high. The spices were responsible for the relatively high microbial counts in the sausages, particularly the bacilli (6.4 log CFU/g). However, these counts were comparable to those found in commercial blood sausages. The bacteria introduced into the sausage by the blood had no significant impact on the bacterial counts of the end product. The bacterial loads of the sausages produced with 12% s-BCC and spice extracts were significantly lower (APC and bacilli, 2.0 log CFU/g) than those of the other blood sausages (APC, -4.4 log CFU/g; bacilli, 3.2 to 4.0 log CFU/g).     

复配食用胶对乳化肠品质的影响

对魔芋胶、卡拉胶、黄原胶3种单体食用胶两两复配,添加量为肉总质量的0.6%,通过测定成品出品率、质构、色差和保水性,研究复配食用胶对乳化肠品质的影响。结果表明：添加复配胶后成品的出品率最高可达183%,高于对照组和单体胶的效果;复配食用胶还可以显著提高乳化肠的硬度、弹性、保水性和红度值(a*) (P＜0.05),即添加复配食用胶提高了乳化肠的品质,改善了产品的外观。魔芋胶、卡拉胶和黄原胶之间存在协同增效性,其中魔芋胶与卡拉胶、魔芋胶与黄原胶、卡拉胶与黄原胶的最佳复配质量比分别为4:6、3:7和7:3。提示将食用胶复配应用到乳化肠的生产中可以显著提高产品的出品率和改善产品的品质,食用胶复配后对提高产品质量具有协同的效果。     

不同种木薯变性淀粉对鸡肉肠品质的影响

对比研究了在斩拌过程中添加6%的木薯变性淀粉(醋酸酯淀粉、交酯淀粉和磷酸酯淀粉)和木薯原淀粉对鸡肉肠品质的影响。结果发现:添加变性淀粉的鸡肉肠的产率差异不显著(P>0.05);添加醋酸酯淀粉的鸡肉肠的L*值最大;添加变性淀粉的产品的质构特性要明显好于添加原淀粉的鸡肉肠(P<0.05),其中添加交酯淀粉的产品的硬度、咀嚼性、弹性和凝聚性最高。感官评定结果显示,添加醋酸酯淀粉产品的品质优于添加其它种类变性淀粉的产品。醋酸酯木薯淀粉更适合于肉类产品实际生产中。     

Effect of Mechanically Separated Pork, Sodium Erythorbate and Sodium Nitrite Combinations on Clostridium sporogenes Survival and Growth in Liver Sausage

Liver sausage formulated with 50 or 75% mechanically separated pork (MSP), 75 or 150 ppm sodium nitrite and 0, 550 or 1100 ppm sodium erythorbate was examined for Clostridium sporogenes PA3679 survival and growth during refrigerated temperature storage (5°C, 6 days) and during subsequent exposure to elevated temperatures (22–24°C, 2 d). Sodium nitrite at 150 ppm inhibited clostridial growth in sausage held at 22–24°C, regardless of MSP content, if 550 ppm sodium erythorbate were also present. Sodium nitrite at 75 ppm combined with erythorbate at 550 and 1100 ppm did not inhibit C. sporogenes growth during simulated temperature mishandling of liver sausage. Residual nitrite decreased (P<0.05) with erythorbate addition but was unaffected by MSP.     

Effects of addition of anka rice on the qualities of low-nitrite Chinese sausages

Anka rice (AR), previously inoculated with Monascus purpureus, was added during manufacturing of low-nitrite Chinese sausages. Chemical compositions and water activities of sausages were not affected. “L”, “a”, and “b” values of sausages with less nitrite (25 ppm) and 0.5% AR added were not significantly different from those with more nitrite (100 ppm) added. Colours of the sausages without AR were light red whereas those with AR added were darker red. Addition of AR did not inhibit lipid oxidation. Higher VBN (volatile basic nitrogen) values of the samples with AR added were observed. With addition of AR, the nitrite degrading rate was retarded. Microbial counts of the sausages with AR added were significantly higher than those of the controls (100 ppm nitrite). The low-nitrite Chinese sausage with addition up to 1.5% AR was acceptable when stored at 4 °C for 28 days.     

Physicochemical Properties,Fatty Acid Profiles,and Sensory Characteristics of Fermented Beef Sausage by Probiotics Lactobacillus plantarum IIA‐2C12 or Lactobacillus acidophilus IIA‐2B4

Probiotics may be used to enhance the functionality and nutritional values of fermented sausages. This study aims to evaluate the physicochemical and sensory properties of beef sausages fermented by lactic acid bacteria of Lactobacillus plantarum IIA‐2C12 and L. acidophilus IIA‐2B4. These strains were isolated from beef cattle and have shown to display probiotic features. While the nutrient contents were not affected by the probiotics, the pH, texture, and color varied among the sausages. Further analysis on fatty acids showed different profiles of saturated (C14:0, C17:0, and C20:0) and unsaturated (C14:1, C18:1n9c, C18:2n6c, and C22:6n3) fatty acids in sausages with probiotics. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry further revealed some flavor development compounds including acid, alcohols, aldehydes, aromatic, ketones, sulfur, hydrocarbons and terpenes, varied among the sausages. Hedonic test showed no difference in the preference toward aroma, texture, and color for untrained panelists.     

菊粉添加量对低脂羊肉乳化香肠品质的影响

为开发低脂羊肉乳化香肠新产品,采用菊粉作为脂肪替代物,研究不同添加量（0%、2%、4%、6%、 8%、10%）菊粉对低脂羊肉乳化香肠持水力、色泽、质构和感官品质的影响。结果表明：添加菊粉能够增强低脂羊 肉乳化香肠的持水力,提高香肠红度值（a*）,增加硬度和咀嚼性,改善低脂羊肉乳化香肠的感官品质;当菊粉添 加量为6%时,低脂羊肉乳化香肠的持水性和硬度与高脂组香肠差异不显著,而a*显著提高（P＜0.05）,并且低脂 羊肉乳化香肠的总体可接受度评分从（4.78±0.85）分提高到（6.35±1.39）分,高于高脂组评分（5.68±1.34）分。 因此6%是低脂羊肉乳化香肠中较理想的菊粉添加量。     

不同亚硝酸盐添加量的低温蒸煮香肠的风味研究

应用顶空固相微萃取法(solid phase microextraction,SPME)对不同亚硝酸盐添加量(0、50、100和150mg/kg)的低温蒸煮香肠冷藏10d的挥发性物质进行了分离,并应用气相色谱-质谱联用方法(gas chromatography/mass spectrometry,GC-MS)对挥发性物质进行了分析和鉴定。结果表明,共有52种风味物质被检出,其中醇类20种,醛类6种,酮类4种,酸类、酯类和烃类各1种,萜烯类3种,含氮化合物6种,含氧化合物2种,芳香族化合物8种。添加亚硝酸盐后蒸煮香肠新检出的风味物质是乙醇、1-丁醇、(E)-2-己烯-1-醇、(E)-2-庚烯-1-醇、(E)-2-辛烯-1-醇、薄荷醇、3-甲基丁醛、己酸、松萜和4-硝基临苯二酰胺;添加亚硝酸盐后未检出的风味物质是罗勒烯、吡咯和四甲基吡嗪。添加亚硝酸盐后蒸煮香肠的腌肉风味(cured-meatflavor)得到了加强,150mg/kg亚硝酸钠添加组的多种风味物质相对含量明显增加。