A Case History of Motor Current Contribution to an Industrial System Short Circuit

Oscillograph recordings made during a severe primary short circuit on an industrial power system include the total three-phase currents contributed by plant motors to the fault. An analysis of the recorded motor current contribution to estimate the initial magnitude and time variation is described as well as a calculation of the motor contribution using procedures of ANSI standard application guides. Results are presented for easy comparison of the values obtained from the oscillogram and the standard calculation.     

基于CAN总线的装甲车辆电气系统检测

针对传统的装甲车辆电气设备检测的缺陷,利用CAN总线构建了网络化检测系统。该系统将待检测子系统作为总线上的节点,以C8051F040单片机为控制单元,通过相应接口电路连接到待测节点;进行了CAN总线应用层的通信协议的开发和实现,使系统具有良好的实时数据采集、处理和通信功能,并将数据处理结果通过CAN总线上传到上位机。实现了对装甲车辆电气系统的实时监测、状态检测和在线故障诊断。     

适用于直流配网的故障自清除型电力电子变压器

基于MMC-ISOP电力电子变压器结构的直流配电系统发生中压直流母线双极短路故障后,若采用常规半桥型MMC子模块,交流母线会与故障点构成三相短路而产生较大故障电流损坏功率器件,后级ISOP变换器输入侧若采用直接串联方式同样无法避免输入电容对地放电问题。提出具有故障电流自清除能力MMC子模块拓扑,未提高器件数量、电容耐压等级,且保证了阻断能力。提出DAB变换器输入侧混合串联型ISOP拓扑,可有效切断故障后电容放电通路,降低电容电压应力及电感电流脉动,缩短故障后系统恢复时间。利用Simulink软件搭建了直流配网稳态及故障状态仿真模型,仿真结果验证拓扑结构有效性及理论分析准确性。     

XLPE高压电缆短路故障电流在线监测装置设计

通过分析XLPE高压电缆线路短路故障电流回路的特点,设计了XLPE高压电缆短路故障电流在线监测装置.当线路发生短路故障时,短路故障电流在线监测装置实时采集故障电流的大小与方向信息,并根据监测数据分析故障电流回路特性,对于电缆-架空线混合线路,判断故障发生在电缆侧还是架空线侧;对于金属护套交叉互联的长电缆线路,判断故障发生在哪个交叉互联区间.该装置大大缩短了电缆线路发生短路故障后的抢修时间,提高了供电可靠性.     

特殊短路故障对发电机设计标准的影响

近年来国内发生了2次发电机内部特殊故障，使发电机定子线圈承受大大超过IEC设计标准的故障电流和机械应力，需研究分析。根据IEC标准34—3，发电机的设计应该在1．05p.u．额定电压下，出口发生三相短路时，不会造成损坏。但这种特殊故障不仅曾造成发电机定子严重损坏，而且发生的机率比三相短路大，所以需要定量分析并建立针对特殊短路故障的保护发电机的准则。希望对发电机设计标准进行补充，使得发电机定子在合理条件下能承受或设计上尽量避免这种特殊短路故障。     

Development of a high-speed current limiter for a 6 kV distribution system and evaluation of its effectiveness

We have developed a high-speed fault current limiting equipment for a 6 kV distribution system. The main components of this equipment are a high-speed vacuum switch (VCB) and gate turn-off thyristors (GTO) connected in parallel, and a current limiting impedance with low linear resistance in parallel with the switch. The usual load current is carried by the VCB. In case of a power system fault, the fault current is commutated to and interrupted by the GTO on opening the VCB. Tests confirm that the equipment can interrupt an estimated short-circuit current of 13 kA_rms by limiting to less than 3.5 kAp. The interrupt time was less than 2 ms. This response is about 100 times faster than that of conventional mechanical circuit breakers. The fast interruption current limiter can protect distribution systems within a few ms of a severe short circuit fault occurrence. The primary operational benefit of this equipment is the reduction of instantaneous voltage drop at the bus or on sound lines and of current stress on power system equipment during a power failure. © 1998 Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 125(3): 11–21, 1998     

Fault analysis of multi-phase unbalanced nonradial powerdistribution systems

Algorithms are presented in this paper for the accurate determination of voltages, currents, and power flows in faulted three-phase unbalanced nonradial power distribution systems. The calculation of steady-state fault currents begins from a converged power flow solution and uses generalized models for all power system components. These component models are formulated using a linear graph theory approach to network modeling. The linear graph modeling techniques are extended to form an admittance matrix system model. The three-phase source and load models that are used are based on an extension of the traditional models used to represent these elements in fault studies using symmetrical components. The distribution system model consisting of sources, loads, lines, transformers, and other components is modified to account for the fault and solved to yield the line-to-neutral voltages at each bus in the faulted distribution system. The faulted system current and power flows are determined using these voltages. The results obtained using the proposed modeling approach on a system provided by a local industry are compared with the results obtained from an existing classical three-phase fault analysis algorithm, and conclusions are drawn based on these comparisons     

新型分布式微机母线保护的研究

针对传统的集中式母线保护原理所存在的缺点，本文提出一种新型的分布式母线保护原理．这种原理是将母线保护分成若干单元分散地装设在母线上所联接的各个回路上，而通过计算机网络将它们联接起来．通过计算机网络每个保护单元可以得到所有回路的电流数值，各保护单元独立地进行母线区内外故障的计算和判断，当判断为母线区内故障时，只将本回路开关断开。这种装置不仅能够根据获取的信息，自动适应母线的结线和运行方式，快速切除各种故障，而且不会发生保护受干扰误动使母线全部停电的事故，因而能极大地提高保护的可靠性。文中介绍了装置的硬件构成及母线保护单元实时通信网络的构成原理和通信方式。     

三相偏磁桥路型限流器控制系统研制

设计的三相限流器控制系统由3个单相偏磁桥路型限流器、3个限流电抗器、励磁电源系统及电网运行状态监测系统组成,采用以2个数字信号处理器(DSP)为核心处理器的控制器,一个主要负责为偏磁桥路型限流器提供励磁电流;另一个主要负责监测电网电流、电压,实时采集电流、电压数据,当发生短路故障时及时作出判断,并通过CAN总线将控制参数发送给励磁控制器.分析了系统的工作原理,给出了三相控制系统的硬件、软件设计方案,并为控制系统的偏磁桥路型限流器设计了可以克服偶倍频反电势的基于DSP和现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)的数字励磁控制器.在所研制的380V/150A、最大故障限流1000A的偏磁桥路型限流器试验样机上进行了各种短路试验,试验结果表明所设计的控制系统软、硬件方案可行有效.     

Transmission line fault location using digital fault recorders

A technique for the location of transmission line faults using voltage and current measurements from one end of the faulted line is presented. The method differs from past approaches in that a time domain rather than a frequency domain representation of voltage and current is used. A phase network model is used, permitting explicit treatment of self and mutual impedance effects for either a single three-phase circuit or two parallel three-phase circuits. The algorithm will be used as one of the analysis functions for a digital fault recorder. Test results are presented to illustrate the performance of the algorithm under various system conditions and configurations. Results compare favorably with those obtained using previously reported fault location methods. Estimated fault locations are within 3 to 4% of the actual fault location. Most cases show errors within 2% of the actual fault location     

风电场自适应继电保护方法的研究

在Matlab/Simulink中建立了包含双馈式异步机风电场的单机无穷大电力系统仿真模型。通过仿真,对各种故障状态下的风电故障电压、电流进行分析,得出风电场在电网各种故障状态下的短路电压、电流特性是不同的,因而得出风电场保护应采用适应性保护配置,并对保护原理和整定方法进行了说明。     

Detection of stator short circuit faults in three-phase induction motors using motor current zero crossing instants

Stator faults typically have a significant share amongst the common type of faults in industrial three-phase induction (asynchronous) motors. This paper presents a motor current signature analysis (MCSA)-based diagnostics of the stator winding short circuit fault. This type of fault happens due to the destruction of the turn insulation, and can be very detrimental causing motor shutdown. Instead of traditional MCSA using the motor stator current, in this paper, analysis using the zero crossing time (ZCT) signal of the stator current is presented. The theoretical aspects of the stator short circuit detection are presented. Following that, a diagnostic algorithm utilizing the ZCT signals is proposed. Experiments are performed with real motors, healthy and with shorted stator windings. Frequency analysis of the ZCT signals from the experimental data substantiates the theoretical arguments with significant accuracy.     

基于电压、电流不平衡度差值的干式变压器匝间短路故障识别方法

干式变压器绕组发生轻微匝间短路时,相电压、相电流等电气量变化甚微,不能作为表征匝间短路故障的敏感特征量,导致相应保护措施缺失,运行过程中设备烧毁事故时有发生。通过建立干式变压器“场-路”耦合仿真模型,利用实际试验和工程计算获取的状态参数,验证模型的准确性。通过建立和分析其绕组匝间短路故障数学模型,提取相电压、相电流不平衡度标幺值的差值,作为判断匝间短路故障的特征量。通过仿真分析不同工况下其绕组发生匝间短路故障时不同电气量的变化情况,论证了所提新故障特征量不仅能提前感知绕组匝间短路故障,而且能够克服固有的三相不对称及不平衡运行带来的影响,有效性、灵敏性兼顾,为实时监测干式变压器绕组匝间绝缘状态提供一种新方法。     

柔性直流换流站短路工况下直流场磁场计算建模及预测分析

对于安装有混合式直流断路器的柔性直流换流站,直流断路器分断故障电流速度快、内部换流时间短,由故障电流引发的磁场对直流场内二次设备的电磁影响尚不清楚。建立了混合式直流断路器分时段多路径的磁场计算模型,以及平波电抗器、直流母线的磁场计算模型,预测了直流侧发生双极短路故障时定海换流站和张北换流站直流场内二次设备处的磁场,获得了直流场磁场分布规律。计算结果表明：定海换流站和张北换流站直流场现有的二次设备处磁场强度峰值可能达到883 A/m和362 A/m;磁场强度峰值出现在故障电流达到峰值或直流断路器第二次换流阶段;直流场平波电抗器附近和母线布置较多的地方磁场较大。计算结果可为二次设备抗扰度考核和电气设备布置提供参考。     

Detection of Stator Winding Inter-Turn Short Circuit Fault in Induction Motor Using Vibration Signals by MEMS Accelerometer

This paper presents a novel method for detecting stator winding inter-turn short circuit fault in a three-phase induction motor by vibration signature analysis using non-electrical contact type microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) accelerometer. The present work detects inter-turn short circuit by vibration analysis in a three-phase induction motor running under different load conditions. Theoretical analysis of stator winding under inter-turn short circuit condition has been presented. Experimental investigations have been carried out to detect inter-turn short circuit fault by vibration signature analysis using a MEMS accelerometer with three-phase induction motor operating under different conditions. The spectral analysis of motor vibration has been carried out using radix-2 decimation in time fast Fourier transform algorithm. The appearance of particular characteristic frequency components in vibration spectrum indicates stator winding inter-turn short circuit faults. The experimental results are found to closely match with the theoretical values, indicating that MEMS accelerometers can be successfully employed for the detection of stator winding inter-turn short circuit fault in induction motors.     

基于对称分量法的调相机定子故障特征分析

传统同步调相机定子绕组匝间短路故障机理分析方法通常认为电机定子电流接近三相对称,并以此为基础建立同步调相机故障电流的数学表征。但是,一旦发生定子绕组匝间短路故障,同步调相机三相定子电流的对称性将遭到破坏,使得传统故障机理分析方法所建立的数学表征无法准确反映电机内部电气量的变化。该文通过引入对称分量法,建立了故障后同步调相机瞬时有功功率与无功功率的数学模型,提出利用瞬时有功/无功功率中的二次谐波进行定子绕组匝间短路故障诊断。仿真和实验的结果表明：相较于利用定子电流三次谐波与基波幅值之比诊断故障的传统方法,所提方法在轻微故障状态下能提高至少7倍的诊断灵敏度,更易完成早期故障诊断。同时,所提方法中的故障特征量不受同步调相机工况和故障位置的影响,具有强鲁棒性。     

Multi objective optimal allocation of fault current limiters in power system

Transmission systems, connection of distributed generation to the grid are increased due to increase in power demands. This fact causes the increase in short circuit level of power networks. The occurrence of fault in such networks leads to large short circuit currents throughout the system, which may exceed the rating of existing circuit breakers and can damage system equipment. There are some approaches to reduce this fault current such as power network reinforcement and utilization of fault current limiter (FCLs) in power systems. Power system reinforcement is too difficult if not impractical. Therefore, the utilization of FCLs can provide an effective way to suppress fault currents. The effectiveness of FCL depends on the number of FCLs and their installation location. In this paper, a novel approach is presented to determine the optimal number and location of FCLs to improve the power network reliability and fault current reduction based on different conflicting objective functions. IEEE 39 BUS system and IEEE 57 BUS system are considered to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method. The objective functions considered for the optimal allocation are reliability of power system, economic impact and short circuit current reduction. Unlike what has been previously done in literature, in this paper Pareto based optimization algorithms, namely non-dominated sorting algorithm, multiobjective particle swarm optimization and multiobjective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition, are utilized to deal with this problem. The use of these methods made it possible to obtain the Pareto optimal front in which these objective functions are optimized simultaneously.     

对IEC标准中高压熔断件保护电动机回路的理解及建议

IEC 标准考虑高压厂用电源为中性点接地系统, 8.2 条规定采用瞬时接地故障保护。但是我国高压厂用电源系统大多为不接地系统, 故可取消瞬时接地故障保护。关于电动机定子两相接地故障, IEC 标准按短路绝热过程和短路热稳定要求来选择电缆截面, 偏保守, 会增加投资。所以可取消反时限过电流保护, 改由热控保护装置切除故障电动机电源, 这样可选择较小的电缆截面。另外, 易过负荷电动机现有保护方式可以简化, 以利控制盘的设备布置。     

采用虚拟网络加网络操作法的双回线故障计算方法

文中在双回线故障端口接入结构固定的虚拟网络，采用对虚拟网络进行网络操作的方法模拟双回线跨线短路故障、断相故障或跨线短路加断相故障，建立起双回线各种故障计算的统一模型。基于线性电路的基本定理，借助于相序参数变换技术，提出了一种针对双回线各种故障计算的新方法。该方法的优点为：①双回线跨线短路故障、断相故障和跨线短路加断相故障具有统一的计算模型和计算方法；②可精确地模拟双回线金属性或非金属性跨线短路故障、完全或不完全断相故障，以及由它们组合而成的各种跨线短路加断相故障；③对双回线是否存在公共母线无特殊要求；④无需形成复合序网，适用于序相两种坐标。     

F-C组合电器中变压器保护用熔断器的选择

随着真空接触器技术的发展,由真空接触器配以适当的熔断器,即F-C组合电器,用于控制和保护电动机和变压器等电气设备,在电气领域中正得到广泛应用.熔断器选择必须依据其使用条件来进行,主要有系统电压、额定电流、短路容量、保护配合等.