基于Avalon总线的计数器接口IP核设计及应用

在控制领域,随着基于FPGA的NIOS Ⅱ软核处理器的广泛应用,NIOS Ⅱ的Avalon总线与外设的接口IP(知识产权)核的研究就显得很有价值.该设计结合FPGA实现了编码器脉冲的整形、滤波、倍频、鉴相、计数和锁存功能,然后运用Verilog语言完成了计数模块与Avalon总线的接口IP核设计,最后采取SOPC(可编...     

基于NIOS Ⅱ和μclinux的工业CT高速数据传输系统

介绍了基于NIOS Ⅱ和μclinux应用于工业CT的数据传输系统。将FPGA的嵌入式软核作为数据传输系统的核心处理器,μclinux操作系统移植到嵌入式系统中,并加入并行处理模块,使得系统不但发挥了FPGA的并行处理的能力和强可配置性,也利用了μclinux系统强大的网络功能。     

基于STM32的姿态感知四轴飞行器的设计

为了方便、准确的控制四轴飞行器正常飞行,设计了基于姿态感知的四轴飞行器和手部姿态感知系统,该系统以STM32为核心处理器,通过陀螺仪采集手部姿态信息,对采集的手部姿态信息利用低通滤波器和Kalman相结合进行去噪处理,之后利用联邦Kalman算法对手部姿态信息、机体姿态和气压计的信息进行融合,调节控制四轴飞行器飞行的PID参数,使其能够根据手部姿态进行前、后、左、右、上、下、悬停等飞行,并通过实验仿真验证手部姿态信息与飞行器飞行动作的一致性,通过实验验证可知飞行器的飞行动作和手部姿态保持一致,系统能够稳定工作且满足一般控制要求,并为相关设计提供了参考。     

四轴飞行器姿态控制系统设计

四轴飞行器具有不稳定、非线性、强耦合等特性,姿态控制是四轴飞行器飞行控制系统的核心;通过分析四轴飞行器的飞行原理,根据其数学模型和系统的功能要求,设计了四轴飞行器的姿态控制系统;该系统采用stm32系列32位处理器作为主控制器,使用ADIS16355惯性测量单元等传感器用于姿态信息检测;系统基于模块化设计的思想,各传感器都使用数字接口进行数据交换,结构简单;使用PID控制算法进行姿态角的闭环控制,实验结果表明,飞行器能较好的稳定在实验平台上,系统满足四轴飞行器室内飞行姿态控制的要求.     

基于NOISⅡ的高清图像处理系统的设计

介绍一种基于FPGA的高清图像处理系统。该系统以NOISⅡ软核处理器为主控制器,采用IP核模块的设计方法,运用快速中值滤波算法对图像进行处理。给出算法的FPGA硬件实现和时序仿真图。实验结果表明,该系统能够稳定地用在各个高清图像的处理环境中。     

双NIOSⅡ软核系统在潮流能发电中的应用

开发海洋潮流能对缓解能源危机具有重要意义,电力变换系统是潮流能发电系统的关键技术之一。提出了一种利用SOPC技术实现潮流能发电电力变换控制系统的设计方法,采用单片高性能FPGA芯片构建双NIOSⅡ软核系统,其中一个NIOSⅡ处理器负责系统任务调度和能量管理,一个NIOSⅡ处理器负责电力变换控制和异常诊断。针对电力变换系统的信息数据特点,提出了基于RAM、FIFO、GPIO的双NIOSⅡ处理器握手机制,并给出了系统的具体设计实现。该双NIOSⅡ处理器系统提高了系统的任务调度灵活性、控制算法处理速度和应急处理能力。     

双NIOS Ⅱ软核系统在潮流能发电中的应用

开发海洋潮流能对缓解能源危机具有重要意义,电力变换系统是潮流能发电系统的关键技术之一。提出了一种利用SOPC技术实现潮流能发电电力变换控制系统的设计方法,采用单片高性能FPGA芯片构建双NIOSⅡ软核系统,其中一个NIOSⅡ处理器负责系统任务调度和能量管理,一个NIOSⅡ处理器负责电力变换控制和异常诊断。针对电力变换系统的信息数据特点,提出了基于RAM、FIFO、GPIO的双NIOSⅡ处理器握手机制,并给出了系统的具体设计实现。该双NIOSⅡ处理器系统提高了系统的任务调度灵活性、控制算法处理速度和应急处理能力。     

基于NIOSⅡ软核处理器的嵌入式测试系统软硬件设计研究

介绍了利用NIOSⅡ软核处理器设计嵌入式测试系统的两类系统架构,详细讲述了基于NIOSⅡ软核处理器的嵌入式测试系统软硬件设计方法;最后结合EP2C8Q-208C8型FPGA芯片,利用Verilog语言描述A/D芯片的工作时序逻辑,利用NIOSⅡ软核处理器设计串口处理单元,将A/D采集的数据通过串口发送到计算机显示。实践表明,利用NIOS II软核处理器设计嵌入式测试系统,具有开发周期短,系统集成度高,功能灵活多样等特点,与传统利用单片机设计嵌入式测试系统相比,具有时钟频率高、运行速度快、调试方便等特点,是一种值得推广的嵌入式测试系统设计方法。     

基于NIOS Ⅱ处理器的四象限变流器控制

本文介绍了一种新的基于NIOSⅡ处理器的四象限变流器控制方案。建立了一种基于NIOSⅡ处理器的设计平台,并在其上进行了四象限变流器的仿真和设计,试验结果表明:基于NIOSⅡ处理器的四象限变流器控制能够达到预期的目的。     

基于NIOS Ⅱ的平台直方图均衡算法

NIOS Ⅱ软核处理器是Altera公司推出的一款灵活高效的嵌入式处理器。该处理器的应用常见于控制和通信领域。本文描述了在NIOS Ⅱ系统上实现平台直方图均衡算法(Plateau Equalization,PE)的设计方案。通过NIOS Ⅱ的自定制指令和C语言中嵌入汇编语言,成功的将PE算法在FPGA上实现,并且能够保证系统的运行效率和实时处理能力。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).