基于实时意图识别的外骨骼机器人步态切换

根据外骨骼穿戴者的实时运动意图,切换外骨骼机器人的行走步态,是外骨骼机器人研究热点问题之一.针对外骨骼机器人能够根据穿戴者的运动意图控制步态切换问题,提出采集人体表面肌电信号进行解码,通过BP神经网络识别穿戴者的运动意图,实现外骨骼进行步态规划,利用关节角度与足底压力的相关性以及重心轨迹,对所规划的步态的稳定性进行分析,依据不同的运动意图完成步态进行实时切换,验证了基于实时意图识别控制的外骨骼步态切换的可行性.     

基于外骨骼的可穿戴式上肢康复机器人设计与研究

为辅助对患肢进行高强度标准化康复训练工作,研制了一种基于外骨骼原理的可穿戴式4自由度上肢康复机器人.该康复机器人可实现肩关节水平方向外展/内收、竖直方向上摆/下摆和旋转运动以及肘关节的屈/伸运动.首先根据康复医学原理确定出人手臂各关节的运动角度范围,并在确保驱动力矩最小的原则下进行结构设计.然后,对各结构进行了运动学与动力学仿真分析,并据此对结构进行优化.最后,设计了康复机器人在连续被动康复运动(CPM)模式下的控制系统.实验结果表明,此结构方便穿戴于人体,机器人的运动自由度与人体运动自由度同轴,能有效地对患肢前、后臂各部位进行支撑和牵引,精确地施加牵引力于上肢的各关节.     

面向外骨骼机器人人机交互的步态数据获取系统及识别模型

外骨骼机器人人机交互是当前的研究热点,通常需要获取人体相关运动信息作为控制信号源。为了采集人体步态数据,研究了生理信号与关节运动之间的关联机制,设计了一种步态数据获取系统,其利用鞋内薄膜压力传感器和关节角度传感器组成测试设备,成功采集了15组健康男子在3km/h、4km/h和5km/h 3种速率下自然行走的步态数据。提出采用基因表达式编程建立膝关节运动识别模型,并使用所采集的步态数据进行训练和验证。结果显示,利用此模型可有效进行关节运动的识别和预测,验证了本系统作为外骨骼人机接口的可行性。     

NSGA-Ⅱ在蛇形机器人中的优化与控制

研究蛇形机器人蜿蜒运动步态的优化与控制问题。结合摩擦力模型,并分析蛇形机器人运动步态模型,根据基于闭环反馈的控制系统结构运用PID控制器对其步态进行跟踪控制,在此基础上采用基于非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)对步态进行优化,该优化方法实现对闭环反馈跟踪控制系统的参数优化。仿真结果表明,NSGA-Ⅱ算法能达到变量优化目的,在功率和速度之间寻找最优值,对于解决蛇形机器人运动步态多目标优化问题是可行有效的。     

外骨骼机器人的人体步态感知系统设计

针对下肢负重外骨骼机器人与其穿戴者运动协调的问题,设计一种人体步态感知系统,对人体下肢关键部位的运动状态采集和预测。用6个MTI—30姿态传感器采集人体下肢的姿态数据;以ARM微处理器STM32F407为计算单元,对采集的步态数据解算、预测和传输;用非线性时间序列分析Takens算法预测人体下肢关键部位的旋转运动。实验结果表明：该系统功能稳定,能准确对人体下肢的步态数据采集和预测,预测结果稳定可靠,为外骨骼控制器提供可靠的参考信息。     

基于核化运动基元的外骨骼膝关节步态轨迹在线规划

为了提高外骨骼机器人的适应性与人机交互安全性,提出了一种基于核化运动基元的步态轨迹规划算法,可根据使用者步态状态实时调整步态轨迹.在外骨骼膝关节上对算法进行了验证.结果 表明,利用小样本量训练数据,算法能够通过在线调整形状参数,保证预测轨迹与参考轨迹的形状相似;通过实时检测步态相信息,并在期望点处对步态轨迹进行在线调整,可生成适应使用者状态变化的运动轨迹.     

基于支持向量机的外骨骼机器人灵敏度放大控制

为了准确控制外骨骼机器人跟随人体运动,需要建立其动态、精确的数学模型;人体下肢外骨骼是一个多自由度、强耦合以及非线性的多连杆系统,难以建立准确的运动学和动力学模型;文章使用三维运动捕捉与空间定位系统,获取实际人体运动参数(运动学与动力学),应用支持向量机(SVM)学习人体下肢外骨骼的数学模型;基于该模型构造基于支持向量机模型的灵敏度放大控制方法;文章使用MATLAB和LIBSVM建立外骨骼下肢机器人的数学模型,并进行仿真分析;仿真结果表明基于SVM的模型学习方法,能够准确计算出人体下肢外骨骼的动力学模型,并简化建模过程;基于SVM的灵敏度放大控制,能够有效计算出人体下肢外骨骼各关节(髋关节、膝关节、踝关节)的输出力矩,并控制外骨骼机器人跟随人体运动。     

下肢外骨骼机器人变步长步态规划方法

为了解决下肢外骨骼机器人连续步态规划问题,基于倒立摆模型提出了一种步态规划算法,并针对传统倒立摆模型无法变步长连续行走的问题提出了新的改进方法。将外骨骼机器人分成支撑腿和摆动腿两部分,分别采用D-H法进行运动学分析;利用倒立摆模型和固定函数法,进行等效质心与摆动腿末端轨迹规划;在相邻单脚支撑期之间插入双脚支撑期,使下肢外骨骼机器人在不断改变步行时,利用双脚支撑期进行位置和速度的切换,实现实时步态规划;将规划算法在SIMULINK中实现,并与ADAMS模型进行联合仿真,下肢外骨骼机器人在仿真环境下行走稳定,证明了算法的有效性。     

理疗师交互下的下肢康复训练机器人个性化步态规划方法

针对偏瘫患者的个体差异及病况差异,提出了一种理疗师交互下的下肢康复训练机器人步态规划方法,在理疗师-减重悬吊式康复训练机器人-患者三者共存的复杂环境中,理疗师穿戴主控外骨骼直接行走实现步态时空参数规划,并融入理疗师的医学经验及对患者的评估.首先,基于旋量理论建立运动学模型,实现理疗师空间与机器人空间的运动映射;然后,统一规划机器人关节运动轨迹、减重机构重心调整轨迹及跑步机步速.最后,通过理疗师步态参数的实时采集、运动映射实验及机器人轨迹跟踪实验,验证了步态时空规划方法的有效性.结果表明,髋、膝关节规划角度在人体关节活动范围内,速度变化平稳,关节轨迹规划和重心调整规划均符合人体行走的生理特性.理疗师的参与实现了渐进康复训练中的个性化步态规划.     

基于VSC的机器人在线步态规划方法研究

传统方法在进行机器人在线步态规划时,由于受到大量外部复杂因素的干扰,造成步态规划偏差较大,无法准确跟踪期望步态;为此,提出一种基于变量集控制(variable set control,VSC)的仿人机器人在线步态规划方法;将步态规划问题转化为反应机器人步态状态的变量集的规划问题,根据对相关变量的规划和计算,能够获取机器人关节空间运动的状态序列;根据变量集中的零力矩点、机器人的重心、髋部中心和步态规划之间的关系,能够获取机器人在线步态规划中关键变量集的规划和计算结果;仿真实验表明,利用该方法能够克服传统方法的缺陷,实现了对机器人在线步态规划的准确控制。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.