基于局部子地图方法的多机器人主动同时定位与地图创建

研究了多机器人在未知环境下以主动的方式协作完成同时定位与地图创建（SLAM）的问题．引入局部子地图方法,由每个机器人建立自身周围局部区域的子地图,使多个机器人之间的地图创建相互独立,从而对全局环境的SLAM问题进行分解．而每个机器人在建立局部子地图时将主动SLAM问题转化为多目标优化问题;机器人选取最优的控制输入,使定位与地图创建的准确性、信息增益以及多机器人之间的协调关系得到综合优化．最后,通过扩展的卡尔曼滤波器（EKF）对子地图进行融合得到全局地图．仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性．     

基于协助校正方法的多机器人主动同时定位与建图

协作策略是多机器人主动同时定位与建图(SLAM)的关键。文中提出一种多机器人相互校正的协作策略, 称为协助校正。 该方法通过优化机器人对陆标的观测来提高定位与建图的精度, 共包括弱协助校正和强协助校正两种模式。 前者是一种间接的协助模式, 可应用于所有机器人自身定位均不准确的情形。 后者是一种直接的协助模式, 由自身定位精度较高的机器人主动校正其它机器人及相应陆标。 文中将这两种协助校正模式利用状态机统一到多机器人主动SLAM应用中。在仿真实验中将协助校正与其它多机器人主动SLAM方法进行对比以验证其精度优势, 并与单机器人主动SLAM对比以验证其导航代价极低的优势。最后在两台Poineer3-DX移动机器人上进行真实环境实验,实验结果证实协助校正方法可在实际应用中有效提高多机器人主动SLAM的探索效率和精度。     

基于陆标动态配置的移动机器人主动探索

针对无预置陆标的环境, 研究移动机器人动态在线配置陆标问题及基于此的主动探索. 首先, 提出陆标动态在线配置准则, 并分析陆标配置对机器人定位与建图的影响; 然后基于扩展的卡尔曼滤波器, 将机器人的主动探索转化为多目标最优控制问题, 优化目标包含3个部分, 分别对应定位与建图的准确性、机器人预期探索的新区域大小和陆标配置对定位与建图的影响, 机器人选取最优化目标函数的控制输入以实现准确的定位、建图和对环境的充分探索; 最后对陆标进行有效的增补和去冗余. 仿真结果表明该方法的有效性.     

一种基于RBUKF滤波器的SLAM算法一种基于RBUKF滤波器的SLAM算法

同时定位与建图(SLAM)是智能机器人实现真正自治的必要前提,是一个比单独研究定位或者建图更加困难的课题。该文将基于SUT变换的RBUKF滤波器应用于平面静态环境下的同时定位与建图算法,它能够在同样计算复杂度的情况下,避免基于扩展卡尔曼滤波器(EKF)SLAM算法由于线性化误差大导致滤波器发散,从而出现建图错误的缺点。基于公共数据集的实验表明该方法估计的最终地图比EKF的方法精度高。     

移动机器人SLAMiDE系统设计与实现

针对动态环境下移动机器人同时定位与建图(SLAM)问题,设计一种动态环境SLAM系统——SLAMiDE,给出系统的整体结构框架和实现过程。该系统通过动态目标检测、SLAM和动态目标跟踪同时实现动态地图构建、静态地图构建和机器人定位。实验结果证明,该系统是正确、可行的。     

一种改进的FastSLAM算法

同时定位与建图是移动机器人实现真正自治的必要前提,FastSLAM作为一种成功的SLAM方法受到研究者的广泛青睐,FastSLAM将SLAM问题分为一个定位问题和一个建图问题,其中用扩展卡尔曼滤波器（EKF）实现地图陆标的估计与更新,提出了一种改进的FastSLAM方法,用UKF滤波器代替EKF实现FastSLAM中的陆标估计,使得陆标的估计精度提高,该方法同时具有UKF滤波器无需求解观测模型的雅克比矩阵的优点。     

面向室内退化环境的多传感器建图方法

在室内同时定位与建图(SLAM)的实际应用中,对称单一结构环境易造成激光SLAM错误建图,低质量光照或低纹理环境易造成视觉SLAM失效.针对上述室内退化环境,提出一种将激光、视觉、惯性测量单元(IMU)进行紧耦合的LVI-SLAM方法.在该方法前端,设计视觉评价环节对视觉信息置信度进行自适应调整;在该方法后端,进行位姿图优化以及多传感器回环抑制累积误差.视觉评价实验、单走廊实验以及大场景建图实验的结果证明了该方法的鲁棒性和精确性.在面积为1050 m2的复杂室内环境下,采用该方法建图误差为0.9％.     

多机器人协同SLAM技术研究进展

由于单机器人同步定位与建图（SLAM）技术在实际应用中的局限性,多机器人协同SLAM技术以较强的灵活性和鲁棒性受到研究人员的广泛关注,并且在农业生产、环境监测、海上搜救等领域具有巨大应用前景。多机器人协同SLAM是多机器人协同工作的核心及大范围复杂环境内及时获得场景感知信息的关键,能使多个机器人在协同工作时共同定位并构建任务空间地图,主要基于单机器人SLAM算法、多机器人系统架构、地图融合等技术实现。结合多机器人协同SLAM的发展历程,对比分析当前主流的多机器人协同SLAM算法。从传感器的角度,将多机器人协同SLAM分为激光协同SLAM、视觉协同SLAM以及激光视觉融合协同SLAM三类,并对多机器人协同SLAM的架构选择、多机通信、相对位姿、地图融合和后端优化问题进行讨论,同时指出异构机器人协同、基于深度学习的语义SLAM是多机器人协同SLAM的未来发展趋势。     

移动机器人同步定位与建图技术综述

同步定位与建图技术(SLAM)一直是移动机器人领域比较热门的研究方向,它可以给机器人提供强大的环境感知能力;传统的依靠外部位置参考来定位的方法如果无法获得时,移动机器人需要即时定位自身位置来构建增量式地图,因此SLAM技术也就应运而生;对激光SLAM和视觉SLAM的研究现状及最新标志性成果进行了介绍,重点对以相机与激光雷达融合、相机与IMU融合、激光雷达与IMU融合为代表的多传感器融合SLAM技术展开讨论、系统地梳理了几种融合方式的优势与不足,同时介绍了该领域的研究热点语义SLAM,最后讨论了SLAM技术在该领域未来的发展方向以及存在的挑战。     

面向观测融合和吸引因子的多机器人主动SLAM

针对未知环境下多机器人主动SLAM(simultaneous localization and mapping)存在不能完全遍历环境、定位精度不理想等问题,本文基于EKF-SLAM(extended Kalman filter-simultaneous localization and mapping)算法提出一种多机器人主动SLAM算法。通过引入吸引因子,增强多机器人系统之间的交流,提升机器人自身定位精度与环境建图精度,同时又引导多机器人团队进行探索环境。当同一地标被多个机器人观测到,采用凸组合融合方法融合各个机器人对地标的估计,从而降低被估计地标的不确定度。仿真结果表明,所提算法能够对环境进行覆盖遍历,提升对地标估计的定位精度。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.