无磁钻铤用0Cr19Mn21Ni2N奥氏体不锈钢800 ℃等温时效析出机制

通过Thermo-Calc热力学软件计算、光学显微镜、扫描电镜及透射电镜对0Cr19Mn21Ni2N奥氏体不锈钢在800 ℃等温时效过程中碳化物、氮化物的析出机制进行了研究。结果表明：第二相碳化物、氮化物析出的成分、种类、分布随局部C元素贫化而发生变化。在800 ℃等温时效过程中,当时效时间为10~60 min时,晶界上较高浓度的C元素偏析、较大的晶格错配能和畸变能为M23C6首先在晶界位置形核并形成连续析出颗粒提供充足的热力学和动力学条件;随着时效时间进一步延长,由于碳化物M23C6的较多析出导致该析出区域C元素逐渐贫化,?M23C6析出的热力学和动力学条件逐渐受到抑制,氮化物Cr2N开始在晶界析出的M23C6碳化物附近形核。随后,片层状Cr2N逐渐在相邻晶粒内长大,其生长方向与奥氏体晶格取向具有固定的位向关系。     

2.25Cr-1Mo钢回火过程中碳化物析出顺序的研究

采用化学相分析的方法研究了2．25Cr-1Mo钢粒状贝氏体组织在回火过程中碳化物的变化和析出顺序。结果表明，当回火参数为18140～22000时，试验钢中析出合金碳化物的类型为M2(CN)，M6C，M4C3，Cr9C3以及M23C6；合金碳化物的析出顺序为M2(CN)→M6C→M7C3，Cr7C3→M23C6，而且这些合金碳化物的变化过程是一系列重迭的阶段。     

K40S合金高温时效过程中二次碳化物的沉淀析出行为

研究了K40S合金在950℃时效100h后二次碳化物M23C6,M6C的沉淀析出行为,结果表明,元素间的直接反应是合金中二次碳化物M23C6。M6C的沉淀析出机制,初生碳化物M7C3作为碳源,其蜕变分解促进反应时间的进行。同时,二次碳物M6C的沉淀析出还与铸态组织中W的富集有关,其所需的金属原子M主要来源于铸态合金W的富集区。     

Cr35Ni45钢高温长期服役过程中的组织演化规律分析

采用光学显微镜、XRD、扫描电镜和电子探针等手段对不同服役时间(原始态、服役1.5年及6年)Cr35Ni45型裂解炉管的组织形态及析出相演化规律进行系统分析。结果表明,原始铸态炉管的组织为奥氏体基体、长条状M7C3碳化物及鱼骨状NbC与基体的共晶体;高温长期服役过程中,M7C3发生向M23C6碳化物的转变,共晶碳化物NbC发生向铌镍硅化物或η相转变,同时,晶内析出大量弥散分布的颗粒状二次M23C6碳化物;随着高温服役时间的进一步延长,碳化物形态从原始的条状、鱼骨状向块状转变并逐渐连接成网,晶内析出的二次碳化物随服役时间的延长逐渐溶解合并,数量减少。造成Cr35Ni45钢高温长时服役过程中析出相结构及形貌变化的主要原因在于该钢1000℃左右的服役条件及高温下析出相的稳定性。     

固溶处理对53Cr21Mn9Ni4N耐热钢组织及碳化物的影响

利用FactSage软件中的FSstel数据库对53Cr21Mn9Ni4N耐热钢的相图进行计算,分析了氮元素对凝固及冷却过程中相变及析出相的影响,得到了53Cr21Mn9Ni4N耐热钢平衡凝固及冷却相变路径图,并用OM、SEM、XRD、EDS等对53Cr21Mn9Ni4N耐热钢在1200 ℃固溶3、10、20、40和60 min后的显微组织及碳化物演变规律进行了研究。结果表明,53Cr21Mn9Ni4N耐热钢由1600 ℃平衡冷却至300 ℃的过程中完整的平衡相变路径为:液相+气体→液相→液相+δ铁素体→液相+δ铁素体+奥氏体→液相+奥氏体→奥氏体→奥氏体+M₂₃C₆→奥氏体+M₂(C,N)+M₂₃C₆→奥氏体+M₂(C,N)+M₂₃C₆+α铁素体→奥氏体+M₂(C,N)+M₂₃C₆+α铁素体+σ相。M₂₃C₆的析出温度随着氮含量的增加而降低,M₂(C,N)的析出物温度随着氮含量的增加而升高,M₂₃C₆会因M₂(C,N)的析出受到抑制。53Cr21Mn9Ni4N耐热钢的铸态组织非常不均匀,奥氏体呈树枝晶状生长,枝晶间析出大量层片状碳化物。随着固溶时间的增加,分布在枝晶间的层片状碳化物逐渐变成块状及短棒状,碳化物的数量逐渐减少,粗壮的树枝晶也逐渐变得细小。53Cr21Mn9Ni4N耐热钢在1200 ℃固溶后的组织及碳化物均得到明显改善。     

等离子旋转电极雾化FGH95高温合金粉末的预热处理

在不同热处理制度下对等离子旋转电极雾化(PREP)FGH95高温合金粉末颗粒进行预热处理，并对热处理粉末颗粒微观组织、碳化物析出相及γ相的变化规律进行研究。结果表明：随着预热处理温度升高，树枝晶组织逐渐消失，γ相由圆形逐渐转变为方形，粉末颗粒中的MC′型亚稳碳化物发生分解和转变，析出稳定的MC，M23C6及M6C型碳化物。M23C6碳化物的析出温度为950℃，M23C6与M6C碳化物的相互转变温度为1000～1050℃，M23C6和M6C的溶解温度为1100℃。     

25-12型奥氏体耐热铸钢长期服役过程中碳化物的演变现象

N，Nb和RE微合金化的25－12型奥氏体耐热铸钢长期使用后，奥氏体中析出的二次碳化物数量明显增加，晶界附近无析出区现象逐渐消失；部分M23C6已转变为M6C，M6C总是与奥氏体基体以及二次碳化物M23C6保持[114]M6C//[110]A//[110]M23C6孪晶取向关系，探讨了合金元素及服役条件对碳化物演变的影响。     

热处理工艺对1Cr22Mn15N不锈钢析出行为的影响

用金相法、电镜观察等分析研究了固溶 时效处理过程中温度、时间对1Cr22Mn15N不锈钢碳(氮)化物析出的影响。结果表明,对于1Cr22Mn15N不锈钢,在试验温度范围内Cr23C6多呈颗粒状、蠕虫状、层片状、菊花状沿晶界分布,并逐渐向晶内生长,而σ相多呈颗粒状析出;得到了其相应的等温析出物动力学曲线,Cr23C6的等温析出的鼻尖温度约为850℃,相应的孕育期为100～180s,950℃以上析出物较少,其中不析出的临界冷却速度约为3.3℃/s;析出物主要是Cr23C6,时效时间越长析出物就越多,随时效时间的延长有少许σ相的析出,氮主要是以Cr23C6和过饱和间隙原子的形式存在。     

高钼无磁钢等温变形脆化现象及其机理

采用Thermal-Calc热力学计算软件对高钼无磁钢碳化物析出热力学特征进行了计算。通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜等设备探讨了时效温度、等温变形+时效温度对试验钢析出行为的影响,并进行了冲击试验。结果表明,析出相主要在晶界处产生,试验钢析出敏感温度为700~900 ℃。在800 ℃下时效1 h后,试验钢晶界处可以明显观察到析出相的产生,为颗粒状。与无变形相比,析出相在变形条件下大量形成,形状为条带状,晶界明显变粗,与时效态试样相比,时效前的变形明显缩短了析出相的孕育时间,促进了析出相的长大。等温变形+时效后会显著降低冲击性能,断裂方式为韧性断裂。     

镍基高温合金长期时效处理中碳化物的析出行为

对长期时效处理后的Inconcl 751合金析出的碳化物组织进行了观察，结果表明：合金在700℃时析出的碳化物类型为M23C6，在850℃时析出的碳化物类型为MC；在长期时效中，合金存在不同类型碳化物之间的转变．较低温度时向M23C6型碳化物转变，较高温度时向MC型碳化物转变。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。