凝固末端电磁搅拌对大方坯凝固组织的影响

对某钢厂80帘线钢在结晶器和凝固末端复合电磁搅拌(M+F-EMS)条件下生产的连铸大方坯的凝固组织进行了研究,从微观组织、成分偏析等方面进行了分析,探讨了凝固末端电磁搅拌对铸坯凝固组织的影响。结果表明,凝固末端电磁搅拌可以明显的细化80帘线钢铸坯中心部位凝固组织,减少了铸坯中心疏松和缩孔,降低了铸坯中心碳、硫偏析。     

大方坯轴承钢GCr15凝固传热数值模拟

以某钢厂断面尺寸为280 mm×320 mm大方坯轴承钢GCr15为研究对象,借助ProCAST软件,建立了二维大方坯凝固传热模型,研究了拉速、比水量、过热度等工艺参数对铸坯凝固过程的影响,同时通过对铸坯中心固相率的研究,确定了与末端电磁搅拌位置、轻压下区间相匹配的最优拉速。结果表明,拉速的变化对铸坯中心固相率、凝固终点位置的影响最大,比水量的影响较大,过热度的影响最小;拉速每增加0.1 m/min,凝固终点平均增加1.97 m,二冷比水量每增加0.1 L/Kg,凝固终点平均减小0.82 m,过热度每增加10 ℃,凝固终点平均增加0.27 m。最佳拉速为0.85 m/min,此拉速下末端电磁搅拌位置和轻压下区间与铸坯合理的中心固相率相匹配。     

凝固末端电磁搅拌对60Si2CrVAT连铸方坯凝固组织的影响

对M-EMS和M F-EMS电磁搅拌作用下60Si2CrVAT弹簧钢铸坯的凝固组织进行了对比分析,从低倍组织、微观组织、碳偏析以及铸坯缺陷等方面入手分析,讨论了凝固末端电磁搅拌对铸坯凝固组织的影响.结果表明,凝固末端电磁搅拌可以显著改善60Si2CrVAT弹簧钢铸坯凝固组织,提高铸坯凝固组织的致密度,降低铸坯中心疏松和缩孔,而二次枝晶臂间距得到明显改善,中心等轴晶率明显提高,晶粒得到细化,从而显著地改善了铸坯的质量.     

连铸圆坯凝固末端电磁搅拌位置及工艺参数优化

通过有限元模拟对包钢圆坯铸机连铸过程钢液凝固过程进行分析,确定了凝固末端电磁搅拌的安装位置。采用瞬态磁场分析方法,分析了凝固末端电磁搅拌过程中铸坯内部的磁感应强度、电磁力的分布,并对凝固末端电磁搅拌的工艺参数进行了优化。通过优化计算,在拉速为0.45m/min,比水量为0.18L/kg,过热度为25℃的工艺条件下,430mm铸坯凝固末端的电磁搅拌工艺参数:电流为250A,最佳频率为10Hz。现场对搅拌器内部磁感应强度进行冷态测试,测试结果和模拟结果相符合。     

末端电磁搅拌电流强度对12Cr1MoVG铸坯内部质量的影响

采用Procast数值模拟软件计算了连铸生产[?]350 mm断面12Cr1MoVG高压锅炉钢的凝固传热过程,结合坯壳实际温度测定验证凝固传热模型,分析铸坯凝固演变过程,确定了末端电磁搅拌合理安装位置。通过试验对比获得了兼顾铸坯偏析及凝固组织均匀性、致密性的电磁搅拌工艺技术参数：结晶器电磁搅拌为350 A、2.4 Hz,末端搅拌为100 A、7 Hz,从而实现了铸坯内部质量的良好控制。     

电磁搅拌对HRB335铸坯质量影响的试验研究

采用对比试验研究的方法分析不同电磁搅拌强度下对低碳钢大方坯铸坯内部质量的影响,试验中采用搅拌电流分别为200、250、300、350 A.研究结果表明:增大低碳钢HRB335钢连铸结晶器电磁搅拌电流强度可以显著改善铸坯内部质量,铸坯中心区域等轴晶率由21.22%增至26.51%;搅拌电流对HRB335钢铸坯中心偏析、中心疏松等没有明显影响,铸坯横断面碳成分分布均比较均匀.使用结晶器电磁搅拌后,凝固前沿的液相对流会加剧,对以柱状晶生长的凝固前沿进行冲刷和清洗,凝固前沿的液相流动使母液与两相区的液体互相混合,使溶质浓度趋向均匀.     

方坯连铸永磁搅拌技术的发展现状与展望

电磁搅拌已经成为连铸工艺中改善铸坯质量的重要技术手段。相较于传统的三相交流电磁搅拌(EMS),基于烧结钕铁硼材料的旋转永磁体搅拌(PMS)具有磁感应强度较大、电能消耗低、结构较简单等优点。主要对比了电磁搅拌和永磁搅拌的技术特点,介绍了永磁搅拌在方坯连铸结晶器和凝固末端的应用现状;结晶器内永磁搅拌有效改善了铸坯的表面和内部质量,表面小孔缺陷明显减少,改善铸坯中心疏松和中心碳偏析;而应用于高碳钢连铸凝固末端,随着永磁搅拌磁体转速的增加,铸坯中心碳偏析指数明显降低,同时吨钢电能消耗仅约为传统电磁搅拌的15%。     

连铸坯凝固末端电磁搅拌位置及连铸工艺优化

为了预测180 mm×220 mm轴承钢方坯的凝固末端位置,对国内某厂方坯连铸机开展射钉试验,并基于Thercast模拟仿真研究了连铸工艺参数(过热度、冷却强度、拉速)对凝固末端位置的研究。结果表明,在过热度20 ℃、拉速0.85 m/min下,180 mm×220 mm轴承钢方坯的凝固终点距离弯月面11.39 m,而末端电磁搅拌位置在11.40 m,无法充分发挥末端电磁搅拌的作用。根据射钉试验、Thercast仿真结果、设备条件、生产节奏等因素对连铸工艺进行了优化,适当降低结晶器水和足辊水量,保持其他参数不变。连铸坯低倍质量表明,工艺优化前铸坯中心存在疏松缩孔,工艺优化后中心疏松为1级、中心偏析为0级,满足质量要求。此外,通过9点法检验了工艺优化后的铸坯碳极差,其值不高于0.12%,满足质量要求。     

大方坯皮下负偏析带形成过程的数值模拟

针对某钢厂大方坯连铸过程中铸坯内部质量问题,通过耦合电磁-流动-热-溶质传输,建立多尺度、多物理场的三维数学模型,研究了高碳钢大方坯皮下负偏析带的形成过程。结果表明,铸坯皮下负偏析带是铸坯凝固前沿钢液流速和凝固速率共同作用的结果。对于四孔水口大方坯,铸坯皮下会经历两次负偏析,第一次负偏析是由水口射流造成的,第二次负偏析是由结晶器电磁搅拌造成的。磁搅参数的改变只会影响电磁搅拌影响区的负偏析程度,而不会影响负偏析带在铸坯中的位置及宽度,也不能改善铸坯中心的正偏析度。     

结晶器电磁搅拌对马氏体不锈钢连铸坯组织和表面质量的影响

试验和分析了结晶器电磁搅拌(M-EMS)对马氏体不锈钢150mm×150mm连铸坯的中心疏松、等轴晶、缩孔及表面质量的影响,并对电磁搅拌对铸坯凝固影响的机理进行探讨.结果表明,经结晶器电磁搅拌后,铸坯中心等轴晶率平均达到50%、最高57%,中心疏松均在1.5级以下,中心缩孔90%在1.0级内;铸坯表面质量由使用结晶器电磁搅拌的85%提高到97%.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。