冷却方式及试样尺寸对42CrMo钢磨削淬硬层影响

在MM7132平面磨床上对42CrMo钢进行了磨削淬火试验,研究了冷却方式及试样尺寸对淬硬层厚度及淬硬区组织的影响。结果表明:在湿磨条件下,随磨削深度的增加,淬硬层厚度总体呈增加趋势,淬硬层厚度均达到1.5 mm。磨削深度为0.2 mm、试件高度为100 mm干磨时,淬硬层厚度为0.75 mm,淬硬层显微硬度最高为771.8 HV;试件高度为150 mm时淬硬层厚度为0.5 mm,淬硬层显微硬度最高为605.4 HV。干磨时马氏体组织更细小。     

40Cr钢双道搭接磨削淬硬回火软化特征

对退火态40Cr钢进行双道搭接磨削淬硬试验,并结合单道磨削淬硬试验和磨削淬硬表面温度仿真,研究了搭接量对软化区硬度分布、形状特征和组织形貌的影响。结果表明,第一道磨削淬硬表面存在回火软化现象。搭接量C_r=0时,软化区近似梯形,C_r≥1 mm时,软化区近似平行四边形。随着搭接量的增加,软化区宽度相应增大;其组织也由回火屈氏体、回火索氏体、铁素体、珠光体和马氏体转变为回火屈氏体、回火索氏体和马氏体。从提高磨削淬硬面积和磨削淬硬加工效率的角度出发,宜采用C_r=1 mm的搭接量。     

基于纵向往复和横向间歇进给的磨削淬硬层研究

在平面磨床上采用双道磨削方式对40Cr钢进行了磨削淬硬试验,研究了横向上淬硬层组织形貌及显微硬度分布规律。结果表明,双道磨削时,横向上越靠近工件中部地区,淬硬层厚度越薄,磨削区可以分成完全淬硬区、过渡区、回火区和重磨区（无重磨时存在未淬区）。横向上淬硬层中间部分存在显微硬度较低的“软化带”,且随着磨削深度的增加或工件进给速度的减小,软化带长度增加;当表面硬化层没有未淬区域时,随着砂轮重叠量的增加,软化带长度也增加。     

42CrMo钢单程与往复磨削淬硬试验研究

在MM7132平面磨床采用单程、往复磨削对调质态42CrMo钢进行磨削淬硬试验.结果表明:0.2 mm 三次往复磨削、0.3 mm两次往复磨削、单程0.6 mm磨削条件下淬硬层均获得了马氏体组织.0.2 mm 三次往复磨削淬硬层为细小的针状马氏体组织,其显微硬度最高值为824.2 HV;0.3 mm两次往复磨削淬硬层为板条状马氏体组织,其显微硬度最高值为752.2 HV,单程0.6 mm磨削淬硬层为体积略大的板条状马氏体组织,淬硬层的硬度最高值为724.4 HV.     

原始组织对42CrMo钢磨削淬硬层的影响

在MKL7132X6/12数控强力成形磨床上对42CrMo钢进行磨削淬硬加工试验,通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜、显微硬度计等测试仪器测量和分析磨削淬硬层的宏观组织、显微组织、硬度以及淬硬层深度,研究原始组织对42CrMo钢磨削淬硬层组织和硬度的影响。结果表明:完全淬硬层表层由针状马氏体和少量未溶碳化物组成;中间层由略粗针状马氏体和少量未溶碳化物组成;过渡层组织因原始组织而异。原始组织对完全淬硬区组织和硬度无明显影响,显微硬度620~700 HV。但随着工件材料原始组织均匀性的提高,略粗马氏体组织距工件表面的距离变大,且磨削淬硬层深度变大。     

40CrNiMoA钢激光相变硬化技术

研究了40CrNiMoA钢激光淬火工艺参数与硬化层深度及硬度之间的相互关系，以及淬硬层微观结构特征。结果表明，随着光斑扫描速度的提高，硬化层深度降低，表面硬度存在一个极大值；随着激光功率的升高，硬化层深度增加，表面硬度也存在一个极大值，激光淬火硬化层依其组织特征，分为完全淬硬区，过渡区及高温回火区。     

双程切入磨削表面硬化层的研究

采用缓进给磨削方式和不同的磨削行程对40Cr钢进行了磨削淬硬,对单程和双程磨削表面硬化层的组织与性能进行了比较。结果表明,尽管单程和双程磨削时的原始组织不同,但两者的表面硬化层组织及其变化趋势完全相同。双程磨削淬硬可使表面硬化层深度及其均匀性、显微硬度及耐磨性得到进一步提高;但其最大残余压应力值及应力影响深度有所降低。双程磨削硬化层组织的形成机制同样适用于多程磨削淬硬或淬硬钢的磨削淬硬等场合。     

砂轮粒度、砂轮转速对42CrMo钢磨削淬硬层的影响

在MM7132平面磨床上对正火态的42CrMo钢进行了磨削淬火试验,研究了砂轮粒度及砂轮转速对淬硬层深度及组织的影响。结果表明:磨削深度在0.1～0.6 mm变化时,砂轮粒度对淬硬层深度影响不明显,砂轮转速由1500 r/min增加至3000 r/min过程中,磨削淬火的工艺稳定性得到提高。磨削淬火后,42CrMo钢的完全淬硬区显微硬度为510～850 HV,完全淬硬区由细小的板条状马氏体组成,过渡区由马氏体、铁素体、珠光体以及回火索氏体组织组成。     

磨削用量对球墨铸铁QT400磨削淬硬层及其均匀性的影响

采用逆磨+顺磨的双程平面磨削方式对球墨铸铁QT400进行磨削淬硬试验,研究了磨削深度a_p和试样进给速度v_w对淬硬层及其均匀性的影响。结果表明,磨削后试样表层存在熔化、完全相变淬硬和未完全相变淬硬等3种情况,其中,熔化层组织为二次渗碳体、残留奥氏体和碳化物,完全相变淬硬层组织为针状马氏体、残留奥氏体和球状石墨,未完全淬硬层组织为针状马氏体、铁素体、残留奥氏体和球状石墨。显微硬度分布曲线中高硬度区的平均硬度值在850~950 HV0.2之间,与基体(190~230 HV0.2)相比,显微硬度提高近3倍。随着磨削深度a_p的增大或试样进给速度v_w的减小,试样表层呈现“完全未淬硬→未完全淬硬→完全淬硬→熔化”的变化规律,显微硬度分布曲线中高硬度区的范围也变宽,淬硬层的深度也增大且均匀性良好。     

磨削深度及原始组织对42CrMo磨削淬硬层的影响

在磨削深度为0.1～0.6 mm的条件下对调质态、正火态及退火态42CrMo钢进行了磨削淬火试验。结果表明:磨削淬火后,三种原始组织试样磨削淬火后的完全淬硬区显微硬度为510～878 HV。正火、调质及退火态试件的淬硬层厚度分别为1.75、1.5和1.25 mm。磨削淬火后,调质态的42CrMo钢完全淬硬层组织为略大的板条状马氏体组织,正火态的42CrMo钢完全淬硬层的马氏体组织最为细小,退火态的42CrMo钢完全淬硬层板条状马氏体尺寸居于二者之间。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。