镁钙砂碳酸化反应活化能与抗水化性能的研究

采用TG—DTG技术,用多重升温速率方法,计算了镁钙砂颗粒表面碳酸化和水化碳酸化反应过程的表观活化能Ea,并对经碳酸化和水化碳酸化表面改性后的镁钙砂进行了抗水化性能测定。结果表明:镁钙砂水化碳酸化表观反应活化能Ea从单纯碳酸化时的189 kJ.mol-1降至155 kJ.mol-1;而经水化碳酸化表面改性后的镁钙砂的水化增重率则从单纯碳酸化时的0.95%降至0.43%。即镁钙砂碳酸化反应过程中水蒸气的引入提高了镁钙砂颗粒表面的反应活性,使其因碳酸化反应程度提高而抗水化能力增强。     

纳米CaCO3孔径调控及其对碳酸化反应性能的影响

研究了纳米CaCO₃颗粒间孔径调控对CaO与CO₂碳酸化反应性能的影响。通过有机模板法制备得到一系列比表面积相近、孔径分布不同的纳米CaCO₃,并考察其再生和碳酸化反应性能差异。结果表明：增大平均孔径能促进纳米CaCO₃的热分解反应,并降低分解温度约15℃。将平均孔径由15 nm增大至113 nm可显著提高碳酸化反应速率和转化率。研究认为平均孔径和比表面积对碳酸化反应转化率的影响存在交互作用;比表面积小的纳米CaCO₃,表现出碳酸化反应转化率受扩散控制影响较大,而比表面积较大的表现为碳酸化反应转化率以表面反应影响控制为主的规律。     

纳米CaCO_3孔径调控及其对碳酸化反应性能的影响

研究了纳米CaCO_3颗粒间孔径调控对CaO与CO_2碳酸化反应性能的影响。通过有机模板法制备得到一系列比表面积相近、孔径分布不同的纳米CaCO_3,并考察其再生和碳酸化反应性能差异。结果表明:增大平均孔径能促进纳米CaCO_3的热分解反应,并降低分解温度约15℃。将平均孔径由15 nm增大至113 nm可显著提高碳酸化反应速率和转化率。研究认为平均孔径和比表面积对碳酸化反应转化率的影响存在交互作用;比表面积小的纳米CaCO_3,表现出碳酸化反应转化率受扩散控制影响较大,而比表面积较大的表现为碳酸化反应转化率以表面反应影响控制为主的规律。     

含铁粉尘碳酸化反应动力学研究

通过热重实验对含铁粉尘碳酸化反应动力学进行了研究,建立了碳酸化反应的未反应收缩核模型,分析了反应温度对反应控制阶段动力学特性参数的影响规律. 结果表明,提高反应温度有利于碳酸化球团的转化;碳酸化反应温度由400℃升高到600℃时,CaO转化率明显增大,800℃达到最大;碳酸化反应的总速率受到内扩散和界面化学反应共同控制,反应前期化学反应为限制环节,反应速率较快,反应后期内扩散为限制环节,反应速率变慢;在200~800℃的反应活化能为11.091 kJ/mol.     

烟气中水蒸气对钙基吸收剂碳酸化的影响特性

在循环煅烧/碳酸化反应系统上考察煅烧气氛和碳酸化气氛中水蒸气含量以及CO₂分压对钙基吸收剂成型颗粒碳酸化的影响,通过对钙基吸收剂微观结构分析(扫描电镜、氮吸附分析)以理解水蒸气影响碳酸化特性的机理。结果表明,煅烧气氛和碳酸化气氛中的水蒸气均可提高钙基吸收剂的碳酸化转化率,水蒸气含量分别为10%和5%时,吸收剂的碳酸化性能较好;水蒸气在碳酸化气氛中对高铝水泥改性吸收剂的改善作用较石灰石显著。煅烧气氛中的CO₂分压越高,烧结现象越严重,降低钙基吸收剂的捕集效率;碳酸化气氛CO₂分压提高,有利于提高钙基吸收剂的碳酸化转化率。烟气中水蒸气丰富了吸收剂的微观孔隙,使得吸收剂捕集CO₂性能得到改善。     

笼状纳米CaO基吸附剂碳酸化反应动力学研究

为了研究笼状纳米CaO基吸附剂快速段碳酸化反应特性,采用热重分析仪(TGA)考察了该吸附剂在反应温度813~933 K、CO_2分压0.01~0.02 MPa条件下的碳酸化反应。根据笼状纳米CaO基吸附剂碳酸化反应速率曲线的特点,提出了适合笼状吸附剂的划分快速段和慢速段的新判据,并用Boltzmann方程拟合了笼状纳米CaO在快速反应段的动力学方程,其计算结果与实验数据吻合较好,平均相对偏差小于5.78%。自制的笼状纳米CaO吸附剂下碳酸化反应活化能为26.66 kJ/mol,较商用纳米CaO低3.54 kJ/mol,体现了笼状纳米钙基吸附剂碳酸化反应速率优于商用纳米氧化钙的反应速率。     

CO_2碳酸化石灰岩酸解产物回收乙酸及副产沉淀碳酸钙

乙酸酸解石灰石造腔是一种建造地下储库同时环保地开采石灰岩制备沉淀碳酸钙的新方法。通过耦合乙酸酸解石灰石及酸解产物乙酸钙CO2碳酸化的工艺过程,研究了乙酸酸解石灰岩的表面反应动力学和乙酸钙CO2碳酸化的工艺技术条件。采用正交实验分析法,研究了CO2碳酸化反应中乙酸钙浓度、反应温度、CO2压力、反应时间对乙酸钙碳酸化反应制沉淀碳酸钙的影响,并通过正交实验确定了最优化操作条件。实验结果表明,乙酸酸解反应速率主要受乙酸浓度控制。CO2碳酸化反应在当乙酸钙溶液浓度为0.631 mol·L-1,CO2压力为5.0 MPa,温度为80℃,反应时间为50 min时CO2碳酸化效率达到最高(23.13%),生成的沉淀碳酸钙产品各项指标均符合中国国标优级要求。     

白云灰乳碳酸化工艺研究

中国白云石蕴藏量巨大,白云灰乳碳酸化是白云石碳化法制备轻质碳酸镁、氧化镁等镁化合物的关键步骤之一,关系到镁的产率、产品中钙的含量及生产成本。通过单因素实验和正交实验,研究了碳酸化过程镁的溶出率及重镁水中的钙含量与碳酸化反应温度、反应终点pH、白云灰乳质量浓度的关系,从而为提高碳酸化过程镁的溶出率,实现钙镁的有效分离提供可靠的依据。研究表明：影响镁的溶出率及重镁水中钙含量的主要因素为pH。白云灰乳碳酸化最佳工艺条件：白云灰乳质量浓度为9.00 g/L（以氧化镁计）,反应温度为30 ℃,反应终点pH为7.50。在此条件下镁的溶出率为74.49%,重镁水中钙的质量浓度为0.10 g/L。     

不同显微结构烧结镁钙砂的水化动力学分析

采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪研究了不同显微结构镁钙砂的水化反应机理,并推导出水化动力学方程。研究表明,镁钙砂的水化主要是CaO的水化,其致密度及CaO的分布影响其抗水化性能:镁钙砂的致密度越大,水蒸气向其内部扩散的阻力越大,水化程度越小。CaO呈弥散相分布的镁钙砂的水化呈现先由水化反应速率控速再由扩散速率控速交替进行的特性,其中,致密度较高且CaO分布较均匀的镁钙砂的水化反应速率常数及扩散速率常数均较小,因而抗水化性能较好;而CaO呈连续相分布的镁钙砂的水化在整个水化阶段都是由水化反应速率控速,其水化反应速率常数较CaO呈弥散相分布的镁钙砂的大,抗水化性能较差。     

CO2碳酸化石灰岩酸解产物回收乙酸及副产沉淀碳酸钙

乙酸酸解石灰石造腔是一种建造地下储库同时环保地开采石灰岩制备沉淀碳酸钙的新方法。通过耦合乙酸酸解石灰石及酸解产物乙酸钙CO₂碳酸化的工艺过程,研究了乙酸酸解石灰岩的表面反应动力学和乙酸钙CO₂碳酸化的工艺技术条件。采用正交实验分析法,研究了CO₂碳酸化反应中乙酸钙浓度、反应温度、CO₂压力、反应时间对乙酸钙碳酸化反应制沉淀碳酸钙的影响,并通过正交实验确定了最优化操作条件。实验结果表明,乙酸酸解反应速率主要受乙酸浓度控制。CO₂碳酸化反应在当乙酸钙溶液浓度为0.631 mol·L^-1,CO₂压力为5.0 MPa,温度为80℃,反应时间为50 min时CO₂碳酸化效率达到最高（23.13%）,生成的沉淀碳酸钙产品各项指标均符合中国国标优级要求。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。