An Analytical Solution of Groundwater Flow in Wedge-shaped Aquifers with Estuarine Boundary Conditions

The issue of the groundwater fluctuation due to tidal effect in a two-dimensional coastal leaky aquifer system has attracted much attention in recent years. The predictions of head fluctuation play an important role in dealing with groundwater managements and contaminant remediation problems in costal aquifers. This article presents a two-dimensional analytical model describing the groundwater flow in a coastal leaky aquifer of wedge shape affected by the tides and bounded by two estuarine rivers with an arbitrary included angle. The solution of the model is derived in the Polar coordinates by the Hankel transform and finite sine transform. The head fluctuation predicted by this new solution is compared with that by an existing solution for groundwater flow in a non-L shaped tidal aquifer. The groundwater fluctuation due to the joint effect of estuarine tides is explored based on the present solution. Moreover, the influences of the parameters such as diffusion (D_i), included angle (Ф), and tidal river coefficients (K₁, K₂) on the head fluctuation in the aquifer are also assessed and discussed. The results demonstrate that those parameters have significant effects on the head fluctuation in the leaky confined aquifer system. Moreover, the effect of D_i increases with Ф, and the effects of K₁ and K₂ on the normalized amplitude and phase lag of the groundwater fluctuation are significant when both parameter values are larger than 10^?5.     

DYNAMIC RESPONSE IN ESTUARIES-AN ANALYTICAL MODEL

A simple analytical model is developed to interview the general features of theestuarine responses induced both by ocean tides and by low-frequency coastal fluctuations andwind forcings.Model estuary is assumed ideally with constant depth and linearly varyingbreadth.The results indicate that the effects of bottom friction coefficient,the water depth andthe breadth variation parameter on the estuarine response field virtually reflect the difference ofthe energy accumulation,transformation and dissipation in estuaries,It is found by comparisonthat there are obvious differences between tidally-induced and low-frequency forcing inducedestuarine variations.For tidal response,bottom friction is a very important factor to affect theresponse magnitude,while for low-frequency response this effect becomes negligible.Thus amore simplified model for low-frequency estuarine response is produced,which gives morestraightforward view to the response characteristics.Moreover,from the model solutions wededuce a general qualification for the estuarine resonance and discuss the relation between theresonance frequency and the estuarine geometry.     

潮汐引起滨海承压含水层地下水位变化的数值模拟

海潮波动可以引起海岸带地下水位发生波动。建立基于有限差分法的滨海地区一维承压含水层地下水运动数值模型。通过将潮汐波动概化为正弦波,模拟滨海地区地下水位随潮汐波动的变化。结果表明,受海潮影响的滨海含水层地下水位与海潮有相似的波动特征,但变幅减小,受海潮的影响程度与离海岸的距离有关,随着离海岸距离的增加地下水位的变幅及潮汐效率呈负指函数衰减,地下水位对海潮的滞后时间随距离呈线性增加。例如,当承压含水层导水系数为31．25m^2／h、储水系数为4．5×10^-4及海潮振幅为2．5m、周期为24．7h时,在距离海岸500m处,振幅为1．35268m,潮汐效率为0．54107,滞后时间为1．825h。在距海岸达4389m以远时可以认为地下水位不受海潮波动的影响。     

On the Estimation of Phreatic Aquifer Parameters by the Tidal Response Technique

This paper focuses on the effects of tidal fluctuations on groundwater in the Konan groundwater basin of Japan and the methodology for estimating aquifer parameters by the tidal response technique. The field investigation revealed that the twowells (H-5 and I-2) near the coastline are significantly affectedby seawater intrusion, and the water quality is not suitable for most beneficial uses. The tidal cycle further aggravates the groundwater contamination by seawater intrusion into the basin. Using the tidal response model, the aquifer hydraulic conductivity(K) at these two sites is estimated to be 4.5 × 10^-3 and 5.1 × 10^-3 m s^-1, respectively. It was also indicated by the inverse modeling that the tidal fluctuations affect the study area up to about 1 km from the coastline. Further, the tidal efficiency was determined in the range of 20 to 21% at Site I-2 and 38 to 41% at Site H-5. The estimates of the storage coefficient (S) based on the time lag equation were not found reliable for the phreatic aquifer. However, the tidal efficiency-factor equation yielded reliable S estimates in this study. Finally, it is concluded that the tidal response techniqueis effective and reliable for estimating aquifer parameters in the coastal region, and that the Konan basin must be managed judiciously to ensure sustainable utilization of its vital groundwater resources.     

钱塘江河口治理与河口健康

钱塘江河口潮强流急,浪潮汹涌,河床宽浅,海域外来沙丰富,泥沙易冲易淤,主槽摆动频繁,河床冲淤幅度很大。20世纪60年代以来,对钱塘江河口进行了治理。分析了流域建库和治江缩窄后钱塘江河口水沙和河床等河口自然属性的变化,以及因河口自然属性变化带来的河口社会属性如防洪御潮、水资源、岸线资源、航运资源、涌潮景观、古海塘、滩涂资源等的影响。结果表明,治理后钱塘江河口的健康程度大大改善。     

A Probabilistic Multiperiod Simulation–Optimization Approach for Dynamic Coastal Aquifer Management

Combined simulation–optimization (CSO) schemes are common in the literature to solve different groundwater management problems, and CSO is particularly well-established in the coastal aquifer management literature. However, with a few exceptions, nearly all previous studies have employed the CSO approach to derive static groundwater management plans that remain unchanged during the entire management period, consequently overlooking the possible positive impacts of dynamic strategies. Dynamic strategies involve division of the planning time interval into several subintervals or periods, and adoption of revised decisions during each period based on the most recent knowledge of the groundwater system and its associated uncertainties. Problem structuring and computational challenges seem to be the main factors preventing the widespread implementation of dynamic strategies in groundwater applications. The objective of this study is to address these challenges by introducing a novel probabilistic Multiperiod CSO approach for dynamic groundwater management. This includes reformulation of the groundwater management problem so that it can be adapted to the multiperiod CSO approach, and subsequent employment of polynomial chaos expansion-based stochastic dynamic programming to obtain optimal dynamic strategies. The proposed approach is employed to provide sustainable solutions for a coastal aquifer storage and recovery facility in Oman, considering the effect of natural recharge uncertainty. It is revealed that the proposed dynamic approach results in an improved performance by taking advantage of system variations, allowing for increased groundwater abstraction, injection and hence monetary benefit compared to the commonly used static optimization approach.

     

小型亚热带半日潮河口中的湍流

在天然河口,污染物的输送是由湍流动量混合驱动的,而弥散的大小却难以被准确地预测。这是由于对河口的湍流结构缺乏基础的认识而造成的。介绍在一个小型的亚热带半日潮河口进行的高频率及连续50 h的湍流实地测量的情况。在研究的浅水(低潮水深小于0．5 m)小型河口中,使用了最适用于这种水体的声学多普勒流速仪进行测量,并进行了完整的后处理工作。河口水流是一个波动的过程,各种宏观流动参数随潮周期和其它大尺度的过程而波动,但是湍流特性是由即时局部流动特性所决定,它们基本不受流动历程的影响,其结构和瞬时变化受多种机理影响。这导致其只与水流剪切力引起的湍流边界层平衡相关。所有湍流特性在潮周期中均有大波动是本次研究数据的一个显著特征,这一特征在此前少有记载,但本次的测量数据与过往数据的一大差别是,数据连续测量的时间长且频率高。这将为波动特性的动量交换系数及积分时间和长尺度提供新的信息,这些湍流特性不应被视为不变的。     

Groundwater Response to Tidal Fluctuation in an Inhomogeneous Coastal Aquifer-Aquitard System

This paper investigates tide-induced groundwater fluctuation and submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) in a leaky inhomogeneous coastal aquifer system with an upper unconfined aquifer, a lower confined aquifer, and an aquitard between them. The upper left aquifer is formed due to land reclamation. The SGD defined as the groundwater flow from land into the sea is controlled mainly by the hydraulic gradient between land and sea. An analytical expression is developed to discuss and assess the effect of inhomogeneity on the groundwater head fluctuation in the leaky aquifer system. Joint effects of aquifers’ parameters such as leakage and hydraulic diffusivity on the groundwater head fluctuation and SGD are investigated. The predicted results from the analytical expression indicate that the groundwater head fluctuation in both unconfined and confined aquifers is dependent on dimensionless leakages and increases with dimensionless hydraulic diffusivity.     

长江口水源地取水口盐度对径潮动力的响应

上海市饮用水的80%来自长江口三大水源地——陈行水库、青草沙水库和东风西沙水库。枯季盐水入侵一直是长江口水源地安全面临的最大威胁。作为河口区域的主要动力, 有必要进一步研究径流和潮汐对长江口水源地盐水入侵的影响。通过建立长江口平面二维潮流盐度数学模型, 对长江口盐水入侵进行模拟, 分析了水源地取水口盐度过程与潮位过程的关系, 探讨了北支盐水倒灌对水源地的影响。研究结果表明:三大水源地因位置不同, 盐度过程线特征也不相同。水源地取水口盐度过程线与潮位过程线的关系可作为受北支倒灌盐水和正面入侵盐水影响程度的重要依据。北支盐水倒灌发生时, 东风西沙水库、陈行水库、青草沙水库水源地分别在大潮、中潮及小潮时受倒灌盐水影响最为严重。随着径流增大, 水源地受盐水入侵影响的时间会提前, 但是盐度则随径流的增大而减弱。     

The Effects of Non-TIDAL Components,Depth of Measurement and the Use of Peak Delays in the Application of Tidal Response Methods

The efficacy and applicability of tidal response methods (TRMs) were assessed in terms of the techniques used, the, data used in the analysis, and the implementation of the methods under different conditions. The tidal efficiency (TE) and time lag (TL) methods were applied to directly measured groundwater head (GWH) values in the Motril-Salobreña coastal aquifer and compared with the same pre-filtered time series after eliminating the non-tidal signals through the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) procedure. The use of maximum and minimum groundwater peaks and sea-level peaks in combination to obtain different delay values and the effects of asymmetries in tidal fluctuations were assessed. Application of the TE method yields different D values when a complete groundwater head time series is considered, instead of the net induced tidal oscillation. Moreover, when the asymmetry of tidal oscillations is not taken into account, the application of TL may yield a higher uncertainty. In unconfined coastal aquifers, hydraulic diffusivity can be overestimated by the TE method if the non-tidal components are not removed from the measured time series of groundwater head. However, prior filtering provides better diffusivity results when the TE method is applied. The depth of the water head measurements leads to different D values when applying the TE method as a consequence of the changes in the specific storage with depth, which result from changes in pressure. The results of the application of the TL method depend on whether maximum or minimum peaks are used. Since the use of maximum peak delays can overestimate D, minimum peak delays are recommended, as they yield D values that are closer to the values obtained using the TE method.     

珠江河口潮流流量变化控制指标初探

随着珠江河口地区滩涂岸线资源开发和涉水工程建设,河口边界形态及动力环境产生了巨大的变化;动力环境变化必然引起河口河床形态的调整,对潮汐河口稳定产生深远的影响。以珠江河口潮汐通道稳定性分析为基础,探讨潮汐河口的河相关系,初步提出了河口潮流变化控制指标。研究建立了珠江河口口门断面面积与多年平均落潮流量之间的关系,并建立了近期口门均衡断面的河相关系;在此基础上,预测了河口潮流变化引起的口门河床冲淤变化。根据河床冲淤变化与口门行洪能力调整的关系,提出了河口口门落潮流量变化控制指标为1%~2%,研究成果为河口涉水工程管理提供了定量指标参考。     

Hydraulic Parameters of Coastal Aquifer Systems by Direct Methods and an Extended Tide–Aquifer Interaction Technique

Adequate and reliable parameters are key to the sustainable management of vital groundwater resources. Present study focuses on the evaluation of direct methods (tidal efficiency and time lag methods) and an extended tide–aquifer interaction technique for determining the hydraulic parameter of coastal unconfined and confined aquifer systems. The hydraulic diffusivities of unconfined and confined aquifer systems were estimated using the tidal efficiency and time lag methods as well as they were optimized using the tide–aquifer interaction model and the Levenberg–Marquardt optimization technique. The hydraulic diffusivities were optimized by the Levenberg–Marquardt technique following two approaches: lumped tidal component approach and multi-tidal component approach. The effect of spring and neap tidal data on parameter estimates was also analyzed. The tide–aquifer interaction data for two unconfined sites and three confined sites were used in this study. For all the five sites under study, the aquifer hydraulic diffusivities based on the time lag method were found to be much larger (2 to 14 fold for the unconfined sites and 5 to 8 fold for the confined sites) than those based on the tidal efficiency method. The analysis of the optimization results indicated that the hydraulic diffusivities following “multi-tidal component approach” are more reliable and accurate for both unconfined and confined aquifers than those obtained following “lumped tidal component approach”. Consequently, the use of “multi-tidal component approach” is strongly recommended for the determination of aquifer parameters by the tide–aquifer interaction technique. Furthermore, the tide–interaction data corresponding to spring and neap tidal events were found to significantly affect the aquifer diffusivities yielded by the tide–aquifer interaction technique. It is concluded that a judicious use of tide–aquifer interaction technique is indispensable for the reliable estimates of hydraulic parameters of coastal aquifer systems.     

舾装码头工程对大辽河口水沙运动的模拟分析

以盘锦舾装码头工程为背景,建立二维潮流泥沙数学模型,对工程建设前后海域潮流泥沙运动变化进行模拟分析。研究表明,舾装码头及引堤工程缩窄了盖州滩东侧至双台子河口的主流通道,周围海域水动力条件发生了一定变化,其潮流场受影响范围基本在5 km左右;舾装码头前沿含沙量变化梯度较大,大辽河口东、西水道处含沙量变化不明显。     

Development and Analytical Verification of an Integrated 2-D Surface Water—Groundwater Model

DIVAST is a two-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality numerical model developed for estuarine and coastal modelling. The original model enables the simulation of problems such as pollution and flooding in surface waters. In this paper the existing model is extended to allow the modelling of 2-D groundwater as well as surface water in the same model, using an integrated approach rather than two disparate models. The changes to the original model are summarised and the method of implementation is outlined. The new extended model (DIVAST-SG) is then tested against an analytical solution to verify that the model solves the equations correctly. The model is shown to predict the analytical solution for two different scenarios to within approximately 1 % of the height of flood wave.     

温州近海及河口二维水沙数值计算模式

为了合理开发、科学利用温州的海岸及港湾滩涂资源，切实反映众多围垦工程对海洋水沙环境的综合影响，建立了温州近海及河口二维水沙数值计算模式。验证结果和水流场、含沙量场表明，该模型较好地反映了温州近海及河口水流的运动特征和含沙量场的分布规律。     

Groundwater Circulation Well for Controlling Saltwater Intrusion in Coastal aquifers: Numerical study with Experimental Validation

Saltwater intrusion into coastal aquifers has become a prominent environmental concern worldwide. As such, there is a need to prepare and implement proper remediation techniques with careful planning of freshwater withdrawal systems for controlling saltwater intrusion in coastal marine and estuarine environments. This paper investigates the performance of groundwater circulation well (GCW) in controlling saltwater intrusion problems in unconfined coastal aquifers. The GCWs have been established as a promising in-situ remedial technique of contaminated groundwater. The GCW system creates vertical circulation flow by extracting groundwater from an aquifer through a screen in a single well and injecting back into the aquifer through another screen. The circulation flow induced by GCW force water in a circular pattern between abstraction and recharge screens and can be as a hydraulic barrier for controlling saltwater intrusion problem in coastal aquifers. In this study, an effort has been made to investigate the behavior of saltwater intrusion dynamics under a GCW. An experiment has been conducted in a laboratory-scale flow tank model under constant water head boundary conditions, and the variable-density flow and transport model FEMWATER is used to simulate the flow and transport processes for the experimental setup. The evaluation of the results indicates that there is no further movement of saltwater intrusion wedge towards the inland side upon implementation of GCW, and the GCW acts as a hydraulic barrier in controlling saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers. The present study reveals the GCWs system can effectively mitigate the saltwater intrusion problem in coastal regions and could be considered as one of the most efficient management strategies for controlling the problem.

     

汊道平面形态对河口潮波传播的影响

河口平面形态对于潮波运动有着明显的影响,特殊的河口汊道平面形态会使得潮波传播出现复杂的特征,从而造成一些河口独特的水位分布状态。本文的研究以河口分汊汊道为例,利用Delft3D建立一系列潮汐河口分汊理想数学模型,通过各个模型河口汊道平面形态的概化设置,探讨了不同汊道弯曲以及宽度收敛等平面形态特征对潮波传播过程的影响,阐明潮汐河口汊道平面形态特征对径潮动力状态的影响机制。研究表明汊道宽度收敛效应是河口潮波传播过程产生变化的主要原因,宽度收敛效应通过调整摩阻项及压力梯度项之间的动量平衡过程增强了潮波传播。     

Modeling Groundwater Flow and Seawater Intrusion in the Coastal Aquifer of Wadi Ham,UAE

Groundwater pumping from Kalbha and Fujairah coastal aquifer of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has increased significantly during the last two decades to meet the agriculture water demands. Due to the lack of natural replenishment from rainfall and the excessive pumping, groundwater levels have declined significantly causing an intrusion of seawater in the coastal aquifer of Wadi Ham. As a result, many pumping wells in the coastal zone have been terminated and a number of farms have been abandoned. In this paper, MODFLOW was used to simulate the groundwater flow and assess the seawater intrusion in the coastal aquifer of Wadi Ham. The model was calibrated against a five-year dataset of historical groundwater levels and validated against another eleven-year dataset. The effects of pumping on groundwater levels and seawater intrusion were investigated. Results showed that reducing the pumping from Khalbha well field will help to reduce the seawater intrusion into the southeastern part of the aquifer. Under the current groundwater pumping rates, the seawater will continue to migrate inland.     

Evaluation of Analytical Methods to Study Aquifer Properties with Pumping Tests in Coastal Aquifers with Numerical Modelling (Motril-Salobreña Aquifer)

Two pumping tests were performed in the unconfined Motril-Salobreña detrital aquifer in a 250 m-deep well 300 m from the coastline containing both freshwater and saltwater. It is an artesian well as it is in the discharge zone of this coastal aquifer. The two observation wells where the drawdowns are measured record the influence of tidal fluctuations, and the well lithological columns reveal high vertical heterogeneity in the aquifer. The Theis and Cooper-Jacob approaches give average transmissivity (T) and storage coefficient (S) values of 1460 m²/d and 0.027, respectively. Other analytical solutions, modified to be more accurate in the boundary conditions found in coastal aquifers, provide similar T values to those found with the Theis and Cooper-Jacob methods, but give very different S values or could not estimate them. Numerical modelling in a synthetic model was applied to analyse the sensitivity of the Theis and Cooper-Jacob approaches to the usual boundary conditions in coastal aquifers. The T and S values calculated from the numerical modelling drawdowns indicate that the regional flow, variable pumping flows, and tidal effect produce an error of under 10 % compared to results obtained with classic methods. Fluids of different density (freshwater and saltwater) cause an error of 20 % in estimating T and of over 100 % in calculating S. The factor most affecting T and S results in the pumping test interpretation is vertical heterogeneity in sediments, which can produce errors of over 100 % in both parameters.     

瓯江口内外潮汐不对称研究

基于对瓯江口内外2005 年6—7 月多个潮位站15 d 的实测潮位资料分析,利用3 种方法研究了瓯江口 潮汐不对称现象及其在时空上的变化特征与机理. 研究认为,在理论上传统地采用M2 与M4 分潮的相对振幅判 断潮汐不对称的方法不完善,潮汐不对称不仅受到相对振幅的影响,而且受到其相对位相的影响,同时其他分 潮的相互作用也是导致河口、近岸潮汐不对称的重要因素. 瓯江口潮汐属正规半日潮,潮汐不对称的产生主要 是由于M2 分潮及其倍潮M4 的相互作用. 潮汐不对称的空间变化主要表现在沿河道的纵向上,即潮汐在纵向上 由口外向上游不对称逐渐增强. 在横向上,口门外由于地形开阔,水深较大,潮汐不对称不明显且无明显变化趋 势. 在时间上,潮汐不对称在大-小潮期间具有明显变化,表现为大潮期最为明显,远大于小潮期. 因此可以认为 潮汐不对称在大-小潮期间的变化是低频分潮Msf 分潮所致.