基于SRMC的区域电力市场输电定价方案

从我国区域电力市场的运行实际出发,提出一种基于SRMC的输电定价方案,该方案不仅可以向发电厂和用户提供有效的经济信号,引导短期市场效率,而且可以保证电网公司的年收支平衡,并为电网扩建积累专项资金,具有一定的合理性和实用性.     

社会福利均衡的实时电价多层互动模型

为提升智能电网需求侧管理的实时电价所提升的社会福利普及到电力系统每位参与者,给出了一种更为关注收益均衡的建模方法。根据现有的电力系统运行机制,将发电厂、电网公司和用户纳入其中,以电网公司收益提升为目标,建立实时电价多层互动模型,并与现有的社会总福利最大化模型进行了比较分析。仿真结果表明,互动模型较之社会总福利最大化模型,更好地平衡了各参与者间的收益,并且电网公司的收益具有显著提升,各时段用电负荷也呈现减少趋势,进一步说明了互动模型的有效性。     

Optimal DG placement in deregulated electricity market

This paper presents two new methodologies for optimal placement of distributed generation (DG) in an optimal power flow (OPF) based wholesale electricity market. DG is assumed to participate in real time wholesale electricity market. The problem of optimal placement, including size, is formulated for two different objectives, namely, social welfare maximization and profit maximization. The candidate locations for DG placement are identified on the basis of locational marginal price (LMP). Obtained as lagrangian multiplier associated with active power flow equation for each node, LMP gives the short run marginal cost (SRMC) of electricity. Consumer payment, evaluated as a product of LMP and load at each load bus, is proposed as another ranking to identify candidate nodes for DG placement. The proposed rankings bridges engineering aspects of system operation and economic aspects of market operation and act as good indicators for the placement of DG, especially in a market environment. In order to provide a scenario of variety of DGs available in the market, several cost characteristics are assumed. For each DG cost characteristic, an optimal placement and size is identified for each of the objectives. The proposed methodology is tested in a modified IEEE 14 bus test system.     

Fixed charges in electric rate design: A survey

Fixed charges collected from residential and small business customers are receiving increasing attention nationwide. The main driver of this greater role for fixed charges is the mismatch between the structure of utility costs and the structure of utility revenues. The vast majority of utility costs to serve residential and small commercial and industrial customers are fixed. However, for historical reasons, the vast majority of utility revenues being recovered from these customers are volumetric in nature. This paper reviews methodologies being used by a sample of utilities to establish fixed charges.     

当量电价体系及相关制度设计:(七) 阻塞管理的当量电价法

输电阻塞本质上是输电容量的不足。传统的短期边际成本输电定价方法使网公司的收入严重不足，相应电价也不能给出充分反映输电容量不足的信号，而输电当量电价却有独特优势。在输电当量电价模型基础上，采用用户上报支付意愿的方法，建立了直接阻塞管理模型。该模型还可以在仅仅用电价调控阻塞无能为力的情况下合理削减负荷，同时又可获得充足而又合理的电网扩建资金，有利于输电网的投资扩容，从根本上缓解阻塞问题；通过用户上报支付意愿，引导用户参与阻塞管理。算例中将输电当量电价法与传统短期边际成本方法做了比较，并讨论了与支付意愿有关的市场特性。结果表明，该方法更合理、更有效。     

Wind development,tax policy and economic development tradeoffs

Wind energy poses an opportunity for rural communities. Many western states are currently challenged by structural economic changes and serious declines in employment and tax revenues. This opportunity has also led some state policymakers to consider wind taxation increases to create needed new revenue, which could deter such development. Such decisions must be made with a clear understanding of each state’s real competitiveness, and with recognition of the potential tradeoffs such decisions could imply.     

考虑多时段CVaR的供电公司购电优化模型

电力市场环境下,由于市场价格的不确定性和负荷需求的随机性,供电公司面临在多个市场间购电时需要综合考虑风险和收益的权衡问题。单时段条件风险价值（conditional value at risk,CVaR）可以衡量单一时段购电的风险和收益,但购电过程是一个动态的优化问题,因此将多时段CVaR风险收益模型应用于供电公司的购电组合中,建立以风险最小化为目标的多市场购电组合优化模型。应用该模型,对供电公司在多个时段多个市场的购电分配进行计算,并利用该模型分析不同置信水平和期望收益对购电分配决策的影响。考虑到风险对未来投资收益的长期影响,引入转移影响率,将上一时段的风险转移到下一时段,从而降低整体风险。算例结果表明了该方法的有效性,从而为供电公司的购电决策及其风险评估提供新的思路。     

A probabilistic model for assessing the long-term economics of wind energy

Understanding the long-term economic impact of wind energy on electricity markets is becoming more important due to the increasing penetration of wind power in the generation mix of power systems. In this paper, we evaluate the economics of wind energy by developing a probabilistic model to compute the long-term probability distribution of market clearing prices and wind farm revenues. The power system is assumed to consist of conventional generating units and wind farms. Availabilities of the generating units and the uncertainty in the wind power output are implicitly accounted for. The effect of increasing wind power penetration on the probability distribution functions of the market price and wind farm revenues is evaluated by changing the rated capacity of the wind farm. The model is illustrated by using a power system with a 32-unit and wind farms. The superiority of the proposed probabilistic model over a deterministic one is confirmed.     

Why the efficiency gains from PBR may turn on Hope

There is renewed interest in PBR in the electric power industry because in theory it constitutes a superior alternative to rate-of-return regulation in emulating competitive market outcomes. The superior incentives of PBR derive from breaking the link between allowed revenues and costs. The interplay between the Hope standard and competitive-entry policies enables the regulator to reestablish the linkage between the regulated firm’s revenues and costs. Consequently, the expected efficiency gains from PBR may prove illusory.     

An RFID-Enabled Road Pricing System for Transportation

Fuel efficiency of Oregon's automobile fleet has eroded fuel tax revenues over the past 30 years. Further improvement of automobile fuel efficiency, particularly with the adoption of the hybrid electric vehicle engine, will have an even more dramatic effect on fuel tax revenues in the near future. In 2003, Oregon State University in collaboration with the Oregon Department of Transportation and the Road User Fee Task Force began investigating a vehicle miles traveled-based alternative to the fuel tax. The culminating phase of this four year effort was the execution of a pilot test involving approximately 250 volunteer drivers. The objective of this paper is to discuss the lessons learned in the design, development, and testing of the vehicle miles traveled-based technology configuration used to support Oregon's pilot test, especially the challenges faced with the use of radio frequency identification technology to identify and collect vehicle miles traveled data from equipped vehicles.     

A joint energy and transmission rights auction: proposal and properties

An auction-based process is proposed that allows power market participants to acquire and reconfigure financial transmission rights. The process simultaneously accommodates flowgate and point-to-point options and obligations, along with energy production and consumption futures. A sequence of auctions is held during which participants can buy and sell rights, which are then settled in a day-ahead or real-time auction, at which time all rights are cashed out. By allowing flowgate and point-to-point obligations and options to be reconfigured and exchanged, the market can decide what combination of financial rights are most useful to power generators, consumers, and traders. Rights can be specified not only for capacity of individual flowgates, but also for more complex transmission constraints, such as nomograms. Under certain conditions, we prove that the auction is revenue adequate for the market operator, in that payments to rights holders cannot exceed congestion revenues. We present a linearized (DC) auction along with a numerical illustration.     

缺电情况下能开放电力市场吗?——兼论当量电价的应用

大多数发展中国家，特别是中国，电力需求还处在快速增长阶段，而且装机容量本来就不富裕，在投资体制还未理顺甚至还时有短缺的情况下，如何开放和建立电力市场是必须面对的问题。文中讨论了在容量短缺情况下开放和建立电力市场的基本要求：①必须在保持市场效率前提下，给予投资者充分合理的回报以鼓励投资；②必须同时建立容量市场风险制约的投资机制，加以制衡，以形成良性循环；②必须建立能够自动抑制市场电价不合理飞升的交易机制；④政府要有比设置价格上限更为有效合理的监管手段。指出：在规模经济性没有完全消失的条件下，传统边际成本定价方法无法给予容量充分的回报，而且也不能在寡头垄断市场条件下，有效、合理地抑制哄抬电价和持留容量行为，因此一般说来，在容量短缺情况下不适合使用该方法启动电力市场。认为：当量电价在保持市场效率前提下能给予投资者充分合理的回报，鼓励投资；同时引入容量市场风险制约的投资机制，加以制衡；还能自动抑制发电厂商哄抬电价和持留容量的不良行为，并为电力监管提供了清晰的思路，因此，即使在容量短缺情况下开放和建立电力市场，当量电价仍不失为一种可操作的、简单易行的方法。     

The real era of virtualisation

Virtualising the data centre seems to be a win-win situation, and could play a major part in protecting IT revenues against the recession.     

Probabilistic optimality in long-term energy sales

This paper introduces a graphic methodology that makes it possible to compare over a wide range of probabilities the revenues that a generator obtains using different policies to decide how much energy to sell under long-term contracts and how much on the spot market. Examples are based on results for the Colombian Power System     

Installed Capacity Requirements and Price Caps: Oil on the Water,or Fuel on the Fire?

ICAP markets do not inherently inflate generator revenues, distort prices in a harmful way, or subsidize existing capacity that is otherwise uneconomic. Rather, they can be used with energy price caps to provide effective incentives for system adequacy.     

Decoupling,risk impacts and the cost of capital

Public utilities and regulators are decoupling revenues from sales to remove a disincentive for utilities to invest in end-use electricity, natural gas and water efficiency. Decoupling is primarily a US ratemaking policy for energy and water utilities as are price caps in Europe. Empirical testing consistently demonstrates that decoupling has no statistically measurable impact on risk and the cost of common equity, yet policy is moving ahead without consideration of that empirical evidence.     

Electrification: The nexus between consumer behavior and public policy

With deepening concerns over climate change, policymakers, electric utilities, environmentalists and others are increasingly championing the idea of ‘electrification,’ or the replacement of fossil fuels with electricity for direct end uses like transportation and space heating. The electric industry sees electrification as an opportunity for revitalizing sales and revenues. The focus of this paper is on consumer behavior and its nexus with public policy for advancing electrification.     

Optimum scheduling procedure for cogenerating small power producingfacilities

A comprehensive model of a small power-producing facility (SPPF) is discussed to determine its optimum operational schedule under utility energy-spot-pricing policies. The model is particularly well suited for SPPFs with both topping and bottoming cogeneration cycles in that the various thermal energy flows are explicitly modeled along with the electrical energy flows. The optimum scheduling algorithm is based on a linear programming method that provides for the explicit inclusion of the various thermal and electrical operating constraints. A realistic performance index, based on the true SPPF revenues and costs, is used in the linear programming procedure     

‘Missing Money’ and an off-ramp to the capacity debate

As weather-dependent renewables increase, energy revenues in the wholesale market diminish, even as the need for dispatchable resources remains. Such resources are otherwise compensated by forward capacity markets, but those markets are poorly matched to customers’ real needs and the operational realities of a renewable-heavy world. The solution to these issues in market design may be found in an Operating Reserve Demand Curve, intended to pay capacity when and where it is available and needed, as a complement to real-time energy pricing.     

The Future of the Bonneville Power Administration: Aggressive Competitor or Bureaucratic Dinosaur?

Splitting the Bonneville Power Administration into fully separate generating and transmission entitities is the only step, short of privatization or regionalization, that would eliminate the conflict between compliance with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission’s open access requirements and the need to maximize Bonneville Power Administration revenues for taxpayers.