水陆两栖仿生机器人构形、运动机理及建模控制综述

从水陆两栖机器人本体构形、推进动力学建模、多环境运动控制等方面对水陆两栖机器人近期的研究现状进行综述。首先,按照两栖机器人结构类型将两栖机器人分为腿式推进、轮腿/鳍复合式推进、蛇形推进、球形两栖机器人等;然后,介绍两栖机器人在水、陆环境中推进的动力学建模方法,以及目前常用于水陆两栖机器人的多环境运动控制策略。最后归纳得到两栖机器人的关键技术及未来发展方向,包括新型推进机构设计、系统建模、推进机理研究和多模态自主控制技术等。     

两栖机器人结构设计及运动学建模

两栖仿生机器人的研究是当前新兴的一个热点,它是军用机器人研究的一个重要分支。提出一种两栖仿生机器人的设计思路,确定了一些关键参数,如电机、游动机构等。并对两栖机器人仿鱼游动的运动学进行建模,最终通过实体仿真验证方案的可行性。     

新型仿生球形两栖子母机器人系统设计

为解决传统两栖机器人的一些突出缺点,探寻机器人领域更多的可能性。本文设计了一种新型仿生球形两栖子母机器人系统,该系统中球形两栖母机器人在陆地采用仿生四足爬行方式运动,在水下采用矢量喷水电机进行喷水推进,无噪声,增加隐蔽性,并为微型子机器人提供控制信号和能源。微型子机器人陆地采用轮式驱动,设计了可以实现水陆两栖的桨叶轮。该子母机器人系统通过XBee通信模块实现无线通信。通过进行的子母机器人的陆地和水下运动试验,验证了设计的子母机器人系统的有效性。     

两栖多足机器人水下步态分析

通过对两栖动物运动机理的研究,针对两栖多足机器人水下行走的特点,采用减轻重力、附加流 体力的方法,提出了静水环境下的动力学模型,并基于对模型的分析提出了适用于两栖多足机器人水下运动 的“蹬踏—漂浮”步态．该步态不但解决了两栖多足机器人以陆地行走步态在水下行走时出现的抓地不牢及 稳定性不够的问题,而且提高了水下步行速度．通过分析两栖多足机器人的水下实验结果,验证了步态的可 行性．     

基于GPS的水陆两栖机器人导航系统的研究

将GPS技术用于水陆两栖机器人自主运动控制,设计了一种基于嵌入式操作系统,用于水陆两栖机器人导航的GPS系统。首先构建了GPS硬件系统,然后研究了基于ARM的GPS接收机的数据提取及处理的软件实现方法；在此基础上,采用高斯投影算法,将WGS—84转换至平面坐标,实现了对两栖机器人运动轨迹的连续监控。     

轮桨腿一体化两栖机器人控制系统设计

为满足轮桨腿一体化两栖机器人控制系统各模块间信息交换的实时性、灵活性、可扩展性和可靠性的要求,将CAN总线应用于轮桨腿一体化两栖机器人控制系统中.从硬件和软件两方面,介绍了CAN总线在轮桨腿一体化两栖机器人中的应用方案,设计了基于ARM7处理器的CAN总线控制节点,提出了适用于两栖机器人的CAN总线应用层协议方案.     

基于可变关节数的模块化两栖仿生机器人转弯控制

概述了一种具有模块化结构的两栖仿生机器人设计,结合其关节数可变和主从轮式驱动的特点,给出 了任意关节数偏转转弯的地面转弯控制方法,并推导了其最小转弯半径．针对多关节两栖机器人的转弯推进方式, 利用ADAMS 下的运动学模型进行了仿真验证,给出了相应的仿真结果．同时,平衡性分析进一步表明了关节转弯 推进方式在当前两栖机器人样机上的适用性．实验结果表明了该转弯方法的有效性,它能够满足机器人的地面运动 需求．     

小型两栖仿龟机器人多模式运动研究

针对浅滩环境和水下狭窄空间的科研考察、资源勘探等任务,提出一种“腿－多矢量喷水”复合驱动的小型两栖仿龟机器人。通过研究“腿－多矢量喷水”复合式驱动系统的运动机理,设计仿生爬行步态和旋转步态。根据“腿－多矢量喷水”复合驱动机构的变结构特性,提出“H”、“工”和“X”等多模式运动。通过机器人水中运动学建模,建立基于实时动态推力矢量分配优化机制的水中3维自主运动控制方法。最后搭建机器人原型机,陆地上的多地形运动实验验证了机器人在非结构化浅滩环境中的适应能力强,水中运动控制实验验证了两栖机器人多模式运动控制的灵活性和可行性。     

两栖类仿生机器人研究现状及发展前景

<正>两栖机器人是新世纪科学技术发展的产物,通常集成了空中飞行、地面移动、水中巡游中的两种运动能力,不仅具备在两种领域的作业能力,还能够根据任务需求适时切换,实现跨域作业,极大地提升了机器人的应用潜力。本文从陆空两栖、水空两栖、水陆两栖三个方面介绍了两栖类仿生机器人的国内外研究现状,分析了各类两栖机器人的特点,并对当前两栖机器人存在的问题进行了总结。     

北京2022年冬奥会和冬残奥会火炬传递机器人

面向北京冬奥会对机器人跨域火炬传递的需求,研发水陆两栖机器人、水下变结构机器人、空中飞行机器人、地面机器人、冰雪面六足机器人和助力外骨骼机器人等6型面向火炬接力的系列机器人,利用这些机器人可在地面、空中和水下完成火炬传递。最终,根据北京2022年冬奥会火炬接力路线方案的调整,将水陆两栖机器人、水下变结构机器人和水下特种火炬应用于北京2022年冬奥会火炬传递活动中,实现了奥运史上首次机器人与机器人之间的水下火炬传递;助力外骨骼机器人应用于北京2022年冬残奥会火炬传递活动中,残疾人代表使用下肢助力外骨骼进行了火种汇集,两位残疾人火炬手分别借助上肢和下肢助力外骨骼机器人一起进行了火炬传递,传递出“科技改变生活”的理念,体现出“技术温暖人心”的精神。     

A versatile locomotion mechanism for amphibious robots: eccentric paddle mechanism

Most of recently developed rescue robots can only be deployed to limited attacked regions after tsunami and the floods, due to their limited mobility on complex amphibious terrains. To access such amphibious environments with improved mobility, we propose a novel eccentric paddle mechanism (ePaddle) which has a set of paddles eccentrically placed in a wheel to perform multiple terrestrial, aquatic, and amphibious gaits. One of the advantages of our proposed ePaddle mechanism is its unique locomotion versatility introduced by the eccentric distance between the paddle shaft and the wheel center. We demonstrate this versatility by proposing five typical gaits for traveling on different terrains. For instance, wheeled rolling gait is used to achieve high-speed locomotion on even terrain. Legged gait is applied to travel on the rough terrains. To access the soft terrains where wheels slip and legs sink, a wheel-leg-integrated gait is performed by digging the paddle into the ground. To swim in the water, rotational paddling and oscillating paddling gaits are proposed. For each of these gaits, standard gait sequence is defined and joint parameters are calculated based on kinematics. An ePaddle prototype is then built and tested with the proposed gait sequences. Experimental results verify the design of the ePaddle mechanism as well as its versatile gaits.     

Preliminary mechanical analysis of an improved amphibious spherical father robot

Amphibious micro-robots are being developed for complicated missions in limited spaces found in complex underwater environments. Therefore, compact structures able to perform multiple functions are required. The robots must have high velocities, long cruising times, and large load capacities. It is difficult to meet all these requirements using a conventional underwater micro-robot, so we previously proposed an amphibious spherical father–son robot system that includes several micro-robots as son robots and an amphibious spherical robot as a father robot. Our father robot was designed to carry and power the son robots. This paper discusses improvements to the structure and mechanism of the father robot, which was designed to have a spherical body with four legs. Based on recent experiments in different environments, we have improved the father robot by adding four passive wheels, and we have redesigned its structure by means of three-dimensional printing technology, resulting in greatly improved velocity and stability. Moreover, due to the complexity and uncertainty of many underwater environments, it is essential for the father robot to have adequate structural strength. We analyzed the movement mechanisms and structural strength using finite element analysis to obtain the deformation and equivalent stress distributions of the improved robot. The results provide support for further analysis of the structural strength and optimal design of our amphibious spherical father robot.     

Visual positioning system for small-scaled spherical robot in underwater environment

Microsystem Technologies - Aiming at application requirements of our small-scaled spherical amphibious robots, a visual positioning system adopting the model of depth image and feature fusion was...     

Experimental study on the oscillating paddling gait of an ePaddle mechanism with flexible configuration

In this paper, a novel eccentric paddle locomotion mechanism (ePaddle) has been proposed to enhance the mobility of amphibious robots for multi-terrains tasks with diverse locomotion gaits. The oscillating paddling gait of the ePaddle mechanism enables the robot to perform stationary observation or attitude maneuvering operations in shallow water. To increase the thrust generated by this gait, the ePaddle mechanism has a flexible configuration, i.e. a flexible paddle and three rigid paddles. The effects of the oscillating amplitude and period of the gait to thrust are analyzed and compared with the thrusts measured with rigid configuration. Experimental results demonstrate that the flexible configuration is able to produce much more net thrust than the rigid configuration when the ePaddle is oscillating at large amplitude.     

Underwater motion characteristics evaluation of multi amphibious spherical robots

Microsystem Technologies - Information exchanges and cooperative movements of multi robots have become a hot topic in robotics. To improve the performance and working efficiency of our amphibious...     

Design and characteristic evaluation of a novel amphibious spherical robot

Microsystem Technologies - This paper presents a new type of amphibious spherical robots. The robot includes four drive units. Each drive unit consists of two servo motors, a water-jet propeller, a...