小麦籽粒淀粉品质与蛋白质品质关系的初步研究

通过测定32个小麦品种籽粒的11个淀粉品质性状及10个蛋白质品质性状，分析了各性状之间的简单相关关系。结果表明：直链淀粉含量与清蛋白含量显著正相关，与支链淀粉含量、膨胀势、高峰粘度、衰减值、粗蛋白含量、醇溶蛋白含量、谷蛋白大聚合体含量、沉降值显著负相关；支链淀粉含量与糊化温度显著负相关，与沉降值、面筋指数显著正相关；膨胀势、高峰粘度、低谷粘度、最后粘度两两间极显著正相关；衰减值与醇溶蛋白含量、谷蛋白大聚合体含量、沉降值，糊化温度与球蛋白含量呈显著正相关；回生值与面筋含量，峰值时间与沉降值显著负相关。文章还分析了淀粉品质和蛋白质品质与蒸煮类食品品质的关系。     

糯小麦粉与普通小麦粉配粉糊化特性的研究

选用糯小麦品种中糯一号与普通小麦(非全糯小麦)品种豫麦47、温6和澳大利亚优质面条小麦品种Gamenya,进行籽粒蛋白质含量、淀粉含量及直链淀粉含量的测定。并将中糯一号面粉分别与豫麦47、温6面粉配粉,进行了RVA试验(快速粘度分析),研究了三种单一品种面粉及其配粉的糊化特性。结果表明:中糯一号籽粒蛋白质含量、淀粉含量与供试普通小麦品种相近。但其直链淀粉含量很低,仅为1. 45%,远低于供试普通小麦品种。在RVA试验中,中糯一号面粉糊化快,峰值时间比普通小麦缩短了一半,其粘度下降到低谷后,粘度曲线变化平缓,回冷值很小,明显与供试普通小麦不同。糯小麦与普通小麦配粉的粘度曲线呈双峰状,其粘度参数因糯、普小麦配粉比例不同而不同。总之,在普通小麦粉中加入糯小麦粉后,面粉直链淀粉含量和糊化特性发生了变化,对面制食品品质将产生一定的影响。     

蛀蚀害虫侵害后小麦粗淀粉含量及其糊化特性变化

为探讨蛀食性害虫玉米象、米象侵害后小麦粗淀粉含量和全麦粉糊化特性的变化,选用河南产储藏3年的商品小麦为材料,按不同虫种分组,设定不同的虫口密度和侵害时间,检测害虫感染后小麦粗淀粉含量和全麦粉的糊化特性。结果表明:玉米象和米象不同程度感染后小麦粗淀粉含量总体呈下降趋势;无论是同一虫口密度随着蛀蚀时间的延长,还是同一蛀蚀时间下随虫口密度增加,其感染后的全麦粉峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度、衰减值和回生值均呈下降趋势;糊化温度呈上升趋势,峰值时间基本无变化;粗淀粉含量与峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度、衰减值和回生值均存在极显著正相关,与糊化温度呈极显著负相关,与峰值时间无相关性。     

玉米籽粒品质性状及其相互关系分析

通过测定55个玉米品种（系）籽粒的物理性状、淀粉品质及蛋白质组分，分析它们之间的简单相关关系。结果表明：容重与各淀粉组分含量呈负相关，与角质率、低谷粘度、最终粘度、回冷值、峰值时间、糊化温度呈极显著正相关；角质率与醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白、总蛋白含量及峰值时间和糊化温度呈极显著正相关，与膨胀势、峰值粘度和稀懈值呈显著负相关；直链淀粉含量与稀懈值负相关，与膨胀势、峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度、回冷值、峰值时间和糊化温度均表现一定的正相关；支链淀粉含量、总淀粉含量以及支／直比与糊化温度正相关，与其它粘度指标负相关；峰值粘度与低谷粘度、稀懈值、最终粘度和回冷值的相关程度较高，是衡量淀粉糊化特性的最重要指标；醇溶蛋白与总蛋白和粘度性状问的关系更密切，醇溶蛋白含量的变化对于总蛋白含量变化及淀粉特性的影响最大。文章还提出今后要加强支链淀粉、峰值时间、糊化温度和醇溶蛋白含量等对加工品质影响的研究。     

荞麦淀粉糊特性的研究

以小麦、玉米和马铃薯三种淀粉为参照，研究了荞麦淀粉糊性质，结果表明：荞麦淀粉糊化温度与小麦淀粉糊化温度相当，但比玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉难糊化；其粘度热稳定性显著高于小麦、玉米和马铃薯淀粉；冷粘度稳定性大于小麦、玉米和马铃薯淀粉；凝胶性和凝沉性均高于马铃薯淀粉；透明度低于小麦、玉米和马铃薯淀粉；冻融稳定性强于小麦和玉米淀粉。     

部分山东小麦品种面粉粘度性状及其与面条品质相关性的研究

以山东省近年种植面积较大的32个小麦品种为材料，研究了面粉的快速粘度仪参数与淀粉组成和含量及面条品质的关系，结果表明，淀粉组成和含量显著影响面粉粘度性状，面粉粘度仪参数高峰粘度、稀释值、反弹值、峰值时间和糊化温度与面条评分呈显著或极显著相关，说明粘度性状可以作为面条小麦预测和筛选的重要评价指标之一。     

小麦粉粒度对淀粉性质的影响

采用粉筛与气流分级结合的方式对小麦粉进行分级，得到9XX/13XX、13XX/15XX、F1、F2、F3共5种粒度区间小麦粉，分别制取小麦淀粉，研究小麦粉粒度对淀粉理化指标、糊化特性、凝胶特性、热特性及结构特性的影响。结果表明，随着小麦粉粒度减小，淀粉含量先升高后降低，直链/总淀粉、降落数值及沉降体积下降，破损淀粉含量、淀粉糊透光率增加；淀粉凝胶咀嚼性与硬度呈现先减小后增大再减小的变化趋势，黏附性在F1粒度区间最小，内聚性下降，回复性呈先增大后减小的变化趋势，弹性则无显著性变化；13XX/15XX、F1、F2粒度区间的淀粉凝胶冻融稳定性好；各粒度区间小麦粉的淀粉糊化温度和糊化焓显著上升、黏度下降，淀粉结晶度增加、短程有序程度增加，F3粒度区间的淀粉糊化焓、结晶度最大，不易糊化。小麦粉粒度过大或过小都会对小麦淀粉性质造成不良影响，研究结果可为小麦制粉行业发展提供理论基础。     

小麦多酚氧化酶活性稳定性及其与其他品质性状的相关分析

以两年国家黄淮海小麦区试3个试点共55个小麦品种(系)为材料,检测了其全麦粉多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性和其它相关品质性状.结果表明,全麦粉PPO活性在不同品种、年份和地点间差异显著.全麦粉PPO活性与膨胀势、峰值黏度、稀懈值呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.32、-0.18和0.28;与SDS沉降值、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、zeleny沉降值、糊化温度、峰值时间呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.20、0.28、0.28、0.24、0.27和0.21,与黄色素含量、碱性水保持力(AWRC)、硬度、保持黏度、最终黏度和回升值相关不显著.     

青稞淀粉和小麦淀粉的理化性质比较研究

研究了青稞淀粉的理化性质,包括淀粉的颗粒形态、粒度分布及淀粉糊透明度、溶解度、膨胀力和糊化特性,并与小麦淀粉性质进行比较。结果表明:青稞淀粉颗粒的平均粒径大于小麦淀粉颗粒的平均粒径,青稞淀粉颗粒大小和形状分布均匀;青稞淀粉糊透明度大于小麦淀粉糊,但在储藏过程中,青稞淀粉糊透光率变化显著;青稞淀粉的溶解度和膨胀力均大于小麦淀粉糊,这与小麦淀粉中小颗粒淀粉含量较多有关;与小麦淀粉的糊化相比,青稞淀粉成糊温度低,糊化容易,但峰值黏度低,衰减值大,热糊稳定性差,回生值大,冷糊稳定性差,易老化。     

糯性普通小麦的籽粒成分和淀粉品质研究

对5个组合的13个糯麦F6（或F5）株系及其亲本的籽粒成分，直链淀粉含量和膨胀势进行测定，以及分析了它们的淀粉糊化过程和糊化参数，比较它们之间的差异。结果表明：糯性小麦籽粒的蛋白质含量，湿面筋含量均高于相应的亲本，而淀粉含量则低于相应的亲本，糯性小麦株系的直链淀粉含量远远低于其亲本；糯麦淀粉的膨胀能力和吸水力大于其亲本；糯麦株系的RVA高峰粘度，低谷粘度，最后粘度，反弹值和峰值时间显著低于其亲本。糯麦株系面粉间的RVA粘度参数值大同小异，讨论了糯性小麦的应用前景。     

木糖醇对小麦淀粉和复配面粉糊化性质及回生特性影响的研究

本文以小麦淀粉为原料,把谷朊粉按10%、12%、15%质量浓度添加到小麦淀粉中配成三种复配面粉,研究不同添加量木糖醇对小麦淀粉、复配面粉糊化性质和回生特性的影响。结果表明：添加木糖醇后,小麦淀粉糊化温度升高;峰值黏度随着木糖醇添加量的增加呈上升趋势;添加15%、20%、25%木糖醇时,小麦淀粉的衰减值、回生值增加。添加木糖醇后,复配面粉的峰值黏度、低谷黏度和最终黏度增加。随复配面粉中谷朊粉含量的增加,添加相同含量木糖醇的复配面粉的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度呈下降趋势。在不同天数添加木糖醇的小麦淀粉硬度增加,且随添加浓度的增加,硬度呈上升趋势;而添加木糖醇的复配面粉硬度降低,且随添加浓度的增加,硬度呈下降趋势。     

Impact of Guar and Wheat Bran on the Physical and Nutritional Quality of Extruded Breakfast Cereals

Two non‐starch polysaccharides, guar gum and wheat bran, were used at 15% replacement level in a cereal base to produce an extruded breakfast cereal product from both wholemeal and high‐ratio wheat flour mixes. The inclusion of the non‐starch polysaccharides into the flour bases had no significant effect on the expansion ratio of the products. However, the product density and bulk density of the extruded products increased with guar gum and wheat bran addition. The pasting properties of the raw flour and polysaccharide base as well as the extruded products were altered with the incorporation of polysaccharides, with guar gum‐enriched products showing elevated peak and final viscosity readings. This appeared to be related to moisture manipulation and hence the regulation of gelatinisation. In vitro starch hydrolysis of the raw bases and the extruded samples illustrated that the extrusion process significantly increased the availability of carbohydrates for digestion. Additionally, the inclusion of non‐starch polysaccharides in the raw bases significantly reduced the rate and extent of carbohydrate hydrolysis. This potentially glycaemic reducing action was also evident in the extruded products where the incorporation of guar gum at 15% yielded a reduction of starch hydrolysis of 36% in the wholemeal base and 32% in the high‐ratio white wheat flour base.     

白糯小麦粉与糯米粉物化特性的比较

本试验研究了白糯小麦粉与普通小麦粉、糯米粉物化性质的差异,测定了白糯小麦粉、普通小麦粉和糯米粉的膨胀性、黏度特性、持水能力、糊透明度、冻融稳定性、消化性和糊化回生特性。结果表明,随温度的升高,白糯小麦粉、普通小麦粉和糯米粉的膨胀度随温度的升高呈递增趋势,但在较高温度下,白糯小麦粉的膨胀度高于糯米粉;与普通小麦粉比,白糯小麦粉有较高的峰值黏度、崩解值和较低的谷黏度、终黏度、回生值,糊化时间短,糊化温度低,不易消化;与糯米粉相比,白糯小麦粉的水合能力低,糊透明度差,峰值黏度、谷黏度、崩解值、终黏度和回生值低,糊化时间短,糊化温度高,易消化。白糯小麦粉的冻融稳定性好、抗回生能力强。     

蛋白质和淀粉对面团流变学特性和淀粉糊化特性的影响

以3个筋力不同的小麦粉为材料,利用分离重组方法,在保持小麦粉其他成分不变的情况下,组成不同面筋蛋白和淀粉含量的配粉,研究面筋蛋白和淀粉添加量对面团流变学特性和面粉糊化特性的影响。结果表明：随着面筋蛋白添加量的增加,3种筋力小麦粉配粉的面团稳定时间和粉质质量指数均呈升高趋势,峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度、稀懈值、回生值等总体呈下降趋势。小麦粉添加淀粉后,面团稳定时间和粉质质量指数均呈下降趋势,峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度、稀懈值、回生值等总体呈升高趋势。面筋蛋白和淀粉对小麦面团吸水率和面粉糊化温度的影响均较小。不同筋力小麦粉配粉各品质指标总体变化趋势一致,但变化幅度有一定差异。     

复配粉理化性质与米线质构性质关系的研究

将粳米粉与绿豆淀粉按照一定比例进行混合,得到粳米粉和绿豆淀粉的复配粉体系,并测定了复配粉体系的溶胀性质、糊化性质、凝胶质构性质和拉伸性质,研究了复配米粉体系的拉伸性质与米线质构性质的关系。结果表明:随着绿豆淀粉添加量比例的增加,复配米粉体系的总直链淀粉含量、可溶性直链淀粉含量和不溶性直链淀粉含量明显增加,峰值黏度、谷值黏度、末值黏度、硬度也显著性增加,咀嚼性、拉伸强度和表观弹性模量显著增加,85℃下的溶解度和膨润力显著上升;糊化温度显著降低;衰减值和回生值分别比粳米粉高了33.73 RVU和50.60 RVU;与单一体系相比,由复配粉体系制成的米线呈现较好的硬度、弹性、韧性、蒸煮性和物理性质。当绿豆淀粉∶粳米粉为1∶1时,其制得的米粉的质构性质最好。     

海藻酸钠对小麦淀粉性质及馒头品质的影响

采用快速黏度计、差示扫描量热仪、动态流变仪、粉质仪等,研究了海藻酸钠(AG)对小麦淀粉(WS)糊化性质及馒头品质的影响。结果表明,AG显著影响WS性质,明显改善馒头品质。AG增加WS糊化难度,表现为起始糊化温度、峰值糊化温度升高,降低溶解度。促进WS溶胀,表现为提高峰值黏度、膨胀力、终止糊化温度和糊化焓升高。提高淀粉糊的稳定性,表现为衰减值、回生值和老化率降低。AG提高糊化后的WS在外力作用下的稳定性,有利于WS黏弹性凝胶的形成,且形成的凝胶更趋向于固体。AG提高小麦粉的加工品质,使面团吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间增加,跌落值降低。一定质量分数的AG可增大馒头比容、高径比,AG在馒头中的建议用量为小麦粉质量的0.05%~0.15%。     

Effects of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Protein on the Pasting Properties of Different Types of Wheat Flour

Abstract: As one of the most effective methods to modify proteins, enzymatic hydrolysis is used widely in the preparation of wheat products in the food industry. During the same process, starch pasting occurs frequently. The effects of wheat protein hydrolysis with papain, pepsin, and trypsin on the pasting properties of 3 different kinds of flour were investigated in 5 concentrations. Results showed that the peak viscosity, trough, final, and integral area of pasting curve of these flours decreased with increasing enzymatic hydrolysis of protein, and decreased significantly with the increasing enzyme concentrations. Medium‐gluten flour was the least sensitive to enzymatic activity and weak‐gluten the most sensitive. Downtrends appeared with increasing papain and trypsin concentrations in the form of breakdown. Enzymes had no significant different effect on the peak times of strong‐ and medium‐gluten flour, but prolonged peak time slightly in weak‐gluten flour. The pasting time and temperature of strong‐ and medium‐gluten flour were significantly increased in a concentration‐dependent manner. However, there were no significant effects on the pasting times of weak‐gluten flour. These results could supply a basis for utilization of enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat protein in food industry and for further studies into the interactions between hydrolyzed protein and starch in food or processing industries. Practical Application: Illuminating the effects of enzymatic hydrolysis of protein on the pasting properties of different types of wheat flour is very important in food industry. Flour viscosity decreases after enzymatic hydrolysis of protein/gluten. Enzymes have different effects on peak time, pasting time, and pasting temperatures for different types of flour. These results could supply a basis for utilization of enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat protein in food industry and for further studies into the interactions between hydrolyzed protein and starch in food or processing industries.     

Pasting Properties of Ohmically Heated Rice Starch and Rice Flours

ABSTRACT:  Pasting characteristics were examined for conventionally or ohmically heated rice starch and rice flours. Brown rice flour showed the greatest cooking stability and least retrogradation potential. Brown rice flour also showed the greatest pasting temperature and lowest peak viscosity, whereas commercial starch had the lowest pasting temperature. Nonstarch components of the brown rice flour, such as fat and protein, may have acted as stabilizers delaying water access into the granules and reducing swelling of the starch. Ohmic heating reduced pasting temperature for commercial rice starch, resulting in a starch that swelled faster. Furthermore, ohmic heating produced better cooking stability in white rice flour 1 and 2 than in the native sample, and caused white rice flour 2 to have less potential for retrogradation than the conventionally heated sample. At lower electric field strength (20 V/cm), ohmic heating resulted in the greatest cooking stable starches compared to higher voltages (40 and 70 V/cm) because more starch granules were disrupted from a longer cooking time, so there were fewer intact granules for pasting. Ohmic heating has been shown to alter rice starch and flour pasting characteristics with an added influence of lipids, proteins, and amylose contents.     

阿魏酸对小麦淀粉理化特性的影响

以小麦淀粉为原料,分别通过扫描电镜分析、傅里叶红外图谱分析、X-衍射图谱分析、差示扫描量热仪分析及快速黏度测试仪(RVA)分析,研究了添加0、5%、10%、15%、20%(w/w淀粉干基)阿魏酸后小麦淀粉的微观形貌、结晶性质、热力学特性及糊化特性。结果表明:随着阿魏酸含量的增加,淀粉表面不规程度增加,致密性降低;阿魏酸添加量至10%时,T₀(糊化初始温度)、T_P(糊化峰值温度)、T_C(糊化最终温度)和ΔH(糊化焓值)发生显著降低(p<0.05),说明阿魏酸的添加降低了小麦淀粉的稳定性;红外光谱表明,添加阿魏酸后,小麦淀粉在(1045/1022) cm-1峰强度比值减小,说明添加阿魏酸后小麦淀粉有序性降低;X-衍射图谱表明,糊化后小麦淀粉由原来的A型变为B+V型,并表现出酸的衍射峰明显,说明阿魏酸与小麦淀粉未形成包合物。RVA分析表明,添加阿魏酸降低了小麦淀粉的峰值粘度、保持粘度、最终粘度和回升值降低,而崩解值增大,说明阿魏酸抑制了小麦淀粉的老化进程,扫描电镜分析也证明了阿魏酸抑制了淀粉的老化过程。     

芡实粉和芡实淀粉理化性质和消化性研究

以芡实为原料制取芡实粉和芡实淀粉样品,研究了其糊化性、溶胀度、可溶指数、质构性和消化性等性质.结果表明,芡实淀粉样品的黏度明显高于芡实粉样品,芡实粉的峰值黏度与芡实淀粉相比降低了57.75％;随温度升高,芡实粉和芡实淀粉的溶胀度和可溶指数呈现递增趋势,但在较高温度下,芡实粉样品的溶胀度和可溶指数明显高于芡实淀粉样品;与芡实淀粉样品相比,芡实粉的凝胶的硬度减少了91.86％;芡实淀粉样品的快速消化淀粉含量明显高于芡实粉样品,但慢速消化淀粉的含量要低于芡实粉样品,抗性淀粉的含量高于芡实淀粉样品.