混合润滑条件下的斯特封高速摩擦与密封特性

为准确研究斯特封高速摩擦与密封特性,基于混合润滑理论,综合流体空化效应、密封接触变形和微观粗糙峰接触等因素影响,建立了斯特封摩擦与密封的数值计算模型。研究了往复运动速度和密封压力对油膜厚度、摩擦力和泄漏量的影响,搭建了往复密封试验台来验证模型的准确性。结果表明：计算摩擦力与实验摩擦力相近。混合润滑模型能更好地模拟高速柱塞副斯特封的摩擦与密封特性,油膜压力与粗糙度接触压力共同影响密封性能,但粗糙度接触摩擦起主导作用。     

Elastohydrodynamic lubrication and finite configuration changes in reciprocating elastomeric seals

A computational framework has been developed for a fully coupled analysis of elastohydrodynamic lubrication and finite deformations of elastomeric reciprocating seals in hydraulic actuators. The relevant formulation is provided, which consistently treats finite configuration changes of the seal modelled as a hyperelastic (Mooney-Rivlin) solid. The steady-state hydrodynamic lubrication is modelled using the classical Reynolds equation. Coupling of the solid and fluid parts is fully accounted for, including friction due to shear stresses in the lubricant film. Detailed results of finite element simulations are provided for two benchmark problems of O-ring and rectangular rod seals in a wide range of process parameters.     

Transient EHL analysis of an elastomeric hydraulic seal

Recent steady-state numerical analyses of reciprocating hydraulic rod seals have revealed many important details about the operation of such seals, including the fact that they generally operate with mixed lubrication in the sealing interface. However, these seals frequently operate under transient conditions, with the rod speed and sealed pressure undergoing cyclic variations with time. In the present study, a transient numerical model has been developed to take account of the varying rod speed. The model consists of a fluid mechanics analysis of the lubricating film of hydraulic fluid, a contact mechanics analysis of the contacting asperities on the seal lip and a structural analysis of the seal deformations. The fluid mechanics analysis consists of a finite volume solution of the Reynolds equation using a mass-conserving algorithm, which accounts for possible cavitation. The contact mechanics analysis utilizes the Greenwood–Williamson model. The structural analysis consists of a finite element analysis. Typical results are presented for an injection molding application. Of greatest importance is the net leakage per cycle. Also presented are the cyclic histories of such performance characteristics as the lubricating film thickness, contact pressure and fluid pressure distributions, the friction force on the rod and the instantaneous flow rate.     

气动平衡器O形密封圈与气缸润滑特性分析

为了降低O形密封圈与气缸内壁之间的摩擦力,气动平衡器装配过程中在气缸内壁涂上一层润滑脂。基于脂润滑相关理论,构建O 形密封圈和气缸的有脂润滑运动方程,通过MATLAB中PDE模块求解脂润滑模型,得出膜厚、接触应力在密封圈与气缸接触方向上的变化规律。基于ANSYS建立密封圈的瞬态结构有限元分析模型,以密封圈的运动速度和工作压力为恒定条件进行数值模拟,得出不同压缩率、摩擦系数以及行程方式条件下最大接触应力的时域特性。     

表面粗糙度对矩形动密封特性的影响

基于耦合了密封圈的弹性变形、流体动力分析和过盈接触的密封性能数值计算流程,利用Matlab 软件编程实现矩形动密封特性的数值计算,得到矩形密封圈的油膜厚度、泄漏量及摩擦力等密封性能参数,分析表面粗糙度对矩形密封圈的润滑状态和泄漏量的影响。结果表明：往复运动速度一定时,随着密封圈粗糙度的增加,密封偶合面的润滑状态由流体润滑转变为润滑润滑状态,密封的泄漏量也呈几何式增加,说明粗糙度对密封圈的工作寿命和密封性能有较大的影响;往复运动速度也是影响矩形密封圈密封性能的关键工作参数之一,密封压力一定时,随着粗糙度的增加,不发生泄漏的临界速度降低。     

温度对组合型织构油封密封性能的影响

耦合流体力学、变形分析、接触力学、能量守恒方程和黏温黏压方程,建立具有表面组合型织构油封的密封区域混合润滑数值模型,研究温度对表面组合型织构油封密封性能的影响;通过有限差分法对数值方程离散求解,得到不同表面织构油封唇口的温度分布及不同转速下油封唇口的最高温度,对比分析温升对油封泵吸率、油膜厚度、摩擦扭矩等密封性能的影响。结果表明：油封最高温度位于唇尖处,无织构油封最高温度略高于织构油封,随着转速的增加,油封最高温度也都随之增加;织构的存在会引起油封泵吸率的增加和平均油膜厚度变大;随着温度的升高,油封泵吸率、摩擦扭矩、油膜厚度都会逐渐减小,油封密封性能明显下降,温度升高至一定程度,油封泵吸率会变为负值。     

双唇Y形拉杆密封的密封性能研究*

建立双唇Y形拉杆封的混合润滑模型,并进行流体力学、接触力学、变形力学分析。利用MatLab软件实现对模型的求解,得到密封区域的流量、膜厚和接触压力分布,并分析不同密封件粗糙度对轴向往复双唇Y形密封圈的摩擦力矩、泄漏量的影响。结果表明:在双唇Y形往复密封中,两唇在密封过程中均处于混合润滑状态,且第一内唇处的膜厚大于第二内唇处;第二内唇静态接触压力近似于对称分布,且第二内唇最大接触压力大于第一内唇最大接触压力,表明第二内唇作为密封的第二道防线可以保证良好的密封效果;密封件粗糙度是影响矩形密封性能的重要因素,随表面粗糙度的增加,直线往复密封的摩擦力和泄漏量增大,存在一个临界粗糙度使泄漏方向改变。     

液压往复密封的摩擦特性分析

基于往复式密封的弹性流体动力润滑的数学模型,对影响密封性能的因素进行了综合分析。综合考虑了形变理论、接触力学理论以及流体-固体耦合理论,采用MATLAB数值分析法,通过数学迭代计算完成最终求解。深入研究了润滑油黏度、界面摩擦系数以及密封圈的表面粗糙度对密封性能的综合影响。结果表明:随着耦合界面摩擦系数的增加,接触摩擦力都呈现出增大的趋势;总摩擦力随着粗糙度的增加呈现出抛物线式变化趋势;润滑油的黏度存在一个临界值,当润滑油黏度小于此临界值时,随着润滑油黏度的增加,总摩擦力先增加后降低;当润滑油黏度超过此临界值时,接触摩擦力呈现出单调增加的趋势;润滑油黏度和界面粗糙度的增加会导致流体泄漏的增大。     

Study of leakage and friction of flexible seals for steady motion via a numerical approximation method

A numerical model has been developed to solve the steady-state, smooth-surface elastohydrodynamic problem of flexible (polymeric or elastomeric) seals of nominally rectangular or toroidal shape, most commonly found in linear and rotary hydraulic actuators for reciprocating motion. The seals can be fluid-pressurized or even act as wipers. The model offers the advantage of stable and very fast, approximate numerical solution of the EHL sealing problem, which has not been given much attention in the literature in the last 40 years. This model by-passes common obstacles in elastohydrodynamics of soft contacts. It uses an approach similar to that at the beginning of the Inverse Hydrodynamic theory but then deviates from it, avoiding the tricky part of solving a cubic equation. It is relatively easy to program and requires no more than a few hundredths of a second of processing time of a modern personal computer for a complete solution and performance analysis, which is a leap forward compared with previous studies in the literature that required hundreds of iterations and finite element analysis to achieve similar results. In this study and for demonstration purposes, it is applied for a wide range of operating conditions, namely operating temperature between −54 and +99 °C, average contact pressure between 5 and 180 MPa and sliding speed between 0.6 and 38 mm/s (although these limits can safely be exceeded with the model). Results are presented for the contact pressure and film thickness distribution, seal leakage and hydrodynamic friction force. A study on the effects of the seal initial interference, sliding speed, seal geometry, and fluid starvation on lubrication and sealing performance have been derived for the previously mentioned range of operating conditions and for initially conformal and non-conformal sealing contacts, with the seals both stationary and non-stationary. The results are in agreement with those of several well-known theoretical and experimental studies in this field. The present study is for steady-state conditions and will be extended to a transient elastohydrodynamic analysis in another study.     

Solution and analysis of VL combined seal lubrication model under the effect of wear

Through the finite element calculation of VL combined seal models under different wear conditions, contact pressure distributions of models are obtained. Considering the coupling effect between seal deformation and lubricating oil film, a mathematical model of elastohydrodynamic lubrication for VL combined seal is established. Based on the theory of small deformation, the elastic deformation of VL composite seal under high pressure is obtained by the deformation influence coefficient matrix method. Considering the influence of sealing surface wear and surface roughness, the oil film thickness distribution and oil film pressure distribution of VL combined seal are solved by the finite difference method. The analysis results show the wear of VL combined seal, the decrease of viscosity, the increase of roughness and rotational speed can raise the thickness and pressure of lubricating oil film. The correctness of numerical simulation is verified by experimentally measuring the friction torque and leakage rate of seal.

     

液压往复密封理论、技术与应用的进展研究

综述了液压往复密封偶合面的摩擦、磨损和润滑，从边界润滑液膜的形成，密封失效的机制和动力润滑密封方面，评述了液压往复密封理论的研究进展。通过液压往复密封的结构设计方法、材料、应用及其技术进展分析，提出密封件截面形状的变化、新型的组合密封仍是未来往复密封的主要结构形式，密封性能和耐磨特性的改善和提高，密封结构和材料的进一步分离，往复密封的可控性提高、系统内部资源的充分利用是未来往复密封的研究热点和发展趋势。     

Study on Starved Lubrication Performance of a Cycloid Drive

The lubrication performance of cycloid drives affects the dynamic characteristics, mechanical efficiency, and contact fatigue behavior. Starved lubrication performance of a cycloid gear drive is studied using a numerical thermo-starved elastohydrodynamic lubrication model. The parameter of the inlet oil film thickness is chosen to represent the starvation degree. Effects of the inlet film thickness on the central film thickness, friction coefficient, frictional power loss, starting position of the effective film thickness, and lubrication efficiency are investigated. The optimum inlet film thickness is defined and is calculated under different rolling–sliding ratios, speeds, and loads. Finally, the optimum inlet film thickness during the meshing process of a cycloid drive is calculated.     

基于安装过程的O形圈安装结构优化分析

基于有限元分析软件ANSYS建立了O形往复密封圈二维轴对称几何模型,预测了实际安装过程中O形圈的静力学特性行为,分析了操作参数和轴端安装结构参数等对密封圈最大von Mises应力和最大平面剪切应力的影响规律,并给出了保证密封圈可靠安装过程的轴端安装结构参数最优值。结果表明,安装过程中,当密封圈与引入角内端圆角接触时,密封圈所受的von Mises应力和平面剪切力最大,且均发生在密封圈内部靠近空气侧处;减小对摩副接触摩擦因数、使引入角内端圆角半径大于3 mm及合理选择引入角角度均有利于降低密封圈安装受损的风险,这与实际工程经验较为符合。     

链条套筒与销轴铰链副冲击载荷-往复运动的弹流润滑数值模拟

数值模拟链传动中销轴与套筒之间的定载荷和变载荷弹流润滑接触问题,套筒相对于销轴做纯滑动往复运动。定载荷是假定往复运动过程中载荷恒定不变;变载荷是假定链节在啮入和啮出链轮过程中存在的冲击载荷按正弦函数规律变化。比较在定载荷和变载荷加载条件下线接触往复运动工况的弹性润滑油膜变化情况,分析在动载荷加载条件下不同行程长度对弹性流体动力润滑特性的影响。研究发现,动载荷对油膜的压力、膜厚影响较大:随着动载荷的增加,油膜中压力急剧增大,膜厚减小;但加载方式对摩擦因数的影响不大;在相同的加载方式下,随着行程长度的增加,油膜压力减小,中心膜厚和最小膜厚显著增加。     

飞机起落架减震支柱用T形密封圈性能分析

起落架减震支柱是飞机的重要部件,其密封失效会导致飞机强烈的颠簸跳动,进而影响任务的执行和飞行安全。选取某型飞机起落架减震支柱用T形密封圈,通过ABAQUS有限元软件对T形圈进行仿真,获得不同工况下T形圈的应力应变云图,分析T形圈静态接触压力随工作压力和摩擦因数的变化规律;建立往复密封T形圈的混合润滑模型,以摩擦力和泄漏量作为评价指标,获得往复运动速度对T形圈密封性能的影响。结果表明：工作压力每增加5 MPa,最大von Mises应力增加1.2倍左右,上部支撑环与T形圈右侧的接触区域为易发生失效部位;最大应变量受摩擦因数影响较小,主要出现在下部支撑环与T形圈接触的圆角位置;随着缓冲支柱运动速度的提高,净泄漏量增加,摩擦力减小。     

A Numerical Model of a Reciprocating Rod Seal With a Secondary Lip

A numerical model of an elastomeric reciprocating hydraulic rod seal, with both a primary and a secondary lip, has been developed. It is applicable to cases in which the stroke length is significantly larger than the seal width. Coupled fluid mechanics, contact mechanics, and deformation analyses are applied to each lip. Mass conservation and the pressure of the intervening fluid couple the two lips to each other. The leakage, the film thickness distribution, the fluid and contact pressure distributions, and the friction force are predicted for both the outstroke and the instroke for a typical seal, operating with mixed lubrication.     

Effect of the Grooved Rod on the Friction Force of U-Cup Hydraulic Rod Seal with Rough Lip

There are few works that have studied the sealing mechanism between two rough surfaces. In the present article, an elastohydrodynamic one-dimensional model of the U-cup hydraulic seal is performed by taking into account both the shaft and the lip roughness. The numerical results are compared with the inverse hydrodynamic lubrication (IHL) theory and are validated with previously published experiments. Differences confirm the accuracy of the elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) modeling with a gap of about 5% between numerical and experimental results.

The study of the textured shaft effect is performed in three steps: by first changing the shape of the grooves, then changing their amplitudes, and finally by varying their densities. The results demonstrate that a dry contact could occur for some pattern profiles, whereas full-film lubrication is verified for other profiles. The numerical simulations confirm that the asymmetric groove shape affects the friction and show a significant impact of the pattern amplitude on the power loss. Additionally, a slight effect of the groove density is observed on the friction force.     

水压往复密封面临仿真问题

该文对水压往复柱塞密封仿真现状进行了调研,得出了目前油压密封仿真较为成熟,而水压密封仿真薄弱的结论。由于水的低粘度及物理特性使水压密封成膜难,仿真需要对密封物理组成建立系统性和精细化的模型。水压密封流态一般为混合润滑,剖析了两种低粘度介质流态的判别方法,揭示了润滑流态转换条件及表现特征。在仿真过程中指出了Reynolds方程应考虑惯性项,给出了几种Reynolds方程适用性及求解数值方法,论述了数值方法的特点。分析了成膜密封磨损机制,粗糙度大小是影响磨损程度主因。提出了借助实验建立较完善仿真模型观点,以提高仿真模型置信度。明晰了仿真在密封设计中优化作用,运用传统油压理论处理水压密封等效性问题需进一步探讨,提出了未来水压密封面临探索性问题。     

考虑边界膜强度的滑动摩擦副混合润滑模型研究

针对边界膜对摩擦副润滑状态的影响，提出一种能够综合反映压力及剪切速率对边界膜失效综合影响的边界膜强度模型，并基于润滑状态测试结果通过拟合获得模型参数；将该边界膜强度模型与流体动压润滑模型、粗糙表面接触模型耦合，建立考虑边界膜强度的混合润滑模型，并通过轴瓦摩擦实验机润滑测试结果对模拟结果进行验证。和现有典型混合润滑模型相比较，该混合润滑模型可以更准确地反映摩擦副的实际润滑状态以及摩擦因数变化规律。运用考虑边界膜强度的混合润滑模型分析轴瓦零件润滑状态转化特性和机制。结果表明：在存在边界润滑的混合润滑条件下，当加载力小于临界载荷，边界膜几乎未发生破裂，摩擦因数随载荷增加缓慢变大，其数值均较小；当加载力加至临界载荷，边界膜破裂，摩擦副微凸体接触区域出现干摩擦，摩擦因数出现突然增加，表明该摩擦副由边界润滑为主的混合润滑状态过渡到以干摩擦为主的润滑状态。     

Basics of mixed lubrication

This paper reviews recent research in mixed lubrication, focusing on the current understanding of lubricant entrainment, and thus film thickness, and of friction in thin‐film, rough‐surface lubricated contacts. By combining research using optical interferometry on the experimental side and numerical modelling on the theoretical side, we now have a reasonable understanding of micro‐elastohydrodynamic lubrication, although design rules are still lacking. The regime of true mixed lubrication, where there are both elastohydrodynamic and boundary lubricated regions within a single contact, remains quite poorly understood. New experimental techniques as well as new information about very thin‐film rheology under high‐strain and high‐pressure conditions are probably needed before much further progress can be made in this area.