汽轮机叶顶汽封间隙泄漏涡动特性研究

采用三维非定常数值模拟的方法,研究叶顶汽封间隙泄漏涡的结构和涡动频谱特性,并分析汽封各腔室内涡核中心点的径向高度随间隙的变化规律。结果表明:汽轮机叶顶汽封腔室内存在腔室涡和围带壁面涡2种稳定耗散的涡;随着叶顶间隙高度的增加,围带壁面涡涡核的径向高度降低,而腔室涡涡核的径向高度升高;从汽封的入口到出口,腔室涡的涡动随流动变得剧烈,频率增加,波动的幅度变大;围带壁面涡的涡动会在不同腔室内交替变换,齿前的围带壁面涡产生的压力波动最为剧烈,是汽封腔室内最不稳定的一类涡动。     

蜂窝结构对篦齿-蜂窝密封封严性能的影响

为提高压气机级间气路封严密封性能,在传统六边形蜂窝的基础上,改变其结构得到方形蜂窝和圆形蜂窝,数值研究不同间隙、压比和转速下蜂窝结构对篦齿-蜂窝密封封严性能的影响。结果表明:间隙增加时,篦齿密封、六边形蜂窝密封、方形蜂窝密封、圆形蜂窝密封4种密封方式泄漏量均线性增加,但由于蜂窝破坏了流场透气效应,故篦齿-蜂窝密封泄漏量增速最慢,其中圆形蜂窝密封封严效果最好;压比增加时,4种密封方式泄漏量均增加,但篦齿及蜂窝腔室内形成漩涡亦随压比增加而愈发强烈,耗散更多能量,故泄漏量增速逐渐变缓;转子转速增加时,流体环向速度增加,4种密封方式泄漏量均减小,而蜂窝环向切割流体形成漩涡耗散能量,故篦齿-蜂窝密封减小幅度较大。在大间隙高压比高转速的工况下,篦齿-蜂窝衬套结构封严效果更好,其中篦齿-圆形蜂窝密封最具优势。     

叶尖密封流场的细观特性对叶轮机械性能的影响

细观尺度是微观与宏观之间的中间层次。利用细观力学的思想，分析了叶尖密封流场的细观特性对叶轮机械性能的影响，认为旋涡等流体的细观结构，在叶尖密封流场中起着关键性作用。密封间隙区域的细观特性即泄漏涡、激波和二次流之间的相立作用等，形成了阻塞区域，不仅影响泄漏量，还影响转子的稳定性。叶尖泄漏涡是叶尖间隙气流流动阻塞和引起压气机转子尖部紊流脉动的主要因素。     

汽轮机叶顶间隙汽封内泄漏流动的数值研究

采用计算流体动力学软件分析某汽轮机高压级叶顶汽封内的泄漏流动特性及泄漏流在级后与主流的掺混过程,并比较有无汽封情况下间隙流场的气动性能。结果表明:汽封间隙内充满复杂的涡运动,使泄漏流的动能得到充分的耗散,且齿数增加可使耗散更加充分;增加叶顶汽封装置可有效降低级后间隙泄漏流与主流的掺混损失,增加汽封齿数能够在一定程度上削弱级后掺混带来的流动影响。     

蜂窝密封的封严特性研究

对于蜂窝深度为3.0mm、蜂窝芯格尺寸(蜂窝六边形的对边距离)分别为3.2mm、1.6mm和0.8mm三种蜂窝密封,研究了在不同转速、压比下的封严特性。试验结果表明,三种蜂窝密封之中,芯格尺寸为1.6mm的蜂窝密封封严效果最好,说明蜂窝密封芯格尺寸的大小对其漏气量的影响并不呈线性规律。计算结果表明,蜂窝宽度与蜂窝深度比值适当时,能量耗散效果好,密封的漏气量较小。蜂窝宽度与蜂窝深度的比值偏大或偏小时,能量耗散效果差,密封的漏气量都较大。     

Neural network and CFD-based optimisation of square cavity and curved cavity static labyrinth seals

The pressure drop characteristics for leakage of water through circular grooved, square cavity and curved cavity static labyrinth seals are investigated. A semi-theoretical model employing two new terms named virtual cavity velocity and vortex loss coefficient, to determine the pressure drop across the seal is presented. Five different square cavity labyrinth seals (SCLS) were subjected to flow visualisation tests to observe the leakage flow patterns. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis was done using Fluent commercial code. The values of the vortex loss coefficient for the SCLS at turbulent flow conditions were obtained experimentally. Using the data pool, an artificial neural network (ANN) simulation model was employed to identify the optimal SCLS configuration. Based on the insights gained, two different curved cavity labyrinth seal (CCLS) geometries were developed and optimised using parametric CFD analysis. They were visualisation tested and experimentally found to have higher pressure drops and vortex loss coefficients as compared to the SCLS configurations. The studies show that the enhanced performance is due to the presence of multiple recirculation zones within their cavities, which dissipate higher amount of leakage flow momentum.     

蜂窝密封及其应用的研究

实验研究了蜂窝密封的泄漏特性,发现蜂窝深度对漏气量的影响并不呈线性的规律。蜂窝深度接近蜂窝宽度时,对应较小的漏气量。将蜂窝密封应用在汽轮机的轴端汽封和级间汽封,为多家电厂的3~650MW汽轮机设计、安装了蜂窝汽封。使用蜂窝汽封后显著减少了漏气,提高了真空度,解决了润滑油含水问题。     

A modeling of pump impeller shroud and wear-ring seal as a whole, and its application to the pump rotordynamics

A modeling methodology of pump impeller shroud and wear-ring seal as a whole has been developed to give its rotordynamic coefficients. In this work the governing equations are derived for the continuous flow path of the impeller shroud and wear-ring seal. Pressure loss at the discontinuity of the connecting point between the impeller shroud and the wear-ring seal is defined by utilizing a pressure loss coefficient obtained from experimental measurements. The governing equations are solved directly by using the known conditions at the inlet of the impeller shroud and the outlet of the wear-ring seal. A detailed rotordynamic analysis has been carried out on a 750 m-head fourteen-stage centrifugal pump system with the effects of the hydrodynamic forces of such as impeller shroud and wear-ring seals, balance piston, and interstage seals. Results have shown that the first critical speed obtained with all the seal effects is much higher than that obtained without those effects, and moreover that the system under consideration is unstable. Large cross coupled stiffness (k) of the impeller shroud and wear-ring seal has been suspected as the source of the problem. Design modifications of the impeller shroud and wear-ring seal geometry have been performed to decrease k and increase the direct damping(C). Finally, the design modifications have yielded a stable and well damped system.     

Pressure dam influence on the performance of gas face seals

The introduction of grooves, micropores, and other forms of surface geometric modifications onto the mating seal plates has been performed to enhance the gas face seal performance. Reducing fluid leakage through the seal surface has been the main motivation for the development of efficient sealing technology for industrial turbomachinery. Pressure dams are generally etched on the seal inner and outer radii to improve even more the seal capability of reducing the gas leakage to atmosphere. This paper presents a finite element analysis carried out to determine the opening force, the flow leakage and the dynamic force coefficients of flat gas face seals with pressure dams operating under stringent conditions. Several curves of steady-state and dynamic seal performance characteristics depict the influence of the pressure dam position and width on the seal performance and efficiency.     

Numerical simulation of rotordynamic coefficients for eccentric annular-type-plain-pump seal using CFD analysis

Annular seals are primarily used to control the leakage in turbomachinery, such as pumps. Consequently, annular seals substantially affect the stability of turbomachinery. Designing the annular seals of high performance pumps require the accurate prediction of the seal’s leakage flow rate and rotordynamic coefficients. The bulk-flow model is the traditional means for leakage flow rate analysis and predictions. Bulk-flow analysis is based on the Hirs’ lubrication equation, which simplifies the Navier-Stokes equation. However, the analysis of the bulk-flow model requires a great amount of time to develop an analysis code. Furthermore, the code possesses many constraints for analyzing seals with complicated shapes. 3D CFD simulations provide faster and less expensive estimates of the flow field for a wide variety of operating parameters and flow conditions. In this study, the flow field and the rotordynamic coefficients of a plain-eccentricannular seal were simulated with circular whirl orbits using 3D CFD code. A relative coordinate system was defined to calculate the 3D velocity profile and the dynamic pressure distribution of the seal clearance for each rotor whirling speed. The rotordynamic coefficients were determined by reaction forces of seal fluid, which were calculated by integrating the dynamic pressures to the whole area of seal. The results from our analyses were compared to existing theoretical calculations as well as compared to results acquired from experiments. The present 3D CFD results of leakage and rotordynamic coefficients of K and C showed better improvement in prediction.     

基于源项和贴体网格CFD的翼型冠涡轮叶栅气动性能预测对比

翼型冠是控制涡轮叶片叶顶泄漏流动的一种叶顶结构。在翼型冠涡轮叶栅气动性能的数值模拟中,为降低计算成本,本文采用了一种基于源项的CFD技术。该方法无需构建翼型冠真实几何结构和生成贴体网格,只需在叶顶附近构建源项域并采用均匀网格进行离散,随后在网格点上定义材料多孔度,并在控制方程中引入与多孔度有关的源项函数。采用基于源项的数值模拟方法,首先计算了某一翼型冠涡轮平面叶栅的气动流场,并分析均匀网格尺寸和湍流模型方程源项对计算结果的影响。然后,在翼型冠源项基础上,分别增加了密封齿和叶顶喷气源项,以研究源项法在有密封齿和有叶顶喷气翼型冠叶栅性能计算中的准确性。通过与基于贴体网格(即真实结构)的数值模拟结果相对比,发现源项法计算能够较准确地评估翼型冠、密封齿和叶顶喷气对涡轮叶栅气动性能的影响。此外,降低均匀网格尺寸能提高源项法的可靠性。研究有助于发展用于模拟包含任意复杂结构流动问题的计算方法,能为基于源项法的翼型冠叶顶结构优化提供快速准确的数值模拟工具。     

Performance Evaluation of Bidirectional Dry Gas Seals with Special Groove Geometry

There are a very few studies of bidirectional gas seals, particularly those with certain profiles used in the industry. A parametric study of the performance of bidirectional dry gas seals under a set of operating conditions is presented. The expounded approaches use solution of 3D Navier-Stokes momentum and continuity equations for various forms of grooved gas seals, particularly for the trapezoidal shape variety for which there has been a particular dearth of in-depth analyses. It is shown that such groove geometries enhance the load-carrying capacity of the seal through increased hydrodynamic lift. This is as the result of enhanced localized wedge flow, particularly with a reduced seal gap. Therefore, there is the opportunity of gap minimization while reducing leakage rate and power loss. For given operating loading, kinematic and thermal conditions, as well as seal geometry and topography, the operating minimum film thickness may be considered the main design parameter.     

Leakage from labyrinth seals under stationary and rotating conditions

Although the leakage flow through labyrinth seals under stationary conditions has been examined by many investigators a reliable prediction of the effect of various labyrinth parameters on leakage rate has not been reported so far. The theoretical models for the seals proposed in most of the previous literature provided results with considerable differences and contradictions in some cases. The structure of the laminar incompressible flow and the performance of a number of seals of various shapes for both stationary and rotating conditions are investigated in this paper. The theoretical treatment is based on the formulation of three-dimensional axisymmetric momentum and continuity equations for labyrinth shapes having small height to radius ratio as is always the case in turbomachinery, rotodynamic pumps and many hydraulic devices. It is found in this paper that shaft rotation is only beneficial for the up-the-step seal, has no effect on grooved shaft and grooved casing seals and has an adverse effect on the down-the-step seal. It is also found that the use of a smaller clearance size at the entrance makes some improvement in the performance of the grooved shaft and down-the-step seals depending on the value of the height to width ratio of the seal.     

挡板结构对刷式密封泄漏流动特性的影响

为研究前后挡板结构对刷式密封压力和流场的影响规律,采用非线性Darcian多孔介质模型,分别建立6种不同前后挡板结构的刷式密封求解模型,通过与相关实验数据对比,验证模型的合理性,采用ANSYS软件对刷式密封进行数值分析,研究不同前后挡板结构下的刷丝束压力和流场分布特性。研究结果表明：压比和挡板结构对刷式密封封严性能起到关键作用;刷式密封的泄漏量随着压比增大而增大,长前挡板结构能够减小泄漏量,基本型和环形腔型后挡板结构的泄漏量基本没有区别,通腔后挡板结构会使泄漏量显著增长;长前挡板结构能够减小刷丝束内压力,后挡板结构对刷式密封的压力分布起到决定作用;通腔后挡板能够消除部分径向压力梯度,提高刷式密封寿命,但会造成泄漏量增长。     

轮缘密封气流影响下的涡轮静叶通道流动特性研究

为探讨轮缘密封气流对高压涡轮静叶通道内流动特性的影响,采用SST湍流模型求解三维非定常雷诺方程,分析无封严腔、无封严气流以及4种封严流量下涡轮静叶通道内压力波动和气流变化。研究结果表明：封严腔出口受上游静叶压力场影响较大,燃气入侵发生在静叶尾缘附近压力面和吸力面两侧气流交汇形成的高压区;封严出流发生在静叶通道中间位置受吸力面侧扩压区影响的低压区;封严出流与主流掺混形成的新涡量结构卷吸了部分附面层流体,削弱了二次流结构的强度,同时对主流通道形成堵塞效应,推动了轮毂二次流向吸力面靠近同时径向位置的抬升;盘泵效应导致的封严出流与主流的掺混增强了非定常效应,封严流量的增大能够抑制通道内非定常效应。     

齿形几何参数对直通篦齿封严泄漏特性的影响

建立不同封严间隙、齿高、齿距、齿宽、齿数等几何参数的直通篦齿模型,通过数值方法分析不同气动参数(进出口落压比)条件下几何参数变化对其泄漏特性的影响。结果表明,流量系数随落压比的增大而增大,随着封严间隙、齿宽的增大而增大,随着齿高、齿距、齿数的增大而减小。5个几何参数中,封严间隙对流量系数的影响最大,其次为齿数、齿距、齿高、齿宽。利用最小二乘法拟合得到流量系数与几何参数及气动参数的准则关系式,拟合公式计算结果与数值模拟结果吻合较好,可用于篦齿的工程设计计算。     

可控吸气实时抑制叶顶密封气流激振的研究

利用叶顶吸气抑制密封气流激振,实现对密封气流激振的主动实时控制。开发了一套基于LABVIEW的可控闭环流量调节系统,可根据叶片振动幅值反馈调节喷射流量或吸气流量。在叶片两侧为光滑密封和蜂窝密封两种条件下,实验研究了闭环可控吸气对叶顶密封气流激振的控制。研究结果表明,吸气流量随叶片振动幅值变化而实时调节,叶片振动幅值被实时控制在工况设定的阀值内。光滑密封条件下,闭环可控吸气减振效果能达到30％,蜂窝密封条件下的减振效果可提高到40％,主动控制与被动控制结合的效果更佳。     

反旋流对密封静力与动力特性影响的理论与试验研究

设计加工无/有反旋流共4种密封结构,从理论与实验两个方面研究反旋流对密封静力与动力特性的影响规律。建立反旋流密封静力特性CFD模型,理论分析反旋流对密封间隙流体切向速度、周向压力分布以及泄漏特性的影响;设计搭建反旋流密封动力特性试验台,试验测试无/有反旋流密封的泄漏特性,应用不平衡同频激励法试验研究反旋流对密封动力特性的影响。研究结果表明:反旋流可减小密封间隙流体的切向速度,进而降低密封间隙流体的周向压力差,且密封间隙流体周向压差随切向速度的减小而降低,这是反旋流抑制密封气流激振力的主要原因;密封的泄漏量随进出口压比的增加而增大,两者近似呈线性关系;与无反旋流密封相比,反旋流密封增加了密封的泄漏量,且随着进出口压比的增加,两者泄漏量差异增大;密封的动力特性系数的随密封进出口压比与转速的增加而增大。在相同工况下,主刚度大于交叉刚度约一个数量级,主阻尼与交叉阻尼数量级相同,且主阻尼大于交叉阻尼;反旋流可有效降低密封的等效刚度,增加密封的等效阻尼,提高密封的稳定性。     

空化对低温浮动环密封流场和密封特性的影响

为探究典型工况下单相和两相空化流动的流场及密封特性,对考虑过渡段的低温浮动环密封进行数值仿真,对比分析转子面、密封间隙轴向及周向的压力分布特点,并探究单相和两相流动条件下进口压力、进口温度、转子偏心率以及转子转速对泄漏量、进口损失系数、密封力和偏位角的影响.研究结果表明:同心状态下,单相流和两相流的流场均具有对称性;偏...     

台阶式斜篦齿封严压降与风阻温升数值分析

为研究转速、进口压力及齿隙和齿宽的比对斜篦封严压降与风阻温升特性的影响,建立二维阶梯式斜篦齿封严模型,对台梯式斜篦齿封严进行数值仿真计算,获得不同转速、进口压力及齿隙和齿宽的比下的进出口压差和风阻温升,以及最后一级齿隙处射流的温度和压力。结果表明：斜篦齿的背风面存在高温带,主要是由于旋转的摩擦效应、阶梯几何结构和2个大尺寸涡相遇处的掺混效应所导致;贴壁大尺寸涡与主流的动量交换随着转速的增加而增强,主流与齿腔大尺寸涡的动量交换随着转速的增加而减弱;风阻温升随着齿隙和齿宽的比的增大而降低,随着转速的增加而升高,但与进口压力的关系不明显;进出口压差随着转速的增加而增大,随着齿隙和齿宽的比的增大而减小;出口射流的压力随着进口压力的增加而增加。分别得到压差比和风阻温升系数的拟合式,拟合效果符合预期。