高速重载下双层保护轴承的最大碰撞力及热特性分析

搭建了转子跌落试验台,研究了A、B两种结构的双层保护轴承在高速重载下的工作性能。建立了动力学模型和热网络模型,理论分析了不同双层保护轴承参数下,磁悬浮轴承失效后转子和保护轴承的动力学响应以及保护轴承内圈的温升情况,并进行了相关的转子跌落试验研究。研究结果表明,B结构双层保护轴承更适合应用于高速重载场合。     

带弹性环保护轴承的动力学特性

提出在传统保护轴承外圈加弹性环来提高其在主动磁悬浮轴承(Active magnetic bearing,AMB)系统中的工作性能。为完善转子跌落仿真模型,得到AMB失效前转子准确的运动状态,理论推导得到AMB的支撑动刚度曲线,进而基于有限元分析方法得到转子在其支撑下的模态,并与试验结果进行对比,验证所得刚度曲线的正确性。在刚性转子理论基础上,建立转子在AMB系统中的动力学模型。基于Hertz接触理论,分别建立AMB失效后转子与保护轴承内圈之间的碰撞模型和保护轴承的实时动刚度模型。根据所建立的模型,对不同弹性环支撑刚度阻尼在不同初始转速下跌落后的动力学响应进行仿真计算,并与无弹性环状态下跌落结果进行对比。仿真分析结果表明,选用合适的弹性环有利于降低转子跌落后的振动幅值和碰撞力。分别在不同初始状态下进行跌落试验研究,试验结果与理论分析结果基本相符。     

角接触球轴承保持架柔性多体动力学分析

考虑套圈、钢球和保持架的结构弹性变形与动态接触关系,建立了角接触球轴承柔性多体接触动力学有限元仿真模型。在不同引导游隙、转速和径向力下,运用ANSYS/LS-DYNA仿真分析了角接触球轴承的动力学性能,以及保持架的动态冲击应力和稳定性。计算讨论了角接触球轴承的动态接触应力,获得了保持架的角速度、动态冲击应力、质心运动轨迹等仿真结果,它们与理论计算结果具有较好的一致性。结果表明,球轴承运动速度的变化对保持架的动态冲击应力和稳定性的影响较大。     

电磁轴承转子系统中高速不平衡转子跌落过程的非线性动力学

对高速不平衡刚性转子在应急情况下跌落在保持轴承内的非线性动力学进行了研究, 数值分析了转子的瞬态响应,给出了跌落过程中转子在保持轴承中的轨迹、滑动涡动阶段的速度和功率损耗。探讨了诸如轴承间隙、摩擦系数、恢复系数、不平衡量和跌落初始条件对转子跌落行为的影响     

Auto-Eliminating Clearance Auxiliary Bearing Device for Active Magnetic Bearing Systems

An auto-eliminating clearance auxiliary bearing device (ACABD) for active magnetic bearings (AMBs) has recently been designed and a prototype system was tested in this study. ACABD mainly consists of a series of connected tilting supports. In this design, a ball bearing is directly mounted on a rotor as the auxiliary bearing in an AMB system. The outer race of this ball bearing is surrounded by these supports. In the open position, there exists an initial protective clearance between the outer race of the ball bearing and the tilting supports. When the bearing-mounted rotor drops on these supports due to an AMB failure, the friction between the outer race of the ball bearing and the tilting support rotates these supports to eliminate the clearance and recenter the rotor. Due to elimination of the clearance, the possibility of backward whirl of the rotor is eliminated. The movement mechanism of this device is analyzed kinematically. The rotation of these supports, elimination of the protective clearance, as well as the rotor rotating stability after the clearance elimination are discussed from the perspective of statics. Furthermore, a preliminary prototype experimental rig was developed to demonstrate the feasibility of the ACABD after AMB system failure. Experimental results show that, after the AMB system failed, the ACABD immediately eliminated the clearance between the outer race of the ball bearing and the supports and pushed the rotor center close to the initial position.     

转速波动工况滚动轴承打滑动力学特性分析

滚动轴承实际运转过程中经常存在的转速波动现象,对滚动轴承的运行状态产生重要影响。基于Hertz接触理论和变形-位移相容条件建立滚动体与套圈的相互作用模型,采用非线性弹簧模拟滚动体与保持架间的相互作用,建立了转速波动工况下滚动轴承打滑动力学模型。通过与实验测试结果的对比,验证了所提出的动力学模型的正确性,并在此基础上分析了转速波动对滚动轴承打滑的影响及不同转速波动幅值、频率下滚动轴承的打滑特性。结果表明:轴承转速波动会造成保持架转速出现波动,导致轴承出现打滑,且滑动主要出现在滚动体与内圈之间;转速波动幅值对轴承打滑影响较大而频率影响较小。     

发动机转子-滚动轴承系统的振动性能研究

针对发动机转子 滚动轴承系统建立了有限元模型,将弹性轴段、刚性圆盘和弹性支承的动力方程集结后得到系统振动方程,分析计算了支承刚度对系统固有频率的影响。将转子不平衡惯性力和轴承支反力作为激励,求解了系统的稳定响应,得出了合理设计支承刚度和阻尼,可以改善转子系统的振动特性的结论。通过转子系统模拟实验,对该结论进行了验证。     

主动电磁轴承失效后转子坠落在备用轴承过程中的非线性动力学

用有限元法建立了任意个由滚动轴承组成的固定间隙备用轴承-主动电磁轴承-多盘多质量转子系统在主动电磁轴承失效前后的动力学方程,以一个多盘转子系统为例分析了主动电磁轴承失效后转子坠落在备用轴承过程中的瞬态非线性动力学特性,讨论了柔性备用轴承的支撑刚度、支撑阻尼和间隙对转子在坠落过程中动力特性的影响。结果表明采用具有较大阻尼柔性结构的备用轴承能够显著地改善转子坠落在备用轴承上的瞬态动力特性,抑制转子在坠落过程中可能出现具有较大振动和冲击力的全间隙区的涡动运动,减小转子坠落对备用轴承寿命和可靠性的影响。柔性结构备用轴承的支撑阻尼越大,支撑刚度越小,间隙越大,转子坠落后出现全间隙区涡动运动的可能性越小。     

圆柱滚子轴承的动力学分析

介绍了圆柱滚子轴承的3自由度模型的建立方法,分析了滚子与套圈、滚子与保持架、套圈与保持架间的接触或碰撞关系.介绍了使用Fortran90编写的轴承动力学分析软件包BA的程序架构.得到了滚子的运动速度、滚子与内、外圈间的接触载荷与保持架质心的运动轨迹等,并通过案例分析了圆柱滚子轴承的动力学性能,验证了BA的分析能力.     

基于轴心轨迹形态的转子裂纹故障分析与诊断

基于转子系统轴心轨迹的形态分析,提出一种对多故障中的裂纹故障进行初步诊断的简便方法。通过对转子系统1/2临界转速附近的轴心轨迹形态分析,表明在1/2临界转速附近,裂纹-碰摩双故障转子系统轴心轨迹的内环形状随着转速的变化而改变,内环的偏置方向也随转速旋转一定角度。在碰摩转子系统中,其1/2临界转速附近的轴心轨迹形态与裂纹-碰摩双故障转子有明显区别。多故障系统轴心轨迹的形态分析为对其中的裂纹故障进行初步诊断提供了新方法,使转子故障诊断效率得到提高。同时结合分岔图及频谱图对不同转子系统的动力学响应进行了分析,利用Bently转子实验台对裂纹转子系统的轴心轨迹进行了实验验证。     

动车组转向架轴承局部损伤振动特性分析

针对动车组转向架轴承,根据轴承故障产生机理建立了轴承故障动力学工程模型。模型充分考虑了车轴弯曲刚度、轴承间隙及滚动体和滚道间的非线性接触力等因素,并包含内圈、外圈以及滚动体故障轴承动力学模型,使用龙格库塔数值积分方法进行了动力学仿真分析。针对实际轴承搭建实验台,对不同故障类型及不同程度故障进行了实际测试。仿真分析与实验结果吻合度较高,最大误差不超过5%,证明了该动力学模型的有效性。     

Nonlinear Dynamic Response of Cylindrical Roller Bearing–Rotor System with 9 Degree of Freedom Model Having a Combined Localized Defect at Inner–Outer Races of Bearing

This article presents a nonlinear dynamic model for a cylindrical roller bearing–rotor system with interaction forces between the inner race, outer race, and roller. Roller–race contacts are modeled predicting nonlinear stiffness (Hertz contact theory) and nonlinear damping for a rotor–cylindrical roller bearing system. Here a shaft–rotor bearing system is modeled with 9 degrees of freedom with one defect on the inner race and one defect on the outer race for a case of combined localized defects. In the mathematical formulation, contacts between rolling elements and inner and outer races are considered as nonlinear springs and nonlinear damping is taken into consideration. Contact force calculations with nonlinearity are solved using the Newton-Raphson method for n unknown nonlinear simultaneous equation. The Newmark-β implicit integration technique coupled with the Newton-Raphson method is used to solve the differential equations. The results are obtained in the form of a time domain plot, frequency domain plot, and phase plot/Poincare map. The validity of the proposed model is compared with experimental results. A bifurcation graph of speed versus peak amplitude predicts the behavior of the system.     

Unbalance Response of a Super-Critical Rotor Supported by Foil Bearings—Comparison with Test Results©

This article compares theoretical and experimental results on the unbalance response of a super-critical rotor supported by two kinds of gas foil bearings. Analysis of the super-critical rotor is performed with viscoelastic foil bearings (VEFB) and conventional bump foil bearings and compared with early published experimental data. The vibration orbits obtained by theoretical investigation on the viscoelastic foil bearings (VEFB) and the conventional bump foil bearings are compared with the experimental vibration orbits of the super-critical rotor supported by both foil bearings. A numerical analysis program can calculate the static and dynamic characteristics of the elastically supported gas foil bearing using the measured stiffness and damping of the elastic foundation. After the stiffness and damping of both foil bearings are calculated using the perturbation method, vibration orbits of the flexible rotor modeled by the finite element method are calculated. Vibration orbits calculated by numerical analysis agree well with experimental data when the vibration amplitude is small and the rotating speed is below the bending critical speed. The numerical results also show that the enhanced structural damping of the elastic foundation reduces vibration near the bending critical speed.     

旋转隔离装置滚动轴承承载特性仿真分析

基于赫兹接触理论分析了在旋转飞行器发射中2种典型高过载冲击工况下旋转隔离装置轴承内部载荷分布情况,并建立有限元模型,分析了轴承静、动态承载特性,得到了轴承零件的应力变化曲线,结果表明轴承最大接触应力在球上与内沟道接触区域.     

Unbalance vibratory displacement compensation for active magnetic bearings

As the dynamic stiffness of radial magnetic bearings is not big enough,when the rotor spins at high speed,unbalance displacement vibration phenomenon will be produced.The most effective way for reducing the displacement vibration is to enhance the radial magnetic bearing stiffness through increasing the control currents,but the suitable control currents are not easy to be provided,especially,to be provided in real time.To implement real time unbalance displacement vibration compensation,through analyzing active magnetic bearings(AMB) mathematical model,the existence of radial displacement runout is demonstrated.To restrain the runout,a new control scheme-adaptive iterative learning control(AILC) is proposed in view of rotor frequency periodic uncertainties during the startup process.The previous error signal is added into AILC learning law to enhance the convergence speed,and an impacting factor influenced by the rotor rotating frequency is introduced as learning output coefficient to improve the rotor control effects.As a feed-forward compensation controller,AILC can provide one unknown and perfect compensatory signal to make the rotor rotate around its geometric axis through power amplifier and radial magnetic bearings.To improve AMB closed-loop control system robust stability,one kind of incomplete differential PID feedback controller is adopted.The correctness of the AILC algorithm is validated by the simulation of AMB mathematical model adding AILC compensation algorithm through MATLAB soft.And the compensation for fixed rotational frequency is implemented in the actual AMB system.The simulation and experiment results show that the compensation scheme based on AILC algorithm as feed-forward compensation and PID algorithm as close-loop control can realize AMB system displacement minimum compensation at one fixed frequency,and improve the stability of the control system.The proposed research provides a new adaptive iterative learning control algorithm and control strategy for AMB displacement minimum compensation,and provides some references for time-varied displacement minimum compensation.     

高速滚动轴承柔性转子试验机

支承高速柔性转子的滚动轴承的寿命、可靠性及失效形式十分复杂,很难得到准确的理论分析结果。因此新研制了高速滚动轴承柔性转子试验机,可以模拟轴承的载荷、转速、润滑等工况条件,测试支承柔性转子系统的轴承性能,为高速轴承性能分析提供准确的试验数据。对支承柔性转子的滚动轴承进行了试验,验证了试验机的可靠性,发现与刚性转子系统相比,柔性转子系统振幅增大且轴心轨迹复杂,这将影响支承轴承的动力学特性。     

Application of an envelope technique in the detection of ball bearing defects in a laboratory experiment

To judge the diagnostic capabilities of an envelope technique, based on enveloping the resonance frequency of a transducer,

1 Bearcon Signature™, Carl Schenck AG, Germany

artificially damaged ball bearings (SKF 6207) were run under oil lubrication at different radial loads and speeds in a laboratory experiment. Damage to the outer race, inner race and ball of different magnitudes was introduced by spark erosion and the response of the measurement system was analysed. The results showed that vibration spectrum components of outer race defects showed up in the envelope spectra of undamaged bearings, and that the detectability of defects was primarily limited by the speed of the bearing; on occasion the automatic scaling facility of the analyser was a limiting factor. Inner race and ball defects showed the well-known effects of load modulation in the defect contact zone, which can become dominant in the envelope spectra at high loads and speeds. This phenomenon could be confirmed by computer simulation. The detection of ball damage was hampered by the fact that overrolling of the defect in purely radially loaded bearings takes place incidentally. This drawback could be mitigated by applying a trigger technique to the envelope signal.     

强非线性条件下的磁轴承高速电动机

为解决磁轴承高速电动机转子中,永磁电动机磁偏拉力与转子残余不平衡导致的磁轴承电磁力非线性问题,实现转子高速稳定运行,采用全局线性化方法对电磁力进行线性化;同时,改进控制器的设计,使用增益调度方法实现转子平稳通过刚性临界转速,并通过有效降低控制器在转子工作频率附近的增益,使转子在高速下能近似围绕质量中心转动,避免电磁力的饱和。最终实现了强非线性条件下磁轴承电动机的高速稳定运行。     

推力盘发热对电磁轴承-转子系统静态精度的影响

以膨胀机为例建立了稳态条件下轴向温度的线性分布方程 ,并以此为基础讨论由于温度变化分别通过转子热膨胀和传感器温漂对电磁轴承 -转子系统静态精度的影响以及控制途径