降雨入渗对土质边坡稳定性的影响研究

通过建立某一边坡的数值模型,分析了不同工况下边坡的稳定性。结果表明:降雨条件下无支护边坡的剪应变增量和竖直向位移较大,草本植被护坡边坡及采用锚杆和草本植被护坡相结合的边坡剪应变增量和竖直向位移依次减小。无支护边坡及草本植被护坡的边坡安全系数较小,降雨作用后采用锚杆和草本植被护坡相结合的边坡依然处于稳定状态。     

寒区植被边坡冻融特性现场试验研究

为研究季节性冻土区植被边坡的冻融侵蚀性,在日本国立北见工业大学冻土试验场进行了现场试验.边坡由铺草皮、铺草皮+三维网、客土喷播、客土喷播+三维网4个区间构成.通过三个冻融循环期的坡面冻胀量、坡面移动量、冻结面分布、目标点的移动轨迹等数据的现场测试,捕捉了冻融侵蚀过程,并分析了不同植被护坡类型与坡面冻融特性之间的关系,为...     

路基工程中植被边坡的安全技术指标分析

随着环境保护意识的提高,采用植被对路基工程进行护坡的措施受到广泛关注。我国生态护坡理论研究主要集中在生态效益这一方面,理论远远落后于防护技术应用的发展。采用科学软件CHASM(Combined hydrology and stability model)研究考虑降雨影响的生态护坡工程的工作机理,并确定路基植被边坡的主要安全技术指标。填土内摩擦角φ为30°,宜选取小于35°的边坡角,植被对边坡稳定性影响是有限的。植被使不同强度的填土边坡安全系数提高10%～12%。高渗透性路基,坡面种植树木的边坡安全系数比坡脚种植的高,移除坡脚的植被相对安全;低渗透性路基,植被对边坡安全产生负效应。降雨强度不同,植被对安全系数的影响也不同,当降雨作用没有超过植被的调节能力时,边坡安全系数基本在提高;反之,边坡安全系数会出现明显的下降。     

日本喷播绿化新技术

厚层客土喷播技术厚层(客土)生长基础喷播技术主要用于岩石、山体、砂岩、沙质土、盐碱土等地域,具备以下特点: (1)将有机肥、养生材料、植被种子与少量当地优质土混合,添加营养剂、黏结剂和土壤稳定剂制成客土,使用喷播机均匀喷涂在坡面上。具有保水、保肥、通气性能好,能促进植物发芽生长,长期保证绿化的效果。同时,充分的肥料养分能使土壤(岩石)多年保持良好状态。     

高速公路石质边坡防护与绿化

广西桂北某高速公路所经地区部分为剥蚀中低山丘地,冲沟发育,部分形成长流小溪,主要为广泛发育的喀斯特地形,奇峰林立,地下溶洞较多。其中部分挖方边坡为石质边坡,边坡岩石较破碎,开挖暴露后岩石易风化。为避免边坡出现失稳,确保施工顺利进行,必须对边坡进行加固并绿化。1边坡加固防护措施及绿化方案(1)三维植被网护坡技术是以热塑性树脂为原料的三维立体网垫。其具有固土性能优良,消能作用明显,网络加筋突出,保温功能良好等特点,适用于各种土质边坡和强风化岩石边坡,常用坡度为1∶1·5,每级坡高≤10m的稳定边坡。(2)挂网客土喷播植草方案适…     

基于正交数值试验的倾倒边坡稳定性影响因素分析

将影响倾倒边坡稳定性的内在因素细分为十二个单因素,并通过数值计算对它们进行分析,筛选出边坡坡高、边坡坡角、结构面倾角、结构面间距、结构面粘聚力以及结构面内摩擦角为影响倾倒边坡稳定性的六项因素,然后利用正交试验法安排了6因素3水平的18组数值试验,并对试验结果进行极差分析和方差分析。结果表明:边坡坡高、边坡坡角、结构面倾角和结构面内摩擦角对边坡稳定性具有高度显著性影响,结构面间距和结构面粘聚力则影响有限,各因素影响作用主次顺序为边坡坡角结构面倾角边坡坡高结构面内摩擦角结构面间距结构面粘聚力。     

降雨入渗对边坡性状影响的模型实验研究

通过构建不同坡角边坡物理模型分别进行人工模拟降雨实验,对坡体进行分层监测。采用自动水份传感器测定坡体不同位置处含水率;用光纤传感器测定坡体内不同深度处应变;用压力盒测定坡体前端不同深度处推力。得到在降雨入渗作用下边坡性状的变化规律:①边坡坡体含水率、坡前推力、坡体变形在降雨期增大,雨后随时间逐渐减小。②受降雨入渗作用影响,土体含水率增长由坡面开始逐渐向下发展,坡体表层附近的含水率变化最大,底层变化最小。坡前推力、坡体变形在坡体深度方向上,由浅入深受降雨影响逐渐减弱,即表层受影响最大,底部受影响最小,这解释了降雨诱发的均质土坡破坏容易出现在浅层的原因。③受相同降雨条件的影响,20°坡角边坡模型产生变化较大,但响应较晚,而10°坡角边坡模型产生变化较小,但响应较早。     

高陡岩石边坡加固与复绿综合防护施工技术

介绍在高陡边坡上充分利用＂防护网＋防水纤维层＋（种子、肥料、土壤、改良剂、保水剂）＋无纺布＂来保护植被及其生长条件,为高陡岩质边坡实施人工绿化提供了可能,以充分利用植被根系的护坡加固作用和绿色植物的环境绿化美化功能,将工程治理与环境保护和改造融为一体。     

植被混凝土在岩石边坡防护中的应用

植被混凝土护坡技术是近几年迅速发展起来的一门边坡防护技术,在对坡面进行防护的同时能起到很好的景观效益,主要用于工程建设所形成的裸露岩石边坡。系统地介绍了植被混凝土及植被混凝土护坡技术,并对植被混凝土的设计、施工和护坡技术效益等有关问题进行了探讨。     

锚杆长度与边坡坡率对最优锚固角的影响

最优锚固角是锚固工程设计中的重要参数,为了探讨锚杆长度和边坡坡率对于锚杆最优锚固角的影响,采用FLAC3D 数值方法,建立边坡模型,通过数值计算发现锚杆长度和边坡坡率对最优锚固角影响较大,研究结果表明：①边坡安全系数随锚杆长度的增大呈现先增大后基本保持不变的趋势,存在有效锚固长度,锚杆倾角越大对应的有效锚固长度越小。②边坡安全系数随锚杆倾角的增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势,存在最优锚固角;并且最优锚固角随锚杆长度的增大而线性减小。③当锚杆倾角未达到最优锚固角之前,边坡坡率对安全系数影响较小,而当锚杆倾角达到或者超过最优锚固角,边坡坡率的影响逐渐显现,并且坡率越大所对应的最优锚固角也越大。     

垃圾填埋场腾发覆盖系统控制渗滤效果的研究

腾发覆盖垃圾填埋系统(ET Landfill)利用覆盖层土壤的储水能力及植被的腾发作用对进入覆盖层的降水进行调节,达到控制渗滤的目的.通过对不同覆盖层结构和植被组合的腾发覆盖系统的水均衡动态进行试验研究,探讨了不同组合条件下的土壤水分动态过程和渗滤控制效果.结果表明,相对于无植物覆盖系统,腾发覆盖系统能够有效地调节覆盖土层的储水量,减少垃圾填埋场的渗滤液.在有植物覆盖的各组试验中,种植灌木为主60 cm覆盖土层的渗滤控制效果最好,而完全种植草本植物40 cm覆盖层的控制效果最差.     

长三角地区填埋场ET封顶系统的性能评价

从ET(evapotranspiration,腾发)封顶系统工作机理出发,根据苏州市气象资料,首先用Penman公式计算ET封顶的潜在腾发量,然后依次求解植被截留量、土面蒸发量、植被蒸腾量和地表径流量,从而求得净入渗量;将净入渗量作为边界条件,选取典型参数分别建立单一土层型ET封顶和毛细阻滞型ET封顶的非饱和渗流模型,分析得到这两种封顶内的水分运移规律,并对其性能进行评价。分析结果表明,蒸发蒸腾对ET封顶中的水分运移起决定性作用,封顶中浅部土体含水率受降雨和腾发作用影响显著,而底部含水率不变化或变化很小,蓄水–释水循环主要发生在植被根系发育区。植被良好、根系深度50 cm的ET封顶系统累积透水量很小,在长三角地区气象条件下能满足设计要求,其中毛细阻滞型ET封顶的累积透水量小于单一土层型,这两种ET封顶减小降雨入渗的性能均优于传统压实黏土封顶。     

填埋场腾发封顶系统中的水分运移分析

 从腾发封顶系统工作机制出发,依据Penman公式从能量角度计算潜在腾发量,然后依次分析和求解植被截留量、土面蒸发量、植被蒸腾量和地表径流量,从而求得净入渗量;并将净入渗量作为条件边界,选取典型参数建立腾发封顶的非饱和渗流模型,分析得到封顶内的水分运移规律,并对其性能进行评价。分析结果表明,蒸发蒸腾对该类型封顶中的水分运移起着决定性作用,封顶中浅部土体含水量受降雨和腾发作用影响显著,底部含水量基本不发生变化,起蓄水–释水作用的主要是植被根系发育区。在所考虑的气候条件下,植被良好、根系深度50 cm、总厚度为120 cm的腾发封顶系统的累积透水量很小,完全能满足设计要求,其减小降雨入渗的性能优于传统压实黏土封顶。     

植被增加边坡降雨入渗对边坡稳定性影响研究

植被根系提高土壤渗透性和抗侵蚀性,植被盖度越大径流起始时间越长,植被提高边坡的入渗率和减少土壤流失相互促进,共同作用的结果是保持水土,所以植被增加边坡降雨入渗的作用是十分显著的.大多数植物的根系分布在浅层,根际区土壤储水能力强,由于植被对根际区下层土壤的渗透性影响不大,而且认为植被对降雨入渗对根际区土壤水分的影响明显,而对边坡根际区下层土壤水分影响不明显,植被增加边坡降雨入渗不影响边坡深层稳定性.     

Bioengineering protection mechanism of city rock slope and its laboratory test

Based on the features of rock slope bioengineering protection, the ecology protection mechanism of the urban rock slope was discussed with the mechanics effect of plants and rock slope, and the reinforcement action mechanism of rock slope by plant root system was analyzed as well. Then, the corresponding mechanical model was proposed, from which the formula to calculate the increased shearing strength of the root system-earth compound body was derived. Moreover, the side slope rainfall interception, the runoff lagging, the soil antiseepage, and the soil layer consolidating effect were studied, respectively. Furthermore, the indoor model experiment of urban crag rock slope ecology protection was designed and completed, in which various grasses to plant in slope with different angles, solid earth forms, and the different strengthening earth mechanism were studied. Finally, the present method was applied in an engineering project, from which the antiwashing behavior of three kind of grasses (i.e., the Bahiagrass, the tall fescue, and the Bermudagrass) planted in the slope with an angle of 38°, 48°, and 58°, respectively, and different strengthening structures (i.e., the diamond wire netting, the geocell and the three-dimensional network) were obtained. The application results also show that the effect of geocell structure is the best one followed by the three-dimensional net and the diamond wire net. The antiwashing capability per unit area has a critical slope angle of about 25°. The reinforcing effect of Bermudagrass is better than the Bahiagrass and tall fescue.     

Bioengineering protection mechanism of city rock slope and its laboratory test

Based on the features of rock slope bioengineering protection, the ecology protection mechanism of the urban rock slope was discussed with the mechanics effect of plants and rock slope, and the reinforcement action mechanism of rock slope by plant root system was analyzed as well. Then, the corresponding mechanical model was proposed, from which the formula to calculate the increased shearing strength of the root system-earth compound body was derived. Moreover, the side slope rainfall interception, the runoff lagging, the soil antisee-page, and the soil layer consolidating effect were studied, respectively. Furthermore, the indoor model experiment of urban crag rock slope ecology protection was designed and completed, in which various grasses to plant in slope with different angles, solid earth forms, and the different strengthening earth mechanism were studied. Finally, the present method was applied in an engineering project, from which the antiwashing behavior of three kind of grasses (i.e., the Bahiagrass, the tall fescue, and the Bermudagrass) planted in the slope with an angle of 38°, 48°, and 58°, respectively, and different strengthening structures (i.e., the diamond wire netting, the geocell and the three-dimensional network) were obtained. The application results also show that the effect of geocell structure is the best one followed by the three-dimensional net and the diamond wire net. The antiwashing capability per unit area has a critical slope angle of about 25°. The reinforcing effect of Bermudagrass is better than the Bahiagrass and tall fescue.     

粉砂土岸坡三维加筋生态护坡结构力学效应研究

加筋生态护坡是土工织物与植草相结合形成的一种护坡形式,在保证工程生态性的同时大大提高了生态护坡的强度,有广泛的应用前景。以黑龙江同抚堤防工程粉砂土岸坡防护工程为例,开展了三维加筋生态护坡结构的现场原位测试与加筋土体力学特性室内试验研究,揭示了该护坡技术固土护坡力学效应。试验结果表明:对比纯植被护坡和遮阳网表层覆盖护坡方式,三维加筋生态护坡结构对土体加筋作用最为有效。土工网可以帮助植被根系在岸坡表层形成良好的加筋层,而植被根系则帮助土工网与岸坡土体更紧密地结合。加筋生态结构效果主要表现为增加了土体黏聚力,但对内摩擦角影响不大;一个生长周期内草本型植被根系加筋区域集中在地面以下20cm左右的深度;土体含水率和含根量对根土复合体抗剪强度有明显影响,随着土体中含根量和含水率的增加,根土复合体抗剪强度呈先增加后减少的趋势,即对于高羊茅这类抗剪型根系,其加固土体时存在最佳含根量和含水率使其强度最高。     

植被护坡机制及应用研究

植被护坡就是利用植被涵水固土的原理来进行边坡加固及坡面防护。研究结果显示，植被护坡的机制为：（1）木本植物深根对边坡岩土体有锚固作用；（2）草本植物浅根对边坡岩土体有加筋作用；（3）植被覆盖层可以防止坡面冲刷。植被护坡的特点主要有：（1）植被护坡在初始时，作用力较弱，但随着植物的生长，作用力逐渐加强；（2）植被根系作用力及作用范围有限：（3）植被护坡要求边坡处于相对稳定状态。在此基础上，对植被护坡技术的环境适应性以及植被护坡技术的流程模式进行探讨，并提出将传统的边坡加固技术与植被护坡技术有机地结合起来，发挥二者各自的优点，既保证边坡的安全稳定，以及加固措施的长期有效，又实现坡面植被的快速恢复及生态环境保护。     

Method of mitigating the surface erosion of a high-gradient mudstone slope in southwest Taiwan

Soft mudstone dominates the rock mass at southwest Taiwan. Mudstone slakes significantly when it meets water due to a short diagenetic period and poor cementation. Gulleys are visible on the surface of mudstone slopes after rainfall. The low slaking durability resistance of the mudstone causes not only geographical badland but also erosion problems on the highway slopes in the mudstone area. An effective countermeasure for protecting the mudstone slope must contribute to a reduction in surface erosion; facilitate drainage from the slope surface during rainfall; and incorporate a high-strength structure to fight against swelling stress, preserve vegetation, and contribute to slope stabilization. In this study, a new slope erosion countermeasure, the soil-tyre-vegetation method (STV), was applied to an excavated mudstone slope in southwest Taiwan. STV utilizes waste tyres, H-beams, and geotextile. Waste tyres are good for preserving the soil for vegetation on mudstone slopes, mitigating slope erosion. The H-beams support the weight of the vegetation and the soil-filled tyres. The geotextile prevents the loss of fine-grain soil and guarantees drainage from the slope during heavy rainfall. The experimental results for a mudstone slope with a slope angle of 45° showed that STV protected the mudstone slope and improved the condition of the vegetation on it.     

高寒地区JYC生态基材护坡现场试验及测试研究

选取川西高寒高海拔地区鹧鸪山隧道西引道典型的路堑岩质陡边坡作为现场护坡试验工点,介绍JYC生态基材护坡的施工工艺与方法,对植被在高寒气候条件下的生长状况和越冬过夏能力进行长期的监控和评价。3 a多的现场护坡试验表明:JYC生态基材不仅具有良好的保水、保肥,耐旱抗冻和抗侵蚀能力,而且具有优良的团粒结构和黏结性能,能够与锚杆、铁丝网和植物根系组成复合的工程结构,并与岩质陡边坡形成一个有机整体,确保了基材自身和边坡在雨水和严寒条件下的浅、表层稳定。经过3 a多的取样测试表明:JYC生态基材物理性质较稳定,pH值属于中性土壤范围,天然含水率在40%左右,能够很好地满足高寒地区岩石陡边坡植物生长的要求;并且3 a中JYC生态基材养分含量的平均值分别为:全氮3.61 mg/kg,有效磷19.55 mg/kg,有效钾504.90 mg/kg,有机质7.56%,基材属于肥力较强的基质,能够持续提供给植物生长10 a以上的养分。JYC生态基材护坡技术既经济又环保,并能有效地防止土壤的酸化和板结,掺入高分子材料的生态基材护坡方法,是高寒高海拔地区岩质陡边坡生态护坡技术发展的方向。