AR508非甲醛防皱防缩整理剂及应用研究

本文实验验证了乙二醛－水解淀粉及柠檬酸用于棉织物防皱整理的效果，并开发出非甲醛防皱整理剂ＡＲ５０８。对该剂进行了应用研究并将整理织物的防皱，纺缩性能与超低甲醛整理剂Ｎｕｐｗｅｌｌ ＳＤＰ作了对比。     

纯棉织物的柠檬酸耐久性防皱整理

采用单因素分析试验和正交试验L9（3^4）优选了以柠檬酸作交联剂、次磷酸钠作催化剂、三乙醇胺作添加剂对纯棉织物进行非甲醛耐久性防皱整理的工艺条件。     

活性染料与柠檬酸的一浴法染色整理

使用无甲醛的多元羧酸防皱整理剂柠檬酸(CA)与国产活性染料,对纯棉织物进行一浴法染色整理。重点研究了活性染料、柠檬酸、催化剂、碱剂以及焙烘工艺对织物染色整理后的表面染色深度及其保持率、折皱回复角、断裂强度以及牢度等性能的影响。     

亚麻无醛防皱整理剂的合成与应用性能研究

以MA和CA为反应物，研究亚麻无醛防皱整理剂的合成及其应用。通过对产物进行红外光谱图的分析，证实了聚合型多元羧酸(PMA／CA)无醛防皱整理剂的生成，把其应用于亚麻织物的防皱整理，并对影响防皱整理效果的因素进行了分析。结果表明：所合成的聚合型多元羧酸(PMA/CA)，对亚麻具有良好的防皱性，对织物的白度和强力基本无影响。     

聚合／光联型整理剂整理条件的优选

采用新型的聚合／交联型整理剂－Ｎ－羟甲基丙烯酰胺（简称ＮＭＡ）对棉织物进行防皱整理，以解决棉织物防皱整理后强降过大的问题。通过对整理织物的物理机械性能、含氮量、总醛量的测定，分析整理条件对整理效果的影响，优选出最佳的整理条件。     

柠檬酸防皱整理机及丝／棉复合丝织物整理性能的研究

通过测定蚕丝，棉织物经柠檬酸整理前后羧基含量结合蚕丝与纤维的溶解行为证实了酯化反应的发生和交联的形成。柠檬酸整理织物时会损伤纤维，对整理后的蚕丝／棉复合丝牛仔绸的各项性能进行了测试，结果表明，结果表明柠檬酸是较为理想的防皱整理剂。     

酸性染料与低甲醛整理剂的一浴染色整理

使用国产酸性染料和低甲醛防皱整理剂对棉织物进行一浴染色整理，重点研究和讨论了酸性黑１０Ｂ在不同防皱整理剂、催化剂、焙烘条件及添加剂的存在下，对棉织物的染色行为，而且对染色后织物的颜色特怔进行了测定和分析。     

甲壳素型防皱整理剂的研制与应用

无毒无污染的棉织物防皱整理。采用乙酸酐作为壳聚糖→甲壳素的转型固化剂，研制了一种甲壳素型非甲醛的防皱整理剂，径此整理的棉织物获得了良好的耐久性防皱效果。     

真丝绸的柠檬酸和壳聚糖防皱整理

文章讨论了柠檬酸和壳聚糖对真丝绸防皱整理的效果。对柠檬酸、壳聚糖及焙烘温度和焙烘时间等进行了单因素分析，确定了防皱整理的最佳工艺。     

真丝织物的无甲醛防皱整理

采用乙二醛对丝织物进行防皱整理，通过实验，分析了整理剂浓度、焙烘温度、焙烘时间、催化剂用量、柔软剂和甲酸对丝织物防皱性能的影响。结果表明，整理后丝织物防皱性能有较大提高，强力也有不同程度改善。     

Oral administration of apple condensed tannins delays rheumatoid arthritis development in mice via downregulation of T helper 17 (Th17) cell responses

Apples are known to contain high concentrations of phenolic compounds such as condensed tannins. Consumption of condensed tannins has been reported to reduce the risk of many types of chronic diseases including allergies. However, their therapeutic effectiveness and potential in treating autoimmune disease remain controversial. Here, the effect of oral administration of apple condensed tannins (ACT) prepared from apples (Malus pumila cv. Fuji) on bovine type II collagen (CII)‐induced arthritis in DBA1/J mice, a well‐established murine model of human rheumatoid arthritis (RA), was evaluated. As compared to the control (without ACT administration) group, RA development was delayed and a significant reduction in the RA clinical score was observed in the ACT‐administered group. Using cultured splenocytes isolated from CII‐immunized mice, ACT‐administration was shown to decrease the CII‐induced increases in IL‐17 expression and production in vitro. We propose that downregulation of T helper (Th) 17 cells is responsible for the ACT‐induced RA suppression.     

Formation of Malonaldehyde, Formaldehyde, and Acetaldehyde in Apple Juice Induced by Ionizing Radiation

ABSTRACT: We investigated the effects of ionizing radiation on the formation of malonaldehyde (MA), formaldehyde (FA), and acetaldehyde (ACT) in apple juice. The formation of MA, FA, and ACT in both pasteurized and fresh juice increased with radiation dose. The G values (number of species formed per 100 eV absorbed) for MA, FA, and ACT in pasteurized juice were 0.0056, 0.061, and 0.044, respectively. MA concentration decreased rapidly during storage at 5°C, while ACT and FA did not. Irradiation-induced formation of MA, FA, and ACT decreased with decreasing irradiation temperature. Exclusion of oxygen during irradiation reduced formation of ACT and FA, but not MA. Adding 1000 ppm of ascorbate, sorbate, or sulfite to juice before irradiation also decreased MA formation.     

Modification of coffee coproducts by-products by dynamic high pressure,acetylation and hydrolysis by cellulase: A potential functional and sustainable food ingredient

Coffee coproducts (CCP) are significant sources of dietary fiber (DF) and phenolic compounds. Dynamic high-pressure (DHP), acetylation (ACT) and enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulase (ENZ) were investigated as methods to change the technological properties of CCP. The impact of the methods on DF structure and phenolic antioxidants was also assessed. DHP, ACT and ENZ have improved the Water Holding Capacity, Swelling Power and Oil Holding Capacity of CCP by up to 1.50, 1.80 and 1.90 times, respectively. DHP caused the most severe effect in disrupting the DF of the CCP, reducing the particle size. Total and Insoluble DF of CCP (0.63 and 0.58 g/g CCP, respectively) decreased significantly after ACT and ENZ. DHP only caused a minor impact on chlorogenic acid of CCP, leading to a smaller reduction in the antioxidant capacity as compared to that of ACT and ENZ. A potential functional and sustainable food ingredient from CCP with improved technological properties and partial maintenance of its antioxidant status was obtained.     

Simultaneous determination of acetoin and tetramethylpyrazine in traditional vinegars by HPLC method

A rapid and selective HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of acetoin (ACT) and tetramethylpyrazine (TMP). The chromatography was performed on a Zorbax SB-C18 column at 45 °C, with an aqueous mobile phase (1% acetic acid and 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in water, pH 2.5)–(methanol) (45:55, v/v). The flow rate was 0.8 mL/min and UV detection wavelength was 297 nm. This method permits the simultaneous determination of ACT and TMP in fermentative foods with detection limits of 5.625 and 0.033 μg/mL, respectively. The recovery was 96.03% for ACT and 92.06% for TMP. Correlation coefficients were greater than 0.9999 for the two compounds. The linearity ranges for ACT and TMP were in the range of 0.02–20 mg/L and 0.12–80 μg/mL, respectively. The proposed method could be used for routine quality control of foods, beverages, natural products, or pharmaceuticals. Current data suggest that the content of TMP in vinegars is positively correlated with that of ACT.     

凉州熏醋酿造中高产乙偶姻醋酸菌菌株筛选及其发酵条件优化

四甲基吡嗪是传统发酵食品中重要风味物质,而乙偶姻（acetoin,ACT）是其生物合成前体。本实验从凉州熏醋醋醅中分离出了200 株产酸菌株,利用Voges-Proskauer（V-P）显色反应法初筛得到了28 株产乙偶姻的菌株,用火焰离子化检测器结合气相色谱（gas chromatograph-flame ionization detector,GC-FID）法复筛得到了一株高产乙偶姻的菌株C92,经生理生化和16S rRNA鉴定为巴氏醋酸杆菌（Acetobacter pasteurianus）。在单因素试验基础上使用Design-Expert设计响应面优化试验,得到最佳发酵条件为培养温度31.31 ℃、接种量8.27%、pH 6.55、摇床转速209 r/min,此条件下乙偶姻产量最大,达到19.04 g/L,比原始发酵产量高35.8%,证明C92菌株是一株在食醋酿造过程中具有潜在应用价值的菌株。     

山西老陈醋中乙偶姻和川芎嗪的高效液相色谱法测定

采用高效液相色谱法同时测定了山西老陈醋中乙偶姻(ACT)和川芎嗪(TMP)的含量,并对提取方法进行了优化。结果表明:采用Agilent TC-C18(2)色谱柱分析,乙偶姻、川芎嗪的回收率在96.5%~104.1%,相对标准偏差≤1.67%,方法简便、准确,适合山西老陈醋中乙偶姻和川芎嗪的含量测定。     

Validating the accuracy of activity and rumination monitor data from dairy cows housed in a pasture-based automatic milking system

Behavioral observations are important in detecting illness, injury, and reproductive status as well as performance of normal behaviors. However, conducting live observations in extensive systems, such as pasture-based dairies, can be difficult and time consuming. Activity monitors, such as those created for use with automatic milking systems (AMS), have been developed to automatically and remotely collect individual behavioral data. Each cow wears a collar transponder for identification by the AMS, which can collect data on individual activity and rumination. The first aim of this study was to examine whether cow activity levels as reported by the AMS activity monitor (ACT) are accurate compared with live observations and previously validated pedometers [IceQube (IQ), IceRobotics, Edinburgh, UK]. The second aim of the study was to determine if the AMS rumination monitors (RUM) provide an accurate account of time spent ruminating compared with live observations. Fifteen lactating Holstein cows with pasture access were fitted with ACT, RUM, and IQ. Continuous focal observations (0600–2000 h) generated data on lying and active behaviors (standing and walking), as well as rumination. Activity recorded by live observation and IQ included walking and standing, whereas IQ steps measured cow movement (i.e., acceleration). Active behaviors were analyzed separately and in combination to ascertain exactly what behavioral components contributed to calculation of ACT “activity.” Pearson correlations (r_p) were computed between variables related to ACT, RUM, IQ, and live observations of behavior. A linear model was used to assess significance differences in the correlation coefficients of the 4 most relevant groups of variables. Significant but moderate correlations were found between ACT and observations of walking (r_p = 0.61), standing (r_p = 0.46), lying (r_p = −0.57), and activity (r_p = 0.52), and between ACT and IQ steps (r_p = 0.75) and activity (r_p = 0.58) as well as between RUM and observations of rumination (r_p = 0.65). These data indicate that ACT and RUM do reflect cow walking and rumination, respectively, but not with a high degree of accuracy, and lying cannot be distinguished from standing.     

Role of surface alteration in determining the mobility of U(VI) in the presence of citrate: implications for extraction of U(VI) from soils

In the present study, the adsorption of U(VI) by a natural iron-rich sand in the presence of citrate was studied over a range of citrate concentrations and pH values. Adsorption of U(VI) on the iron-rich sand decreased in the presence of increasing concentrations of citrate. Adsorption of citrate to the sand was weak under most conditions studied. Several explanations for the adsorption behavior of U(VI) and citrate were investigated, including aqueous complexation of U(VI) by citrate, competition of U(VI) and citrate for adsorption sites, and extraction of Fe and Al from the sorbent surface by citrate (surface alteration). Although aqueous complexation of U(VI) by citrate may still play a significant role, both competitive adsorption and aqueous complexation proved to be inadequate explanations of the adsorption behavior. Both physical surface alteration (i.e., loss of surface area) and chemical surface alteration (i.e., change in the chemical composition of the sand surface) were investigated, with chemical surface alteration controlling the bulk of U(VI) adsorption. Considering these results, remediation schemes that involve organic complexing agents should address the possibility of surface alteration affecting radionuclide adsorption and mobility.     

Interactive effects of casein micelle size and calcium and citrate content on rennet‐induced coagulation in bovine milk

Interactive effects of casein micelle size and milk calcium and citrate content on rennet‐induced coagulation were investigated. Milk samples containing small (SM) and large (LM) micelles, obtained from individual Holstein cows, were modified by addition of calcium and/or citrate and milk coagulation properties were evaluated in a full factorial design. The results showed that LM milk had a higher relative proportion of casein, coagulated faster, and resulted in a stronger gel than SM milk. Addition of calcium slightly decreased casein micelle size, while addition of citrate slightly increased micelle size. Calcium addition resulted in a shorter coagulation time and the strongest gels, while citrate addition increased the coagulation time and resulted in the weakest gels. Addition of calcium and citrate in combination resulted in intermediate coagulation properties. The interactive effect of micelle size and citrate was significant for gel strength. Microstructural differences between the milk gels were consistent with the rheological properties, for example, the micrographs revealed that a more homogeneous network was formed when calcium was added, resulting in a stronger gel. A more inhomogeneous network structure was formed when citrate was added, resulting in a weaker gel. Thus, variations in casein micelle size and in calcium and citrate content influence rennet‐induced coagulation in bovine milk. The calcium and citrate contents in Swedish milk have changed over time, whereby calcium content has increased and citrate content has decreased. In practical cheese making, calcium is added to cheese milk, most likely altering the role of inherent citrate and possibly influencing casein micelle size. The observed interaction effect between casein micelle size and citrate in this study, suggests that larger micelles with moderate citrate level will result in firmer gels, whereas a higher citrate content reduced gel strength more in case of large than SM. Since firmer gels are likely to retain more protein and fat than less firmer gels, this interaction effect could have implications in practical cheese production.     

Growth and energy generation by Enterococcus faecium FAIR-E 198 during citrate metabolism

Citrate metabolism by Enterococcus faecium FAIR-E 198, isolated from Greek Feta cheese, was studied in various growth media containing citrate either in the presence of glucose, or as the sole carbon source, both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In de Man-Rogosa-Sharpe (MRS) broth with increasing citrate concentrations, cometabolism of citrate and glucose took place. Glucose was stoichiometrically converted into lactate, while citrate into acetate. Glucose consumption and biomass yield were enhanced with increasing initial citrate concentrations, even though maximum specific growth rate was not. When citrate was used as the sole carbon source in increasing initial concentrations, the main end product was acetate. Small amounts of lactate, formate, ethanol, and acetoin were also produced. In all cases, no significant differences were observed between aerobic and anaerobic conditions. However, when citrate was used as sole carbon source, formate production was favored in the absence of oxygen. The present work shows that E. faecium is able to utilize citrate in synthetic media, either in the presence of glucose or as the sole carbon source, resulting in energy production and the formation of aroma compounds.