二维流化床内水平射流影响区试验研究

提出了射流影响区的概念,利用图像处理方法和统计方法研究了二维流化床内水平射流在射流影响区出现的概率。射流在射流影响区中间出现的概率较大,在两侧出现的概率较小,且最大概率点随高度的增加向远离喷嘴的方向发展。研究了流化数和射流气体速度对射流区范围的影响,当流化数和射流气体速度增加时,射流影响区的范围将扩大。当射流气体速度较大时,气泡运动对射流影响区范围的影响减弱。给出了射流影响区加权中心线的关联式。     

高温鼓泡流化床的流化行为

床层温度在20－1000℃范围内,以4种粒径的煤灰为实验物料,研究了不同表观气速下最小流化速度,床层平均空隙率,压力波动标准偏差和主频的变化规律,最小流化速度随床层温度升高而减小;相同床温下,平均空隙率随表观气速升高而增大,不同床温下,压力波动偏差随流化数增加而增大。相同流化数时,B类颗粒的压力波动标准偏差受床层温度变化影响较小,而D类粒子随床层温度升高压力波动标准偏差减小,胡着流化数增加,压力波动主频减小。     

双循环流化床颗粒循环流率的冷态实验研究与预测

在自行搭建的双循环流化床冷态实验系统上研究了鼓泡床静床层高度、颗粒平均粒径、鼓泡床流化风速、快速床总流化风速及一次风量比例等控制参数对颗粒循环流率的影响,提出了基于上述控制参数的颗粒循环流率计算关联式。结果表明:随着鼓泡床流化风速的增加,颗粒循环流率变化不明显;随着快速床中一次风量比例和总流化风速的增加,颗粒循环流率均增大,当一次风量比例和总流化风速达到一定值后,颗粒循环流率的增幅逐渐变缓;颗粒循环流率随着静床层高度的增加而增大,随颗粒平均粒径的增大而减小,且颗粒平均粒径的影响程度较大;所提出的关联式能够较好地预测颗粒循环流率。     

300 MW单炉膛循环流化床锅炉二次风射程的数值模拟

针对大型循环流化床中二次风射流的特性,采用Fluent数值计算软件对300 MW单炉膛大型循环流化床锅炉炉膛进行了数值模拟,研究了二次风口高度、二次风射流角度、二次风风速、一次风风速和炉内颗粒浓度对二次风穿透性和气固两相混合的影响.结果表明:二次风射流深度随着一次风风速的增大和颗粒浓度的提高而减小;当二次风射流速度增大时,射流深度增加;二次风射流角度和二次风喷口位置也会影响二次风射流深度.     

高温流化床的流化特性及结焦非流化行为

在 8 0 mm× 30 mm和 80 mm× 10 mm石英流化床中 ,以低温粘结的高密度聚乙烯和聚丙烯 ,高温粘结的玻璃珠为实验物料 ,研究了高温流化床的流化特性及高温下物料结焦产生的非流化行为。结果表明 ,在本文实验条件下 ,Geldart A、B类高温表面粘结物料 ,床层温度小于其最小粘结温度时 ,床层温度增大 ,颗粒的最小流化速度减小 ;Geldart D类高温表面粘结物料的最小流化速度随温度增加而增大。得出了不同温度下颗粒最小流化速度预测式。床层温度大于最小粘结温度时 ,流化床需在较高的表观气速下才能保持流化 ,床层温度愈高床层流化所需的表观气速越大。研究同时发现 ,颗粒物料的粒径减小 ,流化颗粒的最小粘结温度减小。     

煤粉柔和气化炉内流动特性数值模拟

基于煤粉柔和气化炉的工况特征,采用数值模拟手段研究了喷嘴位置、喷嘴孔径(射流速度)和煤粉平均粒径等对气化炉内气固流场特性、烟气回流比和颗粒平均停留时间等的影响规律。结果表明:柔和气化炉内流场分布主要受二次风喷嘴位置和射流速度的影响,二次风喷嘴位置对流场影响更大;保持一次风和二次风射流速度不变时,随着二次风喷嘴与炉膛中心距离的增加,烟气回流比和颗粒平均停留时间先增大后减小;随着二次风射流速度的增大,烟气回流比增大,而颗粒平均停留时间有所变短;随着煤粉平均粒径减小,烟气回流比变化很小,而颗粒平均停留时间显著延长。     

可视化鼓泡流化床内颗粒流动特性的实验研究

为研究生物质在鼓泡流化床热解过程中床料与生物质颗粒的混合流动特性,设计制造了可以进行可视化流场研究的透明流化床实验台。以20~40目石英砂为床料,利用高速摄影仪对50,80,110 mm 3种静止床层高度下的流动特性进行了可视化研究,获得了不同床高对床层压降、稀相区高度以及气泡大小的影响规律。研究结果表明,床层高度为80 mm时,床层压降波动小,气泡形成均匀,无大气泡产生,整体流化效果最好。以石英砂和玉米秸颗粒为原料,利用PIV技术,在操作风速为0.56,0.69,0.82 m/s,混合质量比为20∶1,30∶1,40∶1的工况下进行实验,获得了操作风速以及混合质量比对颗粒横向速度及纵向速度分布的影响。研究结果发现:随着表观风速的增加,其横向速度整体增加平缓,中心区粒子总体表现横向速度较小,过渡区粒子流动复杂;轴向速度增加较大,中心区上升颗粒的数量增加,中心区颗粒纵向速度比边壁区增加明显;石英砂与玉米秸颗粒的质量比越大,颗粒横向速度略微增加,中心区向上流动的颗粒及纵向速度显著增加,纵向速度分布更加分散。     

新型环形喷动床的喷动机制与喷动特性

在传统喷动床的基础上,设计出一种多喷口环形喷动形式的新型喷动床.实验研究了喷口型式、喷口速度、颗粒类型对这种喷动床床内密相喷动流化区高度、可喷动静止床层高度及床层压降等参数的影响情况.结果表明:颗粒在床内的喷动形式沿床高方向呈现独特分区现象;随着喷口速度的增加,密相喷动高度和可喷动静止床层高度也相应增加;在同样的静止床层高度的情况下,直向型式的喷口更易形成喷动,床层的最小喷动速度几乎与静止床层高度呈线性关系;当床内形成较稳定的喷动后,床层压降随喷口速度的变化不明显,可视为常数.     

内循环流化床大颗粒运动特性实验

内循环流化床能够有效组织颗粒在床内的运动,具有广泛的工业用途。采用荧光大颗粒示踪,运用图像处理法,在二维流化床实验台上,研究了流化风速、静止床层高度等参数对床内大颗粒的速度分布概率以及循环时间的影响。结果表明:提高流化风速和静止床层高度,循环口两侧差压增大,颗粒内循环流率增大,循环时间变短。颗粒横向和纵向速度分布概率的特征显著不同。在低速床中,颗粒纵向速度超过50%分布在负值区域,表现出明显的向下运动的特征。     

水煤膏在二维流化床内的混合

利用图像处理技术在二维流化床试验装置上研究了水煤膏的混合过程。分析了垂直向上射流的脉动特性。利用数字图像相关性分析方法得到了水煤膏在流化床内的混合过程 ,指出水煤膏在流化床内混合的机理 ,并且发现由于射流的引入使颗粒的内循环运动加强     

CFD simulation of jet behaviour and voidage profile in a gas–solid fluidized bed

Based on an Eulerian–Eulerian approach, a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model for gas–solid system has been developed to investigate the hydrodynamics in fluidized beds. With this model, jet penetration height, jet frequency, time‐averaged axial gas velocity profile, and time‐averaged voidage profile have been simulated in a two‐dimensional bed. The computational results indicate that the jet penetration height increases with increasing the jet gas velocity. The jet frequency decreases with increasing the jet gas velocity and decreasing particle diameter. The time‐averaged axial gas velocity profile becomes ‘lower’ and ‘wider’ and the time‐averaged voidage decreases with increasing distance from the jet nozzle. These conclusions appear in good agreement with the experimental and simulated data in the literature. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical model of gaseous fuel jet injection into a fluidized furnace

The paper presents a fluid-porous medium model, developed for stationary 2D predictions of fluidized bed. Dense phase is considered a fixed porous medium, while gas–particle interactions and bubbling phase are modeled regarding balance of friction forces between gas and particles. Like referent measurements, predictions of lateral jet injection into the bed suggest the jet penetration length is strongly affected by fluid velocity at the nozzle outlet, while influences of the nozzle vertical position and inclination angle are not significant. Also, the fluid velocity and the nozzle vertical position exert pronounced effects on mixing rate of components (fuel and oxidizer).     

Analysis of cold flow fluidization test results for various biomass fuels

A systematic theoretical and experimental study was conducted to obtain hydrodynamic properties such as particle size diameter, bulk density, fluidizing velocity, etc. for locally available biomass residue fuels in Malaysia like rice husk, sawdust, peanut shell, coconut shell, palm fiber as well as coal and bottom ash. The tests were carried out in a cold flow fluidization bed chamber of internal diameter 60 mm with air as fluidizing medium. The height of the chamber could be raised up to 630 mm by five separate cylindrical rings. Bed-pressure drop was measured as a function of superficial air velocity over a range of bed heights for each individual type of particle. The data were used to determine minimum fluidization velocity, which could be used to compare with theoretical values. The particle size of biomass residue fuel was classified according to Gildart's distribution diagram. The results show that Gildart's particle size (B) for sawdust, coal bottom ash, coconut shell have good fluidizing properties compared to rice husk, type (D) or palm fiber, type (A). The bulk density and voidage are found to be main factors contributing to fluidizing quality of the bed.     

Numerical study of injection strategy based on cavity combustor under oblique shock wave interference

In this study, the effect of jet injection strategy on the mixing performance of ethylene jets is investigated. Numerical simulations are carried out using the SST k-ω turbulence model and steady RANS. Mesh-independence verification is performed using experimental data from the open literature. The mixing performance, penetration depth, and total pressure loss of the ethylene jets with different injection angles and injection numbers are compared and analyzed. The analysis reveals that the interaction between the ethylene jets in the double-hole jet facilitated the mixing process and has a significant mixing effect in the vicinity of the nozzle. The mixing efficiency of the two-hole jet near the injection nozzle is about 43.4% higher than that of the 90° jet. The vertical incidence still dominates in the penetration depth. The ethylene diffusion distribution of the double-hole jet is more uniform, so the penetration depth of the double-hole jet does not increase, but decays more slowly downstream. In addition, the jet injection strategy has almost no effect on the total pressure loss.     

Heat Transfer from Spiral Tubing in an Air-Fluidized Bed

Coefficients of heat transfer from a coiled Turbotec spiral tube to an air-fluidized bed were measured. Experimental parameters included particle diameter, number of flutes, flute pitch, groove depth, and air fluidizing velocity. Results indicated that the heat transfer coefficient generally increased with increasing fluidizing velocity. A maximum coefficient was observed in some cases. The heat transfer coefficient increased with decreasing particle size. The spiral tube with three flutes had the highest heat transfer coefficients. The spiral tube with four flutes and a pitch of 5.66 cm had gains in heat transfer duty as large as 40% compared to plain tubes. A correlation was formulated which fit the data within the range of experimental error.     

Heat transfer from a horizontal tube in a magnetofluidized bed

Heat transfer coefficient values are reported for a horizontal Nylon 24.1 mm diameter heated probe immersed in an iron shot bed of 1511 μm average diameter and exposed to an external uniform magnetic field collinear with the fluidizing air velocity. The electromagnet produces a maximum constant magnetic-field intensity of 27,850 A/m in a cylindrical central region, 152.4 mm in diameter and 152.4 mm in height, within a constancy of 1%. Total and local heat transfer coefficients are measured at different axial and angular positions over a range of air velocity (0.28–2.50 m/s) and magnetic-field intensity (0.0–19,974 properties, viz., minimum fluidization and bubbling velocities and mean bed voidage.     

Numerical investigation on the mechanism of the effects of plate vibration on mixing and combustion of transverse hydrogen injection

This study numerically investigates the effects of plate vibration and deformation on the combustion performance, the shock wave structure, the mixing characteristics and the flame structure for transverse hydrogen injection. The finite-rate method is used to simulate combustion. Results show that plate vibration causes the combustion performance to oscillate both temporally and spatially, while plate deformation can only change the static characteristics of the flow. Plate vibration and deformation increase the intensity and number of shock wave reflections in different ways. In addition, both plate vibration and deformation increase the momentum flux ratio and the jet penetration depth, which enhances mixing. Finally, plate vibration widens the flame and moves it upward to a greater extent than plate deformation.     

An experimental study on the mixing of inclined heated jets with a cold crossflow

An experimental study is presented for the mixing of one- and dual-line heated jets injected at 60° angle with x-axis into a cold crossflow in a rectangular channel. Measurements of the mean temperature, velocity, and turbulence intensity together with the flow visualization were performed. Self-similar forms for the dimensionless vertical temperature profiles were found. Parametric variations characterizing the mixing processes of the temperature and velocity fields were examined and correlated in terms of the momentum flux ratio and downstream distance. Results show that both the thermal and velocity penetration depths increase with increasing momentum flux ratio and downstream distance. The turbulence intensity is strong within the region of jet half-width, and the maximum value occurs at a point close to the jet velocity trajectory.     

旋进射流冲击平板的传热实验研究

对旋进射流冲击平板时的传热进行了实验研究。通过在圆筒套管内设置一块孔板构成旋进射流喷嘴,得到了持续稳定的旋进射流。对旋进射流的流动特性作了研究,给出了旋进射流的频率与尺寸、Re的关系。用两种不同孔径的旋进射流冲击一块加热平板,并与普通的射流冲击传热作对比。结果表明,由于旋进射流与流体混合作用加剧而大大地降低了流速,使得强化传热的效果减弱,这种趋势在驻点附近尤为明显。     

循环流化床二次风射程的数值模拟和实验

以国内某电厂410 t/h循环流化床锅炉为原型,用有机玻璃按10∶1的比例建立了1套冷模可视化实验装置.在测量二次风喷口所在炉膛截面物料浓度的基础上,对不同二次风速、不同炉膛流化风速条件下二次风的射程进行了实验研究和数值模拟.结果表明:炉膛物料浓度随一次风速的变化而变化,二次风的引入显著地改变了炉膛内物料浓度的分布;在物料特性和喷口特性一定的情况下,二次风的射程随着二次风风速的增加而近似成幂函数增加,其指数在0.5～1之间变化,指数值随着炉膛流化风的增加逐渐减小,且减小幅度逐渐增大.