运用Gibbs自由能最小化方法模拟气流床煤气化炉

基于 Aspen Plus工业系统流程模拟软件 ,运用 Gibbs自由能最小化方法建立了气流床煤气化炉的模型 .研究了气化炉的主要操作参数 (即水煤浆浓度、氧煤比、碳转化率和气化温度 )对气化结果的影响 .对模拟结果进行了分析 ,发现模型基本正确 ,可应用于一些反应机理复杂的气化工艺的化学和热力学平衡计算 .模拟结果表明 ,氧煤比和水煤浆浓度是影响气化炉出口煤气组成的主要因素 ,气化炉温度随着氧煤比的增加而增加 ,也随着水煤浆浓度的增加而增加 .结果还表明 ,氧煤比对气化结果的影响比水煤浆浓度的影响更为显著     

煤基多联产中两种煤气化工艺的模拟与性能比较

以Aspen Plus为模拟工具,采用Gibbs最小自由能反应平衡方法建立了煤气化反应模型,分别模拟了水煤浆气流床的代表Texaco气化工艺、粉煤气流床的代表Shell气化工艺,分析了合成气成分、热值、冷煤气效率、氧耗率、煤耗率等性能指标,探讨了水煤浆浓度、氧煤比、煤种对气化性能的影响,并对两种气化工艺的模拟结果进行了比较。结果表明:在煤的成浆性允许范围内,提高水煤浆浓度有利于提高合成气有效气体含量,可获得更高冷煤气效率;在保证碳转化率的前提下,应尽量降低氧煤比,获得更优气化性能;挥发分高、灰分低的煤种,气化性能更好;粉煤气化的氧耗率、煤耗率低于水煤浆气化,其气化性能更为先进。     

IGCC示范工程煤气化炉的数值模拟

采用Aspen Plus流程模拟软件对某拟建的IGCC示范工程的德士古煤气化炉进行数值模拟,通过考虑碳的不完全转换对计算流程进行了改进,并运用CPD模型预测煤热裂解的产物分布.研究了煤气化炉的重要操作参数(即水煤浆浓度、氧煤比、气化压力和气化温度)对气化结果的影响.在计算区间内,发现高浓度水煤浆浓度范围内,随浓度的增加,煤气的主要成分(H2+CO)的总含量增加.气化温度增大到1400℃左右时,煤气的主要成分随气化温度的进一步增加会趋于一个恒定值.     

水煤浆气化工艺过程的模拟研究与分析

以河南某煤种为反应原料,采用Aspen Plus流程模拟软件对水煤浆气化工艺过程进行了流程模拟,考察分析了气化炉内的氧煤比和煤浆浓度等原料条件以及气化温度和压力等操作条件对气化反应结果的影响,并将模拟结果与实验结果进行比较,结果表明：模型基本正确,在误差许可范围内,模拟结果与气化实验结果基本一致;氧煤比、水煤浆浓度和气化温度是影响气化反应结果的主要因素;气化压力则对煤气化反应结果几乎没有影响,但是加压气化有利于降低后续工段合成气压缩能耗。     

同向多轴水煤浆气化数值模拟研究

为弥补现有水煤浆气流床气化技术的不足,研发了一种同向多轴煤气化装置,采用Aspen Plus建立了同向多轴水煤浆气化数值模拟模型,分析了水煤浆浓度、氧煤比和碳转化率对煤气化效果的影响。结果表明,随着氧煤比的增加,H_2、CO、有效气含量均先增大后降低,气化温度逐渐升高,最佳氧煤比为0.61,此时有效气含量最大。随碳转化率的升高,CO和H_2含量均增大,气化温度逐渐降低,对于气化炉而言,提高碳转化率可增加有效气含量。水煤浆浓度分别为60%、62%和65%时,有效气(干基)含量分别为81.3%、82.5%和84.2%,水煤浆浓度每提高1%,有效气含量增加约0.6%。     

基于PRO/Ⅱ的煤气化工艺模拟与分析

利用PRO/Ⅱ化工模拟软件,对水煤浆气化和粉煤气化过程进行模拟,并将模拟计算值与实际运行值进行比较,误差小于2%,模型基本可靠。考察了氧煤比、煤浆浓度以及不同载气对气化反应的影响。结果表明:在合理的气化温度区间内,低氧煤比有利于获得较高的有效气产量和冷煤气效率;在有效气产量相等条件下,全焦工况的氧煤比最大,掺焦次之,全煤工况最小;煤浆浓度的增加,有助于提高合成气中有效气组成以及产量;在气化温度一定的条件下,氧煤比随着煤浆浓度的增加而降低,煤浆浓度每提高1%,氧煤比下降1%,有效气产量增加1%;CO_2作为载气可以提高合成气中CO含量以及有效气产量;粉煤气化的冷煤气效率高于水煤浆气化,可以达到80%以上。     

提高水煤浆浓度的工艺措施及技术应用

水煤浆气化是应用广泛的一种气化技术,而水煤浆浓度作为水煤浆气化工艺的重要控制指标,直接影响着煤气化过程的氧耗、煤耗及整个气化装置的生产成本.简介水煤浆制备的技术要点,以陕西延长石油兴化化工有限公司水煤浆气化装置制浆系统为例,阐述其通过优化原料煤煤种和科学合理配煤以及新上料浆细磨系统提高水煤浆浓度的工艺措施和技术应用.实...     

压力、煤浆浓度、氧煤比对水煤浆气化的影响

研究了水煤浆气化技术操作参数的优化途径;分析了气化压力、煤浆浓度、氧煤比(氧碳比、氧浆比)对碳转化率、产气率、冷煤气效率、合成气有效组分含量等水煤浆气化参数的影响;对各参数之间的最佳搭配进行了优化;确定了各个量的最佳操作值,为气化装置低能耗、高效益运行提供依据。     

基于Aspen Plus的多元料浆气化工艺模拟与分析

以延安能化气化装置为研究对象,利用Aspen Plus流程模拟软件,建立水煤浆气化过程的平衡模型,分别考察了水煤浆浓度、氧煤比、气化压力三个关键控制参数对气化结果的影响。结果表明:在气化炉可以承受的温度范围内应尽量提高水煤浆浓度;有效气(CO+H_2)含量随氧煤比的增大先增加后减小;气化压力对气化结果基本无影响;控制水煤浆浓度60%～64%、氧煤比0.95左右,能实现较大的经济效益。     

水煤浆水冷壁废锅气化过程的模拟研究

采用Aspen Plus流程模拟软件模拟了水煤浆水冷壁废锅气化过程,并将模拟结果与工业运行数据对比,验证了模型准确性。在此基础上,分析了气化压力和水煤浆浓度对气化温度、有效气产量、合成气组成、氧煤比、比氧耗和比煤耗等气化参数的影响。结果表明,气化压力对气化过程基本没有影响,可根据需要选择适宜压力;当保持氧气流量恒定时,随水煤浆浓度增大,有效气含量增加,气化温度升高,即提高水煤浆浓度易导致气化炉飞温,因此进一步研究了在前述模拟条件不变,且保持气化温度恒定时,水煤浆浓度变化对气化参数的影响。结果表明,随水煤浆浓度增大,氧煤比降低,有效气含量增加,比氧耗、比煤耗降低,因此在气化炉不超温的情况下,应尽量提高水煤浆的浓度,以降低系统能耗。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。