连续重整装置再生注氯系统异常情况分析及处理

对中国石油辽河石化公司0.6 Mt/a连续重整装置催化剂再生单元注氯系统出现的异常情况：再生注氯泵入口杂质聚集、再生注氯泵安全阀内漏、再生注氯泵入口管线冬季冻凝所引起的再生注氯异常情况进行分析并得出相应的结论及应对措施及建议。     

连续重整装置催化剂再生系统运行问题分析及对策

催化剂再生系统是连续重整装置的重要组成部分。针对中石化洛阳分公司70万t/a连续重整装置在运行中存在低温部位氯腐蚀、再生器和反应器中心筒跑剂问题、反应器下部料腿堵塞和空料腿现象、重整反应器上部料斗提升氢后路约翰逊网堵塞问题和再生频繁热停问题,分析了这些问题产生的原因并提出具体应对措施。     

连续重整装置脱氯工艺技术

分析了连续重整装置预加氢、重整及再接触和催化剂再生部分氯元素来源及危害,介绍了石脑油油气脱氯工艺,重整生成油(包括液化石油气)和重整氢脱氯工艺,以及再生循环气和放空气脱氯工艺流程及工业应用情况,并讨论了碱洗、Chlorsorb氯吸附和固体脱氯剂脱氯技术在再生循环气和放空气脱氯中的优缺点。总结比较了国内不同型号的脱氯剂的工艺技术指标及脱氯效果,并简要介绍了连续重整装置中与脱氯工艺同时使用的控制装置腐蚀的其它方法。     

榆林炼油厂100万吨/年连续重整装置长周期运行分析

通过对榆林炼油厂连续重整装置预加氢反应系统压降、装置氯腐蚀、重整反应水氯平衡、再生工艺操作、汽轮机组空冷岛防冻和重整四合一炉防腐蚀等影响装置长周期运行问题的分析和总结,实施了相应的整改措施,延长了重整催化剂的使用寿命和再生系统关键设备的使用周期,提高了连续重整装置自控程度和安全程度,实现了装置三年一检修的长周期运行目标。     

国产连续重整技术在装置改造中的应用探讨

介绍了国内开发的连续重整工艺和具有连续重整特点的低压组合床工艺,其独特的LPEC催化剂连续再生技术在国内半再生重整装置和第一代连续重整装置的改造中具有一定的应用前途.对中国石化洛阳分公司连续重整装置采用LPEC催化剂连续再生技术扩能改造进行了探讨分析,认为改造技术先进、可靠,装置设备利旧率达到了76.8%,具有良好的经济和社会效益.     

重整催化剂再生过程中注氯量的调节

对重整催化剂再生过程氧氯化进行分析，提出了重整催化剂再生时注氯量的调节依据，根据近期内提升时第一反应器床层和出口温度的变化情况，得出了催化剂再生时水氯平衡的调节原则。     

Chlorsorb氯吸附技术与碱洗技术的应用对比

介绍了传统碱洗技术与Chlorsorb氯吸附技术在连续重整装置中的工业应用情况,提出Chlorsorb氯吸附系统,流程简化、操作简单、操作成本较低,避免了催化剂再生单元因为碱洗系统堵塞而被迫停工的可能,同时也避免产生含碱、含盐废水的现象。但Chlorsorb氯吸附技术在国内的应用尚在起步阶段,其脱氯效果及对催化剂的影响还有待进一步考察。     

ET系列脱氯剂在连续重整装置中的应用

根据连续重整装置不同部位的工艺特点,探讨了ET系列脱氯剂在连续重整装置的预加氢高温脱氯、重整产氢低温脱氯及连续重整再生循环气高温脱氯中的应用。结果表明:ET系列脱氯剂能较好地脱除重整进料、重整产氢和再生循环气中的氯化氢,较好地消除了氯化氢对装置的腐蚀隐患。     

固定床半再生重整装置长周期运行分析

本文从离心式重整循环氢压缩机长期运行、氯腐蚀与氯结盐、重整催化剂活性3个方面分析了对固定床半再生重整装置长周期运行的影响：指出了固定床半再生重整装置长周期运行应努力的方向。     

RC031连续重整催化剂的工业试生产

在不降低RC031（生产型号）催化剂比表面积的情况下,可实现降低高铂型连续重整催化剂积炭速率和提高芳烃收率。催化剂的工业试生产结果表明,在反应条件相同情况下,与原有高铂型连续重整催化剂相比,具有选择性高、积炭速率低、水热稳定性好、持氯性能强和再生性能优良等特点。连续重整装置在不增加再生能力的前提下,可以在更高苛刻度或更高处理量下操作,最大限度地增加装置的经济效益。     

Axial dispersion of particles in a slugging column—the role of the laminar wake of the bubbles

Axial solid dispersion promoted by Taylor bubbles in a batch liquid column was studied. A mechanistic model was developed to predict the axial solid dispersion. The model is based on the upward transport of particles inside closed wakes of non-interacting Taylor bubbles. The model predictions are compared with experimental data. The experimental data were obtained in a test tube of internal diameter. The particle volumetric distribution was measured by several differential pressure transducers placed along the column. Two classes of glass beads, mean diameter 180 and , were suspended in aqueous glycerol solutions, with glycerol percentage ranging from 40% (v/v) to 100% (v/v). The amount of particles in the column was such that the volumetric particle fractions were 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3, supposing homogeneous liquid-solid suspension. The air flow rate ranged from 90×10⁻⁶ to at PTN conditions. The obtained experimental data are in good agreement with the model predictions for laminar wakes, i.e., closed wakes with internal recirculation and without vortex shedding. The experimental data show a higher upward particle transport for wakes in the transition laminar-turbulent regime; closed wakes with internal recirculation and vortex shedding. The upward particle transport is higher for increasing air flow rate, decreasing particle diameter and increasing amount of particles in the column.     

固体表面接枝聚合物刷的研究与进展

回顾了近年对固体表面接枝聚合物的有关研究,描述了聚合物刷的结构特征及其理论研究。重点介绍了由物理吸附法,“接枝到表面”法和“从表面接枝”法制备聚合物刷的路径和最新研究进展,并介绍了聚合物刷的应用。“从表面接枝”法是近年来研究聚合物刷的热点,不但可以用传统聚合法在一般固体表面接枝聚合物,还可以通过可控聚合或活性聚合在纳米颗粒表面接枝,实现无机．有机聚合物纳米复合材料的组装。     

A study of the influence of the synthesis conditions upon the catalytic properties of silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieves

The skeletal isomerization of 1butene was performed over a series of silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieves with AEL structure (SAPO11). The results were compared with those obtained over an aluminophosphate molecular sieve (AlPO₄11). The three SAPO11 samples, with different acidic properties, were synthesized by either varying the chemical composition of the synthesis gel or by varying the preparation time of the aforementioned gel. The catalytic results indicate that irrespective of how the acidity of the SAPO11 samples is changed (viz., independently of the method elected to modify the acidic properties of the samples), a close parallelism between the selectivity towards the skeletal isomerization and the number of (moderate + strong) Brønsted acid sites (sites retaining pyridine above 623 K) was observed for the SAPO11 solids. These results, definitively, indicate the participation of these acid sites in the skeletal isomerization process.     

Chemosensory stimuli for the walking legs of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii

Studies of chemoreception in crustaceans have shown that flesh-eating species can detect amino acids, nucleotides and derivatives, and amines, while most herbivorous and omnivorous species are additionally sensitive to carbohydrates. We used extracellular recording techniques to evaluate the effectiveness of a range of nitrogen-containing compounds (mostly amino acids), bile acids, and carbohydrates in stimulating chemoreceptor cells present in the second and third pereopods of the omnivorous crayfish Procambarus clarkii. When applied at a final concentration of 100 M, effective stimuli were trehalose, leucine, cellobiose, glycine, sucrose, maltose, and ammonium (from most to least effective). The other 17 compounds tested, many chosen because they are potent stimuli for other crustaceans, were ineffective stimuli for P. clarkii. Concentration–response functions were determined for three single cells that were sensitive to ammonium, for five multiunit fibers sensitive to glycine, and for six multiunit fibers sensitive to leucine. Thresholds ranged from 10 nM to 10 M, functions were generally linear when plotted against the log of the stimulus concentration, and there was little evidence of saturation. While P. clarkii is sensitive to only seven of 24 compounds tested, the compounds that proved stimulatory should serve as cues for location and identification of food items preferred by this omnivorous crustacean.     

Sequestration of Host Plant Glucosinolates in the Defensive Hemolymph of the Sawfly Athalia rosae

Interactions between insects and glucosinolate-containing plant species have been investigated for a long time. Although the glucosinolate–myrosinase system is believed to act as a defense mechanism against generalist herbivores and fungi, several specialist insects use these secondary metabolites for host plant finding and acceptance and can handle them physiologically. However, sequestration of glucosinolates in specialist herbivores has been less well studied. Larvae of the turnip sawfly Athalia rosae feed on several glucosinolate-containing plant species. When larvae are disturbed by antagonists, they release one or more small droplets of hemolymph from their integument. This reflex bleeding is used as a defense mechanism. Specific glucosinolate analysis, by conversion to desulfoglucosinolates and analysis of these by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array UV spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, revealed that larvae incorporate and concentrate the plant's characteristic glucosinolates from their hosts. Extracts of larvae that were reared on Sinapis alba contained sinalbin, even when the larvae were first starved for 22 hr and, thus, had empty guts. Hemolymph was analyzed from larvae that were reared on either S. alba, Brassica nigra, or Barbarea stricta. Leaves were analyzed from the same plants the larvae had fed on. Sinalbin (from S. alba), sinigrin (B. nigra), or glucobarbarin and glucobrassicin (B. stricta) were present in leaves in concentrations less than 1 mol/g fresh weight, while the same glucosinolates could be detected in the larvae's hemolymph in concentrations between 10 and 31 mol/g fresh weight, except that glucobrassicin was present only as a trace. In larval feces, only trace amounts of glucosinolates (sinalbin and sinigrin) could be detected. The glucosinolates were likewise found in freshly emerged adults, showing that the sequestered phytochemicals were transferred through the pupal stage.     

环保型阻燃湿法合成革的研制

用液态的磷酸酯阻燃剂对涤/棉配比基布进行浸渍处理,处理量占基布质量的5 %（干重比）,可使基布达到美国FMVSS-302阻燃标准的B级阻燃效果。通过6种阻燃剂在聚氨酯树脂中的不同配比试验,考察了不同阻燃剂组合及其用量对聚氨酯树脂阻燃性能的影响。结果表明,氢氧化铝/间苯二酚双/磷酸酯（12/2/2,质量份,下同）复合阻燃剂配方体系所制试样燃烧速度为0 mm/min,阻燃效果可达到A级;将其涂覆于阻燃处理的基布上即可制得环保型阻燃合成革,阻燃性能可以通过多国的阻燃标准。     

Yeasts Reduce the Stimulatory Effect of Acetate Esters from Apple on the Germination of Botrytis cinerea Conidia

The fungus, Botrytis cinerea, causes decay in apples in postharvest storage. Conidia of B. cinerea on polycarbonate membranes were incubated on filter paper disks saturated with water or suspensions of yeasts (2 × 10⁶ CFU/filter) and then exposed for 24 hr at 22°C to 0–16 l of ethyl, butyl, or hexyl acetates injected into the headspaces of 500-cc glass jars. Germination of conidia was increased by exposure to 4–16 l of ethyl acetate compared to the no-ester controls. Conidia were stimulated to germinate by 4 l of butyl acetate and 8 l of hexyl acetate, but greater volumes were toxic to germination. The yeasts Cryptococcus laurentii and Sporobolomyces roseus were more effective at reducing the stimulatory effect than Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Acetate esters also stimulated germination of conidia on polycarbonate membranes on apples inside jars. Cryptococcus laurentii or S. roseus suppressed this effect more than S. cerevisiae. Germination of conidia on a membrane on water inside a 3.9-liter jar containing an apple was 2.5-fold greater than the no-apple control. Butyl acetate increased Botrytis infection of apple wounds. Butyl and hexyl acetate were detected by GLC in the headspace of Golden Delicious apples. Results indicated that some acetate esters produced by apple stimulated germination of B. cinerea conidia, and this effect was suppressed by yeasts.     

优化WS-800 PVC树脂生产工艺的研究

通过降低聚合温度,调整复合引发剂配比、链转移剂用量,加入抗“鱼眼”剂等方法进一步优化了工艺配方,制备出“鱼眼”数少、树脂质量好的聚合度为800的PVC树脂。     

PVC-U管件生产中"白斑"产生的机理及解决办法

通过分析注射过程中PVC熔体在模具内的流动过程,指出了PVC-U管件制品“白斑”形成的原因,提出了在生产过程中消除“白斑”的方法,主要有调整工艺条件及配方、改进模具设计等。