接枝物包覆合成云母填充聚丙烯复合材料的界面形态及性能

采用不同用量配比马来酸酐接枝均聚聚丙烯(iPP-MA)及马来酸酐接枝聚烯烃弹性体(POE-MA)对合成云母进行包覆后,填充到均聚聚丙烯(iPP)中制备复合材料,对包覆云母沉降行为及复合材料断面形态、性能进行研究。结果表明,固定接枝物用量,随着POE-MA含量的增多,复合材料界面结合呈现改善趋势。iPP-MA对材料屈服前比基本断裂功(We,y)的提高有利,而POE-MA对材料屈服前比非基本断裂功(β′Wp,y)提高有利。     

TAIC助交联对聚丙烯发泡性能的影响

在过氧化二异丙苯(DCP)引发下,研究三烯丙基异氰脲酸酯(TAIC)对聚丙烯(PP)的交联改性,比较单纯DCP和DCP/TAIC交联体系对PP熔体强度及其发泡性能的影响。加入TAIC前后,分别对PP的抗熔垂能力和熔体流动速率、PP发泡材料的凝胶率和力学性能进行测定。结果表明,与单纯DCP相比,DCP/TAIC交联体系对PP熔体强度的改善效果较好,而且相应的发泡材料具有较高的拉伸强度和直角撕裂强度,同时,偏光显微镜观察结果表明,经DCP/TAIC交联后的PP发泡材料表面更为光滑、泡孔细密且均匀一致。     

原位交联改性PP/POE共混物的等温结晶行为

采用热塑性聚烯烃弹性体(POE)作为增韧材料,以过氧化二异丙苯(DCP)为交联剂制备了PP/POE共混物。利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和偏光显微镜(PLM)研究了PP/POE共混物等温结晶行为,并用Avrami方程分析了PP/POE共混物结晶动力学。结果表明,POE的加入能起到异相成核的作用,加快了PP的结晶成核速率。Avrami指数在1.93～3.09,DCP的引入对聚丙烯(PP)的成核与生长机理影响不大,但其原位交联作用阻碍了PP分子链的运动,使得PP结晶速率降低,结晶时间延长。     

过氧化物作用下硫磺对等规聚丙烯的改性

为防止等规聚丙烯(PP)在过氧化二异丙苯(DCP)作用下降解,同时促进其交联,采用硫磺为交联助剂,二硫化四甲基秋兰姆(TMTD)为促进剂对PP进行改性。通过对改性PP的熔融指数(MFR)及力学性能的测定表明,加入硫磺后相比纯PP其MFR值降低为原来的1/3,而冲击强度提高了近240%,断裂伸长率提高了70%。通过差示扫描量热(DSC)和动态热力学分析(DMA)研究表明,在硫磺的作用下,大分子自由基稳定性提高,PP降解受到抑制,链段间产生了交联或接枝结构。     

过氧化二异丙苯硫化制备增强耐热聚乳酸

聚乳酸的链段结构对其热力学性能有重要影响。过氧化二异丙苯(DCP)作为自由基引发剂,通过反应性共混可以诱导聚合物分子链支化、交联,进行功能化改性。文中制备了一系列不同DCP添加量的PLA/DCP共混物,重点研究了DCP含量对聚乳酸(PLA)熔融结晶行为、流变行为、耐热性能和力学性能的影响。结果表明,DCP可以诱导PLA的分子链支化和交联。当DCP质量分数大于0.5%时,交联反应占据主导作用,共混扭矩显著升高、复数黏度增大。DCP引发PLA分子链自交联,不熔的PLA链段可以作为成核中心,大幅提高了PLA成核密度,进而提高其结晶速率和结晶度。DCP的添加可以有效地提高聚乳酸的拉伸强度,但对断裂伸长率和冲击强度的影响较小。经过退火,共混物的力学性能保持不变,共混物的耐热性能大幅提高。当DCP质量分数大于0.5%时,共混物的维卡软化温度可以提高到155℃。     

共聚聚丙烯材料的断裂行为

采用基本断裂功方法(EWF)评价了四种不同牌号共聚聚丙烯材料的断裂韧性和塑性功,并结合材料的热性能及力学性能进行了分析。研究发现,EWF方法比常规力学性能可更有效地揭示材料长期破坏行为的特征。各种共聚聚丙烯的比非基本断裂功βωp相差不太大,但长期断裂破坏行为较好的材料(A和B)的比基本断裂功ωe相对较大,说明它们在断裂过程中抵抗裂纹扩展的能力较强;而且其屈服前与屈服后的比基本断裂功ωe,y,ωe,n都比较大;长期断裂破坏行为较差的材料C的ωe,y,ωe,n均很低．而材料D的ωe,n虽较高．但ωe,y较小,这可能与材料的晶粒数量和大小有关。     

聚丙烯种类对硅烷交联PP/POE(EPDM)共混材料性能的影响

目的 针对聚丙烯原料的选择对硅烷交联PP/POE(EPDM)共混材料性能的影响,进行系统的研究分析。方法 固定PP和POE(EPDM)的质量比为70∶30,添加VTMS,DCP,DBTDL的质量分数为1.5%,0.1%和0.1%,制备分别以PP-B和PP-H为基体材料的硅烷交联共混材料;研究2种共混材料的凝胶含量、结晶行为、流变性能、力学性能、微观结构等的差异,分析不同基体聚丙烯对硅烷交联聚丙烯共混材料力学性能产生影响的原因。结果 虽然PP-B的性能优于PP-H,但与POE(EPDM)硅烷交联后,PP-H在力学性能、热稳定性等方面优于PP-B,PP-B的交联程度更高。结论 在PP/POE(EPDM)硅烷交联材料的选择中,为了达到节省资源,并获得最佳性能的目的,应充分考虑聚丙烯原料种类对共混材料性能的影响,以选择出最优方案。     

POE/LDPE共混交联改性发泡PP力学性能的研究

采用低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)和乙烯-1-辛烯共聚物(POE)作为增韧材料,以过氧化二异丙苯(DCP)和三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯(TM)为交联体系制备共混交联改性聚丙烯(PP),通过多指标正交实验研究共混交联改性的配方,分析了共混交联改性对PP力学性能的影响.结果表明：最佳改性配方为PP 70%,LDPE/POE 20/10%,DCP 0.2%,TM 0.6%,纳米ZnO 1%;共混交联改性对PP具有良好的增韧作用,冲击强度提高了490%;共混交联改性PP的结晶速率下降,熔融温度范围由原来的17.3 ℃增加到21.8 ℃,而结晶度还有所增大.实验最终表明：采用POE/LDPE共混交联改性PP制备出的发泡塑料发泡效果较好.     

化学助剂对淀粉/EVA复合发泡材料力学性能的影响

在以淀粉和乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)为主料制备复合发泡材料的过程中,原料中各种化学助剂对复合发泡材料的力学性能影响显著。重点研究了发泡剂(NaHCO3)、增塑剂(甘油)、交联剂(DCP)3种化学助剂的用量对淀粉/EVA复合发泡材料拉伸强度和断裂伸长率的影响,结果表明:NaHCO3存在一优化值,使得材料拉伸强度达到最小值,同时断裂伸长率达到最大值;复合发泡材料的拉伸强度随着甘油含量的增加而逐渐降低,断裂伸长率则呈现相反的趋势;当DCP含量在0.6%~0.9%时,拉伸强度和断裂伸长率都达到最大值。     

不同双硫酯用量下RAFT自由基交联聚合体系的反应动力学及交联结构

考察了二硫代苯甲酸苄酯(BDB)用量对二甲基丙烯酸聚乙二醇酯/甲基丙烯酸聚乙二醇甲基醚酯可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)自由基交联聚合动力学、凝胶行为和交联结构的影响.随BDB用量增加,增长自由基浓度降低,导致聚合速率不断下降.链自由基与休眠链的加成反应进入扩散控制后使得RAFT交联聚合出现自加速,随BDB用量增加自加...     

Microstructure-related fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth behaviour in toughened, anhydride-cured epoxy resins

Fracture toughness and fatigue crack propagation (FCP) of plain and modified anhydride-cured epoxy resin (EP) were studied at ambient temperature. Liquid carboxyl-terminated acrylonitrile-butadiene (CTBN) and silicon (SI) rubber dispersions were used as tougheners for the EP. The morphology of the modified EP was characterized by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The fracture toughness, K_c, of the compositions decreased with increasing deformation rate. K_c of the EP was slightly improved by CTBN addition and practically unaffected by incorporation of the SI dispersion when tests were performed at low cross-head speed, v. Both modifiers improved K_c at high v, and also the resistance to FCP, by shifting the curves to higher stress intensity factor ranges, ΔK, by comparison with the plain EP. It was established that both fracture and fatigue performance rely on the compliance, J_R, at the rubbery plateau, and thus on the apparent molecular mass between crosslinks, M_c. The failure mechanisms were less dependent upon the loading mode (fracture, fatigue), but differed basically for the various modifiers. Rubber-induced cavitation and shear yielding of the EP were dominant for CTBN, whereas crack bifurcation and branching controlled the cracking in SI-modified EP. The simultaneous use of both modifiers resulted in a synergistic effect for both the fracture toughness at high deformation rate and the FCP behavior.     

微观组织结构对C/C复合材料力学行为的影响

采用快速化学液相气化渗透法制备了2D-C/C复合材料,沉积温度为1200-1250℃, 系统压力约0.1MPa.利用偏光显微镜及扫描电子显微镜观察了不同沉积温度制备的基体热解碳的微观组织结构及断口形貌.实验结果表明,1200℃沉积的基体热解碳中粗糙层组织占大多数,其弯曲强度较高、韧性较低; 1250℃的基体热解碳呈现为光学各向异性程度不同的光滑层/粗糙层交替层状组织,其弯曲强度较低、韧性较高,具有非脆性断裂行为.不同微观结构的材料具有不同的强度及断裂模式,除了纤维/基体间界面结合强度不同外,不同温度沉积得到的热解碳微观结构的不同引起裂纹在不同微观结构碳层内的扩展阻力也会不同.此外,裂纹在光滑层/粗糙层界面处的偏转会导致断裂面的高低不平,从而使后者韧性增强.     

Phenomenological behaviour of long and short chain polypropylenes under tension

Abstract

Long and short chain polypropylenes, designated PP-L (long chains with lower melt flow index) and PP-R (short chains with higher melt flow index), were subjected to tensile deformation at strain rates in the range 10^-5-10^-1 s-¹ to examine microstructural evolution and tensile flow behaviour as a function of strain and strain rate. Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterise surface deformation processes and fracture surfaces of the polypropylenes. The surface of tensile deformed PP-L was characterised by closely spaced crazes. The array of crazes multiplied with an increase in strain and strain rate and grew inwards. The final separation occurred by tearing along the individual bundles of crazes growing from opposite faces, resulting in crazing–tearing at the edge and a brittle mode of fracture in the centre. In PP-R, the predominant mode of deformation at all strain rates was wedge cracking. Additionally, ductile ploughing was observed at low strain rates and less pronounced crazing at all strain rates investigated. Final fracture at various strain rates occurred through a combination of wedge cracking and brittle fracture, connected by plastic flow, around the wedge cracks. The modes of deformation are summarised and depicted in terms of rate of mechanical deformation–strain diagrams, providing a broad perspective of deformation processes operating in different deformation rate–strain regimes. The modes and domains of deformation processes varied depending on the physical and mechanical characteristics of the material (long chain and short chain). Regarding the tensile flow behaviour, the yield stress increased linearly with an increase in strain rate, and followed the thermal activation concept, with an activation volume consistent with the thickness of the lamellar crystallite. True stress–true strain plots indicated an increase in flow stress with increase in strain rate. Depending on the melt flow conditions, the flow behaviour of the two polypropylenes exhibited differences in strain rate sensitivity.     

热固性浇注 PBX 力学行为的影响因素探讨

利用拉伸实验、压缩实验、巴西实验对浇注黏结炸药（PBX）的力学行为进行了研究,探讨了影响浇注PBX 力学行为的因素。实验结果表明,浇注 PBX 的力学行为分为脆性断裂和延性断裂两种形式;在固化阶段的不同时间点浇注 PBX 的力学行为不同,当固化度为70％--80％时,浇注 PBX 表现出延性断裂的特征;当浇注 PBX 的固化度在80％以上时,药柱的力学行为受到固化温度和胶黏剂分子量等的影响。对于含有同一分子量端羟基聚丁二烯（HTPB）的浇注 PBX,固化温度越高,其力学行为越趋近于脆性断裂特征;经同一固化温度后,HTPB分子量越小,浇注 PBX 的力学行为越趋近于脆性断裂的特征。对产生上述现象的原因进行了分析。     

不同含量改性纳米粉体对球墨铸铁拉伸性能的研究

通过冲入法将改性纳米粉体M加入到球墨铸铁中,研究了不同含量的改性纳米粉体M对球墨铸铁组织和拉伸性能的影响。实验结果表明,加入0.01%(质量分数)改性纳米粉体M后,石墨球的综合性能提升最明显,其尺寸减小且变得均匀,数量增加,圆整度提高,晶粒得到细化,珠光体含量降低,铁素体含量增加,拉伸性能得到提升。抗拉强度提高到493.82 MPa,延伸率提高到19.09%。通过断口分析,确定其拉伸断裂的机理为混合式断裂。     

某壳体断裂原因分析

目的分析某产品壳体在靶场试验中出现断裂疵病的原因,并提出预防和改进措施。方法通过对断口进行宏微观观察、金相组织检查和化学成分分析检测、力学性能试验、验证试验及强度计算等,初步确定了壳体断裂性质和原因。结果对改进结构的壳体进行了结构强度的验证试验,经对射击试验后回收的壳体进行拆分检测,原发生断裂现象的位置无破坏、裂纹现象,变形量满足产品图定要求,改进结构的壳体结构强度满足要求。结论通过验证试验再次确定了断裂原因:壳体密封圈槽处壁厚差超差;壳体材质C元素含量偏高,材料的脆性较大;断口处材料偏析严重;结构设计强度裕度不足。根据壳体断裂原因,提出了相应的预防措施。     

Initial fracture behavior of satin woven fabric composites

Final fractures of composites is considered to be caused by cumulation of the microfractures, so that, the initiation of microfracture, namely, initial fracture is important factor to know the mechanical properties. Microfracture behaviors in textile composites were regarded to be decided by the geometry of textile fabric quantitatively. In this study, initial fracture in plain and satin woven fabric composites was investigated and the effect of weaving structure on initial fracture behavior was clarified. First, in order to investigate the geometry of textile fabric, crimp ratio and aspect ratio were measured. Tensile testing was performed and knee point on the stress–strain curve was identified. Fracture process of composites was observed by replica method. Initial fracture in plain woven fabric composite was confirmed as transverse crack in weft fiber bundle, on the other hand, in satin woven fabric composites both transverse crack and filament fracture at the same time was observed. The effects of changes in crimp ratio and aspect ratio on the initial fracture of woven fabric composites were discussed.     

Influence of γ′ and grain boundary carbide on tensile fracture behaviors of Nimonic 263

Tensile fracture behaviors of Nimonic 263 after three different heat treatments have been investigated. Standard heat treatment produces 10% γ′ coupled with precipitate free zones (PFZs), and M₂₃C₆ carbide densely distributed at grain boundaries (GBs). Alternative heat treatment causes dense distribution of GB carbides and precipitation of 1–3% γ′ with the absence of PFZs. Solution-treated sample has neither γ′ nor M₂₃C₆ carbide. Room temperature tensile tests indicate both standard and alternative heat-treated samples show intergranular fracture, but the elongation of the latter is two times larger than that of the former. The combined effect of GB carbides and intensive slip bands accounts for the intergranular fracture. The γ′ volume fraction affects elongation. Solution-treated sample displays transgranular fracture mode. Lack of restriction to dislocation mobility in grains interior and the weak interaction between GBs and dislocations are responsible for the transgranular fracture. The effect of PFZs on fracture mode may be negligible.     

X70管线钢焊缝金属弯曲脆断分析

用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱仪分析了X70管线钢焊缝金属弯曲脆断的原因。结果表明，焊缝金属中存在的非金属夹杂物，在低应力作用下形成微裂纹成为裂源，加之焊缝组织中存在大量的M-A结构群，从而发生焊缝金属在室温下的解理断裂。     

乙烯含量对抗冲共聚PP非等温结晶行为的影响

利用DSC研究了不同结晶速率下四种具有不同乙烯含量的抗冲共聚聚丙烯的非等温结晶动力学,采用Avrami方程和Avrami-Ozawa方程的结合（莫氏法）分析了非等温结晶动力学,结果表明,四种样品的Avrami指数在5～6范围内,说明具有不同乙烯含量的四种样品中的PP的结晶方式并不随冷却速率的变化而变化.F（T）的值随结晶度的增加而增加,a的值也有相似的变化,但变化不大,表明冷却速率越快,在单位时间内的结晶度越大,结晶方式并无多大变化。