中小河流健康诊断大数据平台的设计与应用

为解决传统数据管理平台难以快速、全面地对河流系统进行管理决策的问题,应用大数据技术构建河流大数据平台具有重要意义。从河流大数据的概念、河流大数据平台的架构以及河流大数据平台的实现3个方面对河流大数据平台进行了探讨,提出了构建以Hadoop为基础架构,以信息集成模型、河流健康诊断模型、河流风险预警模型、决策支持模型为驱动,以河流大数据为支撑的河流大数据决策支持平台,实现河流健康的诊断与风险预警,为河长制中河流系统的信息化高效管理提供新的思路。     

基于CATIA的引水隧洞施工进度三维可视化研究

针对水电工程引水隧洞三维模型不能重复利用,并且三维建模与施工进度可视化展示平台不统一的不足,将CATIA引入引水隧洞施工进度三维可视化研究中,在其平台上实现隧洞施工进度三维可视化。关键技术包括参数化方法、设计过程模板化技术、知识工程设计表技术和二次开发技术,通过建立引水隧洞三维参数化模型与施工进度计划的关联,模拟施工过程。以某工程引水隧洞压力管道竖井为例,建立了基于CATIA的引水隧洞压力管道竖井三维参数化模型,并建立了三维模型与施工进度计划的关联,实现了隧洞施工进度三维可视化。结果表明,该研究实现了三维建模平台与施工进度可视化平台的统一,提高了施工进度可视化的效率,为施工进度计划的合理与高效制定提供了理论与技术支持。     

水利工程三维可视化仿真研究与应用

针对目前水利工程建模过程复杂和效率低等问题,提出基于World Wind的水利工程三维建模方法。设计了三维建模流程,基于World Wind搭建三维数字地球平台,构建三维可视化模型,并实现模型在平台上的加载与管理。以陕西省引汉济渭工程为例,建立可视化环境,开发水库三维模型,并在数字地球平台上实现水库模型的加载与展示。实例表明:基于World Wind的数字地球平台具有较好的扩展性与可视化效果,提出的水利工程三维建模方法能够有效实现水利工程的三维可视化仿真,具有较好应用价值和推广前景。     

河流二维水质模型与地理信息系统的集成研究

根据水质预测、管理的不同需求,提出基于二维对流扩散方程的三种水质计算模式:连续点源排放水质模型,瞬时点源排放水质模型,有限体积法求解的数值解水质模型。基于MO进行GIS系统的组件式开发,实现了GIS平台下河势贴体河道二维正交网格的自动生成,解决了二维水体的空间网格离散问题。在此基础上,将三种类型的二维水质模型模块与GIS平台集成,以更好满足水质预测与管理在水质模型计算方式选取、计算精度与实现效率等方面的需求。     

供水泵站变速节能调节的MATLAB建模仿真

以模型通用、节能减排为目标,以MATLAB中的SIMULINK为仿真平台,用模块化的建模思路取代利用计算机汇编语言编程模拟的繁琐过程,实现对供水泵站并联管路系统变速节能调节的仿真计算,并运用MATLAB强大的图形绘制功能实现泵站变速运行的曲线绘制和分析,重点构建供水系统变速调节的仿真模型。通过工程实例计算,验证了仿真模型的正确性。     

基于元数据的水电厂监控可定制建模

本文主要介绍了水电厂监控系统的建模框架及其技术实现,详细地论述了水电厂监控系统模型平台的原理、结构与功能,在此之上提出了基于元数据的动态决策方法的模型平台方案,分析了此种设计的特点,运行流程,为水电厂监控系统模型动态管理提供一套稳定和高效的技术实现。     

基于SOA的智能水电厂一体化平台设计

阐述了基于SOA的智能水电厂一体化平台设计框架和实现技术。介绍了SOA的模型,以及在电力系统应用的方法。对其中的基础平台和应用平台关键技术进行了研究,指出了其中需要解决的问题以及解决方案。     

基于Bentley Microsation的水工钢闸门三维参数化设计

以Bentley Microsation软件为平台,通过二次开发,进行水工钢闸门三维参数化设计;以数字驱动模型,用模型更新图纸,实现对钢闸门的自动建模和三维图纸的绘制,同时增加钢闸门的设计直观效果,提高设计效率。     

基于移动端的水工建筑物轻量化模型展示研究

针对三维水工建筑物模型在电脑端使用中存在交互能力受限、便携性差等问题,以提高水工建筑物信息化程度为目标,搭建了一个以移动端为主的三维模型展示平台,以满足水工建筑物模型在实际工程和研究中的需求。平台基于微信小程序云端与Cesium组合而成,整体研发分为3个步骤：首先是结合Revit与Civil 3D两类建模软件各自优势完成参数化建模;之后利用Cesium平台对模型纹理、数据、材质等进行压缩,完成模型的轻量化处理;最后通过云函数引用微信小程序云端中的模型,将三维模型展示在移动端,以此实现三维模型与微信小程序结合,旨在克服传统展示方式的局限性,为用户提供更加便捷、沉浸式的体验。     

基于GIS平台的水库库容计算模型

基于GIS平台采用数字高程模型法进行库容计算目前已成为主流,如何实现批量化、流程化计算显得尤为重要。基于GIS平台分别创建了FOR迭代模型、行选择迭代模型、字段值迭代模型3种。经实例证实,3种模型都精确、高效、极大地提高了库容计算的自动化程度,其中字段值迭代模型的运算效率最高。模型使用简单、效率高、便于普及。     

侵蚀产沙模型研究进展和GIS应用

近年来随着地理信息系统 (GIS)技术的发展 ,侵蚀产沙模型与GIS的结合成为必然 ;作者阐述了近年来国际上流行的基于GIS的侵蚀产沙模型 :RUSLE、WEPP、ANSWERS等模型的主要内容、特点及适用范围 ,并对我国以陡坡为代表基于GIS的侵蚀产沙模型进行了介绍和评述 ;提出了目前侵蚀产沙模拟研究中存在的主要问题 ,并对基于GIS的侵蚀产沙模型的研究工作进行了展望。能反映侵蚀产沙时空过程的、基于GIS的分布式侵蚀产沙模型成为研究的重点     

Identification of critical erosion prone areas in the small agricultural watershed using USLE,GIS and remote sensing

In the present study, Karso watershed of Hazaribagh, Jharkhand State, India was divided into 200 × 200 grid cells and average annual sediment yields were estimated for each grid cell of the watershed to identify the critical erosion prone areas of watershed for prioritization purpose. Average annual sediment yield data on grid basis was estimated using Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). In general, a major limitation in the use of hydrological models has been their inability to handle the large amounts of input data that describe the heterogeneity of the natural system. Remote sensing (RS) technology provides the vital spatial and temporal information on some of these parameters. A recent and emerging technology represented by Geographic Information System (GIS) was used as the tool to generate, manipulate and spatially organize disparate data for sediment yield modeling. Thus, the Arc Info 7.2 GIS software and RS (ERDAS IMAGINE 8.4 image processing software) provided spatial input data to the erosion model, while the USLE was used to predict the spatial distribution of the sediment yield on grid basis. The deviation of estimated sediment yield from the observed values in the range of 1.37 to 13.85 percent indicates accurate estimation of sediment yield from the watershed.     

复杂侵蚀环境下分布式土壤流失水动力学模型——以黄河多沙粗沙区为研究实例

以黄河多沙粗沙区为研究对象,基于实体模型试验对黄土坡面 沟道系统侵蚀产沙机理的认识,根据侵蚀动力学、水文学、泥沙运动力学的基本理论,以地理信息系统为平台,研发了复杂侵蚀环境下的分布式土壤流失水动力学模型;揭示了植被作用下坡面 - 沟道系统侵蚀产沙耦合规律;认识到坡沟产沙之间具有内在的自调控关系;提出了当量糙率的概念;建立了基于 GIS 的分布式土壤流失水动力学模型;构建了基于 ArcGIS 平台的支持系统,实现了 GIS 与土壤流失模型、产汇流模型与产输沙模型的紧密耦合。通过实例验证了模型对于中尺度流域土壤流失的模拟亦有较满意的精度。     

Sediment Yield Assessment of a Large Basin using PSIAC Approach in GIS Environment

Reservoirs are the key infrastructure for the socio-economic development of a country. The reservoirs are proven to be a remedial solution of highly erratic spatial and temporal availability of water. The growth in population and consequent developmental activities within a catchment area has shown to aggravate the problem of sedimentation which comprised of erosion, sediment transport and its deposition in these reservoirs. Among all above mentioned, reservoir sediment deposition is most important as it reduces its useful life and impairs the purposes of these vast water resource. The sediment yield has been considered as comprehensive index for assessing sustainability of such resources. The present study investigates the suitability of Pacific Southwest Inter-Agency Committee (PSIAC) model in determining the sediment yield rate for a drainage basin considering nine basin factors in geographical information system (GIS) environment. For the analysis, a large river basin at the foothill of Himalayas in India has been considered as case study. It was realized that the GIS approach made large basin characteristic sampling very easy and efficient for this hilly basin. A regression equation between specific sediment yield and effective model factors was established based on geomorphic features for this basin. It was observed that most of the basin area is falling under moderate to high sediment yielding potential zone, leading to high sediment yield.     

Finite Element Method and GIS Based Distributed Model for Soil Erosion and Sediment Yield in a Watershed

The objective of this study is to develop a soil erosion and sediment yield model based on the kinematic wave approximation using the finite element method, remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) for calculating the soil erosion and sediment yield in a watershed. Detachment of soil particles by overland flow occurs when the shear stress at the surface overcomes the gravitational forces and cohesive forces on the particles. Deposition occurs when the sediment load is greater than the transport capacity. Beasley et al.’s (Trans ASAE 23:938–944, 1980) transport equations for laminar and turbulent flow conditions are used to calculate the transport capacity. The model is capable of handling distributed information about land use, slope, soil and Manning’s roughness. The model is applied to the Catsop watershed in the Netherlands and the Harsul watershed in India. Remotely sensed data has been used to extract land use/land cover map of the Harsul watershed, and other thematic maps are generated using the GIS. The simulated results for both calibration and validation events are compared with the observed data for the watersheds and found to be reasonable. Statistical evaluation of model performance has been carried out. Further, a sensitivity analysis has also been carried out to study the effect of variation in model parameter values on computed volume of sediment, peak sediment and the time to peak sediment. Sensitivity analysis has also been carried out for grid size variation and time step variation of the Catsop watershed. The proposed model is useful in predicting the hydrographs and sedigraphs in the agricultural watersheds.     

岷江镇江关流域分布式水文及泥沙侵蚀模型研究

基于空间地理信息系统的流域分布式水文泥沙模型为研究流域产流产沙及在河道中的汇流、输移过程提供了,科学有效的手段.针对岷江上游镇江关流域土壤易受降雨侵蚀的问题,采用水沙耦合的流域分布式水文综合模型,对该流域1990年后典型年的径流及泥沙侵蚀输移过程进了数值模拟,并结合镇江关水文站的实测资料对模型进行了验证,计算成果令人满意.分析表明,近年来岷江上游地区的年径流和输沙量均呈现出下降的趋势,且后者下降速率更快,说明泥沙侵蚀输移与径流相比对流域环境变化的反应更为敏感,今后水土保持工作应注重坡面治理.     

黄河中游分布式水沙耦合模型研究

针对黄河中游多沙粗沙区的产流产沙特点,在建立逐网格汇流的水文模型的基础上,构建了逐网格汇沙的土壤侵蚀模型,通过水文模型和土壤侵蚀模型有机耦合,实现了泥沙的产生和汇集的分布式计算。由于模型采用逐网格汇流汇沙的方式进行模拟,使得考虑上方来水来沙对产输沙的影响成为可能。根据研究区的特点,模型在土壤侵蚀过程的模拟中,对重力侵蚀的模拟进行了尝试。经黄河中游小理河流域实测资料验证,模型具有一定的计算精度。     

基于地块间水沙运移的黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域侵蚀产沙模型

根据黄土丘陵沟壑区的侵蚀产沙规律，在晋西羊道沟小流域建立了坡面、沟坡和沟道侵蚀产沙子模型；在GIS的支持下计算出小流域地块间水沙汇流网络，并引入到小流域侵蚀产沙模型中，使小流域侵蚀产沙成为有机结合；模型对羊道沟22次侵蚀性降雨的侵蚀模数具有78．4％的预报精度，对羊道沟1956－1970的年侵蚀模数具有76．1％的预报精度；模型并通过了晋西汾河上游两个小流域的可移植性检验。     

基于DEM的黄土丘壑区动力学流域水沙数学模型应用研究——以黄河中游两个典型小流域为例

该文以黄土丘陵沟壑区典型小流域—岔巴沟流域为研究对象,首先采用地理信息系统(GIS)对坡度和土地利用方式等侵蚀产沙环境因子提取分析,提出基于网格的超渗产流模型和基于运动波理论的栅格型坡面汇流模型,然后采用Preissmann四点隐式差分进行方程的离散求解。另外根据研究区地形及地貌特点将其分为梁峁坡、沟谷坡和沟槽三种垂直分带侵蚀单元,采用力学分析建立其侵蚀产沙公式和分布式坡面流运动波模型进行耦合求解。本模型在岔巴沟流域1970~2001年17场水沙过程的模拟和验证结果表明:产汇流、产沙计算平均确定性系数分别为0.69、0.58。杏子河流域验证结果也表明该模型对黄丘区水土流失时空过程的模拟计算具有一定精度,模型预测成果可为黄土高原水保规划和生态建设等提供更为精细和科学的决策依据。     

Estimation of Sediment Yield for a Rain,Snow and Glacier Fed River in the Western Himalayan Region

Assessment of soil erosion, sediment transport and deposition of sediment in the reservoirs, irrigation and hydropower systems are considered essential for the land and water management. The magnitude of sediment transported by rivers has become a serious concern for the water resources planning. In the present study, an assessment of sediment yield has been made for the Satluj River, which flows through the western Himalayan region. Two approaches have been used for the assessment of sediment yield (i) relationship between suspended sediment load and discharge and (ii) empirical relationship. The first approach was used for Satluj Basin up to Suni (52 983 km²), Kasol (53 768 km²) and also for the intermediate basin between Kasol and Suni (785 km²). The sediment-discharge relationship was developed using daily data for a period of three years (1991–1993) for different basins and was applied for each basin for the years 1994 and 1996 for estimation of sediment yield. The second approach, which gives annual sediment yield, has been used for a small intermediate basin only because of data availability constraints. For estimation of the sediment yield using the empirical relationship, various geographical parameters such as land use, topographical etc. were generated using Geographic Information System (GIS) technique. The annual sediment yield for the intermediate basin was estimated for three years and compared with observed values. The trend of difference between computed and observed sediment yield suggested an effect of physical features of mountainous basins. The available empirical relationship was, therefore, revised by incorporating a basin parameter in the equation. This basin parameter represented an integrated effect of slope and spatial distribution of rainfall in the mountainous basin. Using the revised empirical relationship, the sediment yield was estimated for two independent years and a good correlation was found between computed and observed sediment yield.