服役建筑结构可靠性评估的可变荷载取值研究

基于建筑结构设计基准期 ,采用后续服役期超越评估荷载概率等于设计使用期超越设计荷载概率的原则 ,对服役建筑结构的后续服役期内可变荷载取值进行具体讨论 ,并给出了楼面活荷载、风荷载和雪荷载相应的结论。     

60年设计基准期下可变荷载标准研究

为了研究60年基准期下的可变荷载取值标准,采用了60年基准期下的荷载超越概率与现行规范50年基准期下荷载超越概率一致的原则,对建筑结构60年基准期的可变荷载标准进行了具体研究,最终给出楼面活荷载、风荷载和雪荷载的相应结论。该项目的研究方法可以推广到不同设计基准期下可变荷载的标准取值。     

对服役结构后续服役期内抗震设防水准的研究

提出评估基准期的概念,推导出烈度的超越概率与重现期、年平均发生率三者间的关系。按照等超越概率原则确定不同后续服役期内小震、中震和大震的重现期。借鉴地震危险性分析的最新研究成果,给出基本烈度的计算方法及其与多遇烈度和罕遇烈度的换算关系,并落实到地震影响系数最大值以便实用。最后结合具有代表性的算例进行了说明。     

结构概率寿命估计

本文着重讨论了结构可靠度、结构寿命、结构概率寿命和设计基准期之间的相互联系，给出了结构概率寿命估计的方法。本文的研究可为结构设计基准期的合理确定和结构的耐久性设计提供一定的参考。     

不同设计基准期的地震作用取值

根据地震作用概率模型及其统计参数推导了不同设计基准期在不同超越概率下的重现期、相应于50年设计基准期的超越概率及其地震作用取值。对规范地震作用相关的取值进行了推导，对于基于性能的抗震设计参数取值有一定的参考作用。     

钢筋混凝土结构预期使用期可靠度设计实用方法

考虑钢筋锈蚀对混凝土结构的抗力影响,根据我国现行结构可靠度设计规范设计原理,提出了钢筋混凝土建筑结构预期使用期可靠度设计的实用方法。首先,考虑三种荷载组合以及不同恒荷载与可变荷载效应比影响,给出了代表性钢筋混凝土构件在给定环境下、不同使用期的可靠度分析方法;提出了预期使用期结构设计可靠度水平的确定原则,即预期使用期内结构构件可靠度指标不能低于现行规范的标准;在我国结构可靠度设计表达式基础上引入耐久性折减系数,给出了该系数的确定方法,通过该系数在设计阶段保证和实现预期使用期内结构构件可靠度指标不低于现行规范的标准。最后,通过算例验证了该方法的有效性和简便性。     

既有结构剩余寿命评估的可变荷载取值

利用时变可靠度理论 ,对既有结构的寿命进行评估 ;结构评估时采用可变荷载是由结构的后继服役期决定的 ,这使得可靠度分析模型变得复杂 ,文中利用“迭代”方法对评估荷载进行修正 ,简化了分析模型     

考虑目标使用期的地震作用组合的分项系数

以概率理论为基础的概率极限状态设计方法已成为国内外主要的结构设计方法.以可靠度理论为基础,通过引入目标使用期,对地震作用组合的分项系数进行修正,并编制了相应的程序,对修正后的荷载组合的可靠度水平进行了验证.     

考虑设计基准期的地震作用

指出以概率理论为基础的概率极限状态设计方法已成为国内外主要的结构设计方法，以可靠度理论为基础，通过引入设计基准期，对地震作用进行相应的修正，从而使得结构在地震作用下的计算也建立在概率论的基础之上。     

结构的设计使用年限与结构重要性系数

根据极值Ｉ型概率分布的性质，本文以楼面活荷标准值在设计基准期内的超越概率为基准，计算了不同设计使用年限楼面活荷载分布上具有相同的超载概率的荷载值，讨论了其与结构重要性系数的关系。     

高压输电塔-线体系抗灾研究的现状与发展趋势

以输电塔-线体系的环境荷载特性和结构动力响应特性为出发点,分析目前高压输电塔-线体系的发展现状及人们对环境荷载缺乏认识而经常造成灾害事故的原因,论述了输电塔-线体系在现有设计水准下抵抗地震和环境荷载作用的能力和现阶段输电塔-线体系设计的可靠性。全面系统地总结了高压输电塔-线体系抗震抗风研究的动力分析建模方法、模型种类与适用性,以及试验研究所采用的方法、达到的水平和解决的问题,抗震抗风研究的理论成果和发展动向,结构振动控制理论体系和控制手段,结构设计理论的发展趋势等。指出了现阶段输电塔动力响应研究与设计中存在的缺陷和不足,从环境荷载建模、结构动力响应分析方法、试验测试手段和结构控制理论与措施等方面提出了当前迫切需要进行研究的内容与方向。根本目的旨在提高输电塔-线体系结构设计理论和设计水准,增强抵抗地震和环境荷载灾害性破坏的能力。     

The influence of uncertainties on the selection of extreme values of environmental loads and events

Methods customarily applied in situations involving uncertainties, are shown to have important ramifications on the selection of extreme values used in the design of structural elements subjected to environmental load processes. The more practical choice of uncertainty-free environmental, rather than load effect values as basic design parameters, is investigated. It is suggested that the influence of physical uncertainties be anticipated by judiciously increasing the return period of the environmental extreme value; model uncertainty can be taken into account by applying an appropriate safety factor to the corresponding design load effect.     

Practical valuations on the effect of two type uncertainties for optimum design of cable-stayed bridges

A procedure for the optimum structural design of cable-stayed bridges is proposed based on minimum expected life-cycle cost (LCC); the procedure is illustrated with the optimum design of a cable-stayed bridge subjected to static and earthquake loads. Reliability analysis of the bridge is performed taking into account the two types of uncertainty in the capacity and loads. The capacity of the bridge is assumed to be determined by its critical members; this is tantamount to the assumption that the capacities and load effects of the structural members are highly correlated. Various designs of a cable-stayed bridge are considered; namely, a standard design, plus several that are weaker as well as several that are stronger than the standard design. For the different alternative designs, the member sections are decreased or increased relative to those of the standard design. The LCC of a particular design is formulated assuming that the cost components (including the maintenance and social costs) are respectively fractions of the initial cost. Reliability of a design associated with the aleatory uncertainties is assessed for each design, and the corresponding expected LCC and safety index are evaluated. The results of the various designs provide the information, safety index vs expected LCC, for determining the design with the minimum expected LCC which can be presented graphically. Because of the epistemic type of uncertainty, the LCC as well as the safety index of the optimum design are random variables; the respective histograms are also generated, from which the various percentile values can be obtained. Especially, the 75% and 90% values of the LCC may be specified to minimize the chance of underestimating the actual LCC of the optimum design; similarly the 75% and 90% values of the safety index may be specified for a conservative design of the cable-stayed bridge.     

Reliability of Steel Truss Roof Systems Under Variable Snow Load Profiles

The probabilistic safety analysis of steel truss roof systems under variable snow load profiles is investigated. The roofs of structures such as industrial buildings or sports halls, which require wide areas, are frequently subjected to unexpectedly high loads. Therefore, compared to the residential buildings, that type of buildings often comes across failure or prohibition of usage. Probabilistic techniques are utilized for the analysis of the problem. Thirty-six steel roof structures with different structural dimensions and load variations are modelled and their failure probabilities are calculated. In this paper, a complicated stochastic analysis is reduced to the solution of a load–resistance (S–R) problem by utilizing sensitivity analyses. Firstly, the structures were designed through structural analyses, and then the sensitivity analyses were conducted to understand the response of the structure to the load and to the span-length parameters. In this paper, a reliability study which gradually monitors the effect of geometrical parameters on the failure trend is presented. Three different snow load distribution functions were used. The relation between failure, and load or structural dimension variations was investigated. The results obtained in this study are discussed and compared with the results from the literature for similar structures subjected to snow loads. It is observed that for the snow load distributions with high standard deviations the structural reliability indices may give results below the target safety levels of the design codes. Finally, the assessment of the results shows that the effect of the standard deviation of the snow load on failure probability is much more than the effect of intensity of the nominal snow load.     

Methodology for development of live load models for refined analysis of short and medium-span highway bridges

Abstract

The accuracy of bridge system safety evaluations and reliability assessments obtained through refined structural and finite element analyses depends not only on the accuracy of the structural model itself but also on the proper modelling of the maximum traffic loads. While current code-specified live load models were calibrated to properly reflect the safety levels of bridge structures analysed using the simplified methods adopted in bridge design and evaluation manuals, these load models may not lead to accurate results when implemented during refined structural analysis procedures. This paper describes a method to calibrate appropriate live load models that can be used for advanced analyses of bridges. The calibration procedure is demonstrated using actual traffic data collected at a representative weigh-in-motion station in New York State. The proposed calibration methodology is applicable for developing live load models for different bridge service periods, bridge types and design/assessment codes or standards. Live load models obtained using the proposed calibration procedure are readily implementable for deterministic refined analyses of highway bridges to produce similar results to those of complex traffic load simulations. Examples are presented that describe how results of such calibrated live load models would be used in engineering practice.     

既有建筑结构构件的安全性分析

提出了基于目标使用期的既有建筑结构构件承载能力验算的极限状态表达式。根据适用于既有结构的荷载和抗力概率模型,考虑14种代表性的结构构件、不同的可变荷载效应与永久荷载效应的比值、3种可变荷载效应与永久荷载效应的简单组合,对不同目标使用期内的荷载分项系数进行了优化分析。结果为:永久荷载分项系数γG=1.0(当永久荷载对结构有利时,γG=0.6),可变荷载分项系数γQ=1.3。由荷载分项系数进一步优化分析得出不同构件的承载力分项系数为γR=1.1～1.8。按目标可靠指标增减0.25确定了既有建筑结构构件承载能力的等级评定标准。经工程实例验证,所提分析方法更加符合实际情况,合理实用。     

Evolution of load conditions in the Norwegian railway network and imprecision of historic railway load data

This article describes historic load conditions in the Norwegian railway network to improve estimates of the remaining service life of bridges. Data on rolling stock, traffic and infrastructure throughout the history of the railway are presented. Axle loads, geometry, design, composition and operation of both passenger and freight trains have changed several times since the initial construction. The capacities of both rolling stock and infrastructure influence the load conditions in a railway network. Historic loads may have been more severe than modern loads for certain structural details. A probability distribution of load variables for a specific bridge cannot be obtained in the general case. Future research directions and suggestions for the use of non-probabilistic data in estimating the service life of bridges are discussed.     

Modelling the spatial distribution of heavy vehicle loads on long-span bridges based on undirected graphical model

Abstract

Vehicle load modelling is highly important for bridge design and safety evaluation. Conventional modelling approaches for vehicle loads have limitations in characterizing the spatial distribution of vehicles. This article presents a probabilistic method for modelling the spatial distribution of heavy vehicle loads on long-span bridges by using the undirected graphical model (UGM). The bridge deck is divided into grid cells, a UGM with each node corresponding to each cell is employed to model the location distribution of heavy vehicles, by which probabilities of heavy-vehicle distribution patterns can be efficiently calculated through applying the junction tree algorithm. A Bayesian inference method is also developed for updating the location model in consideration of the non-stationarity of traffic process. Gross weights of heavy vehicles are modelled by incorporating additional random variables to the vehicle-location UGM, corresponding probability distributions are constructed conditioned on ignoring correlation and considering correlation, respectively. Case studies using simulated data as well as field monitoring data have been conducted to examine the method. Compared with previous studies involving vehicle load modelling, the presented method can implement probabilistic analysis for all spatial distribution patterns of heavy vehicles on the entire bridge deck.