有机化学实验室废液焚烧NOx、SO2和HCl的排放特性

在内径120mm、高2m的流化床中焚烧处理有机化学实验室废液,研究在800～950℃烟气中氧浓度在0～12％范围内NOx、SO2以及HCl的排放特性．结果表明,废液中有机胺类化合物及微量硝酸在焚烧过程中产生NOx,其浓度最大值约130mg／m^3,试验中发现950℃下NOx浓度低于900℃时的值,说明胺类有机物在950℃下还原NOx能力比900℃下强烈．焚烧过程中产生的SO2来源于有机硫化物及微量硫酸的分解,结果表明氧浓度接近零时SO2浓度最高,在此条件下温度越高,SO2浓度越高,但随着氧浓度的增加,SO2浓度迅速下降．HCl主要来源于有机氯化物的分解,在800～950℃下HCl浓度基本相同,说明有机氯基本上转化为HCl．     

竹园污泥焚烧污染物排放特性的试验研究

选取上海竹园污泥,将原始污泥样品分为全干污泥、均匀干化污泥(含水率10%)和干湿混合污泥(含水率20%,干湿污泥质量比例为10∶3)三种样品,分别送入小型流化床焚烧炉中焚烧。试验研究了全干污泥在750℃、850℃、950℃三个工况下的燃烧特性,并研究了均匀干化污泥和干湿混合污泥在850℃工况下的燃烧特性。研究发现,上海竹园污泥在小型流化床焚烧炉中燃烧时,排放的主要常规污染物包括CO、SO2、NOx、HCl等以及二噁英和Cd、Hg、Pb等重金属。不同燃烧温度和含水率对污染物的排放有一定影响,提高燃烧温度,CO、SO2、NOx、HCl等的排放基本呈现出下降趋势,而烟气中Pb的排放随着温度上升而升高,相同燃烧温度下含水率升高能降低二噁英的排放总量,随着含水率的提高飞灰中重金属含量有所降低,而底渣中重金属含量呈上升趋势。     

含氯有机废液在流化床中焚烧时HCl排放特性的试验研究

在小型鼓泡流化床试验台上 ,进行了含氯有机废液焚烧时HCl排放特性的试验研究。发现随着炉内温度从 70 0℃升高到 90 0℃ ,Cl HCl的转化率提高 ;在 90 0℃时 ,Cl HCl的转化率达到 98.5 %。     

城市生活垃圾_MSW_与煤混烧过程中气体污染物的排放

人者在0．2MW循环流化床上进行了城市生活垃圾与煤混烧实验。在线测量了NOx,NO,N2O,SO4,HCl和Cl2排放浓度,探讨了城市生活垃圾与煤掺煤比（R）和温度对气体污染物排放的影响。实验结果显示,在混烧过程中,随拉圾加入量的增加,NOx,NO,N2O和SO4排放量减少,Cl2排放浓度啬 。当掺烧比R不变,温度增加时,NOx,NO排放量增加,N2O排放减少,SO2,HCl和Cl2排放浓度基本不变,飞灰和底渣中二恶英含量减少。     

流化床垃圾焚烧有害气体排放特性研究

流化床目前是焚烧垃圾的有效方法 ,由于垃圾成分复杂 ,在焚烧过程中产生了许多有害气体 ,通过模拟垃圾在流化床中进行试验 ,揭示了CO、SO2 、NO、HCl随温度和过量空气系数变化的规律。通过试验发现 ,垃圾与煤掺烧比不变时 ,温度增加 ,CO排放减少 ,NO、SO2 、HCl排放浓度提高。随着过量空气系数的增加 ,CO、HCl减少 ,NO、SO2 增加。依据有害气体排放控制的新进展 ,探讨了控制流化床垃圾焚烧时有害气体排放的最佳运行参数 ,温度为 80 0～ 1 0 0 0℃ ,过量空气系数为 1 .5～ 2。     

流化床焚烧技术在有机废液无害化处理领域的应用

有机废液流化床焚烧技术具有废液焚烧彻底、环保性能优良、运行费用低的显著优点,适合于焚烧化工、农药、制药、食品、皮革等行业在生产过程中产生的各类有机废液（特别是高浓度有机废液）。文中阐述了东南大学洁净煤发电及燃烧技术教育部重点实验室开发的有机废液流化床焚烧炉的工作原理以及为提高废液焚烧效率、辅助燃料利用串和防止二次污染（包括二■英）所采用的关键技术。对一台废液处理量为３０ｔ／ｄ的工业实用装置进行了简要介绍,包括废液的种类、数量,炉膛温度分布,飞灰和炉渣的含碳量等。该有机废液流化床焚烧技术的成功开发为有机废液的无害化处理提供了一条捷径。     

城市生活垃圾堆肥剩余物的燃烧特性及其焚烧处理

生活垃圾综合处理厂在堆肥过程中产生堆肥剩余物,占总垃圾量的10%～20%,热值较高适于焚烧处理.文章对城市生活垃圾堆肥剩余物的组成、工业分析及元素分析进行分析研究,表明该类堆肥剩余物具有热能回收利用价值.采用TGA方法研究垃圾堆肥剩余物的燃烧特性,结果表明,垃圾的燃烧过程包括水分析出、挥发分燃烧和焦炭燃烧三段进行.挥发分在320℃左右剧烈燃烧,焦炭在420～450℃左右开始强烈燃烧,燃尽温度达750℃左右.在实际流化床焚烧炉上焚烧结果表明,垃圾堆肥剩余物能够在800～950℃内稳定燃烧,并且NOx、SO2、CO、HCl以及重金属等污染物的排放浓度达到国家环保排放标准.为了减少焚烧飞灰量,建议采用炉排炉焚烧此类垃圾,以降低飞灰的处置成本.     

富氧气氛下循环流化床煤燃烧试验研究

在O2／CO2气氛和O2／N2气氛下,对氧浓度为21％～35％的循环流化床进行了煤燃烧的试验研究,比较了不同气氛下的煤燃烧特性和炉内温度分布以及NOx、NO2的排放规律和脱硫效率．试验显示富氧气氛下煤能够稳定燃烧,循环回路通畅;给煤量一定,随着试验气氛中氧含量的增加,燃烧效率逐渐增高．O2／CO2气氛下的燃烧效率略低于相同氧含量的O2／N2气氛下的燃烧效率;随着试验气氛中氧含量的增加,NOx排放量增加,SO2排放量略有减小,石灰石脱硫效率略有提高．     

煤与污泥的循环流化床富氧燃烧

结合污泥的特性与富氧燃烧技术的优点,在一个内径为100mm的循环流化床焚烧炉内进行煤与污泥的富氧燃烧试验.试验分析了不同煤泥质量比,在氧体积分数为21%～35%环境下的燃烧特性以及送风含氧量、床层温度对烟气成分的影响.结果表明:不同质量比的燃料在不同氧气氛围的燃烧特性不同;当给料量恒定时,随着送风含氧量的增大,总风量减少,炉膛的温度逐渐升高,烟气中SO2与NOx浓度都呈增大的趋势,这有利于SO2与NOx的脱除;NOx体积分数随床层温度的升高逐渐增加.     

循环流化床中糠醛渣与煤混燃特性的试验研究

在炉膛尺寸为150 mm×150 mm×2 500 mm的循环流化床燃烧试验台上进行糠醛渣与煤的混燃试验,研究其燃烧特性、尾部飞灰及烟气排放特性。研究表明:糠醛渣掺混质量比例为10%-50%的混合燃料在循环流化床中均可稳定燃烧;随着糠醛渣的掺混比例增加,炉膛上部温度升高,尾部飞灰含碳量下降,而颗粒排放浓度升高;随着流化风速增加,炉膛上部温度升高。密相区的温度升高,CO排放浓度下降,SO2、NOx排放浓度上升;糠醛渣的掺混比例增加,CO排放浓度上升,SO2、NOx排放浓度下降。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.