ClO_2对葡萄贮藏品质的影响

以无核白葡萄(Thompsonseedless)为试材,研究了ClO2 ( 2 5、5 0和10 0mg/L)浸泡处理( 10、2 0和30min)对葡萄贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,ClO2 有利于保持果梗的颜色和果粒的颜色、形态、硬度,保留果实中滴定酸和Vc含量,减少葡萄的腐烂率。低浓度短时间浸泡处理对保持葡萄品质是有利的,高浓度长时间处理对其品质会有损害     

Mass-spectrometry evidence confirming the presence of pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside in the berry skins of Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinot Noir (Vitis vinifera L.)

Background and Aims: Anthocyanins are a group of important phenolic compounds which are responsible for the colour of red grape and wine. This study aimed to confirm the existence of pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside in Vitis vinifera grape berry skins. Methods and Results: The anthocyanin profiles in the berry skins of Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinot Noir were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography – electronic spray ionization – tandem mass spectrometry. Besides 17 anthocyanins that are commonly determined in the berries of these two varieties, pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside was also detected at trace levels. Conclusions: The mass-spectrometry evidence confirmed the existence of pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside in non-teinturier V. vinifera grapes. Significance of the Study: This finding will be beneficial for the further understanding of anthocyanin profile and its biosynthesis in grape berries.     

CIELAB coordinates in response to berry skin anthocyanins and their composition in Vitis

Abstract: Berry skin color OIV index, anthocyanin composition, and content of 78 grape cultivars were surveyed using a CIELAB system and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)‐mass spectrometry (MS) coupled with photodiode array detection. There were high correlations between L*, b*, and color, while a* was not a representative parameter. L* and b* values declined as berry skin color OIV became darker, and a* increased as berry skin color OIV became darker in pink and red grape cultivars only. The composition and content of anthocyanins varied widely among the cultivars. Total anthocyanins and types of anthocyanins were significantly correlated with color OIV parameters. Through multiple linear regression analysis, cyanidin derivatives had a positive effect on values of L* and b*. Delphinidin derivatives had positive effects on the value of a*. The CIELAB system gave good results for differentiation of grape berry skin color OIV.     

不同品种葡萄采后失水分析

鲜食葡萄采后果梗保绿和防止贮藏期间的干梗、果粒皱缩是衡量保鲜效果的重要指标.本文以我国近年来发展潜势较大的7个鲜食品种为试材,在室温条件下测定了果梗、果粒的失水情况,并对部分品种作了解剖学观察.研究结果表明:采后果梗失水由快到慢的顺序依次为:红地球、美人指、无核白鸡心、巨峰、意大利、秋黑、秋红葡萄;果粒失水由快到慢的顺序依次为:红地球、无核白鸡心、意大利、美人指、秋黑、秋红、巨峰葡萄.     

高寒荒漠区延后栽培葡萄品质分析

为评价鲜食葡萄在高寒荒漠区延后栽培条件下的品质表现,以适应性较好的8个品种为研究对象,测定葡萄感官品质、内在品质、功效成分和糖酸品质,采用主成分分析法对果实品质进行综合分析和评价。结果表明,‘红地球’和‘紫地球’单果质量10 g以上,果粒大,能够保持原有的大果特征;无核品种较有核品种果粒小;8个品种果实果形指数均> 1,呈长椭圆形,除绿色品种外,果实着色较深;果皮颜色越深的品种,果皮花青素、类黄酮、总酚含量越高。2个无核品种(‘红宝石无核’和‘紫甜无核’)和‘红地球’可溶性固形物含量较高,在21%以上;糖酸组分及含量方面,果实中的糖分主要是果糖和葡萄糖,蔗糖未检出;酒石酸和苹果酸是主要有机酸,柠檬酸和草酸含量极微。酸甜风味方面,‘红宝石无核’口感最甜,其次为‘红地球’,‘瑞都香玉’和‘紫地球’口感较淡,‘摩尔多瓦’口感偏酸。通过主成分分析法提取了5个独立的主成分,累计贡献率87. 396%,以主成分为评价指标,对浆果品质进行综合评价,‘红宝石无核’、‘红地球’和‘玫瑰香’果实综合品质最好。     

Low‐Dose Irradiation Can be Used as a Phytosanitary Treatment for Fresh Table Grapes

Grapes (Vitis vinifera var. Sugraone and Vitis labrusca var. Crimson Seedless) were treated with 400, 600, and 800 Gy and the effects on physicochemical factors were measured alongside sensory testing during 3 wk of storage. Significant changes in texture and color with irradiation and age were measured but little visual difference was seen between control and irradiated grapes. However, age had a greater effect on firmness than irradiation for Sugraone grapes. Irradiation did not significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affect the SSC/TA ratio, which increased during storage. The trained panel detected significant changes in the berry texture and rachis color but rated sweetness and flavor significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) for irradiated Sugraone as compared to the control. Consumers liked both the untreated and 800 Gy treated Sugraone grapes, but liked the untreated grapes more for texture (P ≤ 0.05). However, there was no difference in liking between irradiated (600 Gy or 800 Gy) and control samples of Crimson Seedless for any attribute. The results show that there are varietal differences in response to irradiation but the overall maintenance in quality of irradiated grapes during 3 wk of storage indicates that irradiation can serve as a viable phytosanitary treatment.     

Amounts of glycosides in grapevine organs during berry development

Whole berries, leaf blades and petioles from Muscat Gordo Blanco (syn. Muscat of Alexandria), Sultana and Flame Seedless vines were sampled at intervals from three weeks after flowering to fruit ripeness. The glycosidically-bound constituents present in the samples were quantified through a determination of the glycosyl glucose. At the stage of berry ripeness, the concentration of glycosides per gram fresh weight in the leaf blades was 10–30 times higher than in the fruit. During berry development glycoside concentrations increased in leaf blades and petioles but decreased in fruit. However, when expressed on a per berry basis, the levels of glycosides in the fruit increased as ripening progressed; the levels in ripe fruit were high in Muscat Gordo Blanco and low in Sultana. Further experimentation will be needed to establish whether the glycosides are synthesised in the leaves and transported to the berries or synthesised independently in both organs.     

ABA和乙烯利处理对京优葡萄果皮花色苷和果实品质的影响

以京优葡萄为试材,研究不同浓度ABA和乙烯利处理果穗对果皮花色苷含量及果实品质的影响.结果表明,ABA和乙烯利处理皆能促进果实软化、有机酸降解、可溶性固形物和果皮色素积累,具有促进果实成熟的作用.乙烯利软化果实的效果明显好于ABA,但促进果实可溶性固形物积累的效果弱于ABA.300 mg/L ABA和乙烯利处理的催熟效果不明显,仅能使果实提前3～6d成熟;高浓度乙烯利处理(600 mg/L和900 mg/L)可以有效促进果实成熟,但会导致着色不良、裂果和落果等问题;600 mg/LABA处理效果最佳,可以使果实提前13～16 d成熟,且果实理化指标皆能满足商品要求.     

红宝石无核和红地球葡萄果实着色与糖、酸含量的关系

以避雨栽培条件下欧亚种葡萄红宝石无核和红地球为试材,测定套袋果实果皮中的色素(叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花色苷)及果肉中的总糖、总酸含量,分析果实着色与果肉糖、酸含量的关系.结果表明,在果实成熟过程中,果肉中的糖、酸含量是果实着色的重要影响因子,红宝石无核和红地球果皮中的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花色苷的含量与果肉中糖积累的相关性均达到极显著水平,与果肉中的酸含量均呈极显著的负相关.     

新疆地区鲜食葡萄花果管理集约化技术的研究

选用5年生红地球和弗雷无核,进行了集约化管理模式下的定穗、疏果、套袋等花果管理实验,通过比较不同定穗方式、疏果标准、疏果方法和套袋类型,确定了适宜的鲜食葡萄花果管理集约化技术.定穗时弱枝不留果、壮枝留1穗果,红地球葡萄结果枝不做连续结果,弗雷无核壮结果枝可做连续结果;疏果时可在花前拉长果穗的基础上用“两剪拉臂式”疏果方法进行,红地球葡萄每穗留60粒果,弗雷无核每穗留80粒果;在西部地区应选用无纺布袋作为葡萄套袋,在起到防病、防水、防尘作用的同时,避免成熟延迟、果粒变小和日灼等现象的发生.     

Effect of the cluster heterogeneity on mechanical properties,chromatic indices and chemical composition of Italia table grape berries (Vitis vinifera L.) sorted by flotation

The impact of cluster heterogeneity on mechanical properties, chromatic indices and chemical composition of Italia table grape berries sorted by flotation was evaluated in this study. The density sorting at commercial harvest permitted to get berries of different ripeness and relatively different quality attributes. Individually, some grape chromatic characteristics, physical characteristics (weight of the whole berry and berry skin), content and composition of reducing sugars, organic acids and phenolic compounds (flavanols of low molecular mass in berry skins) permitted to characterise and to differentiate berries belonging to different density classes. However, the tested mechanical properties were not related to the berry density. When the variables that significantly contributed to the berry differentiation were globally assessed, the chemical parameters related to sugars (142.3–164.4 g kg^?1), content of skin oligomeric flavanols [46.3–137 mg (+)‐catechin kg^?1], berry skin weight (379–607 mg), yellow/blue colour component (26.31–29.96) and chroma (26.40–30.06) were the more representative.     

The effect of ethephon and clone on physical characteristics and sensory quality of Crimson Seedless table grapes after 1 month storage

Colour is one of the most important quality parameters of table grapes. Ethephon can be applied to improve the colour of table grapes. Trials were conducted in Western Australia to investigate the effect of ethephon on low berry colour and other quality parameters of two new clones (306 and 314) of Crimson Seedless table grapes developed in Western Australia. The ethephon effect was studied in comparison with clone 5560, which was the standard clone imported from California. The grape clones were established at two locations in Western Australia having different types of soil and environmental conditions. Ethephon was applied (300 ppm Ethrel^®) to improve the colour development. Physical measurements demonstrated that clones 306 and 314 were better than the imported standard clone in terms of berry weight, length and width. Sensory evaluation by 70 panellists revealed that clone 314 with ethephon application received significantly higher sensory scores for sweetness, crispness, flavour and overall acceptability compared with the standard clone. The acidity level was higher in clone 314 than the standard clone at the same °Brix level and had a positive effect on flavour and overall acceptability. Ethephon treatment reduced the berry crispness in the standard clone and clone 306 but had no effect on the crispness of clone 314.     

Flavonoids and C13-norisoprenoids in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz: relationships between grape and wine composition,wine colour and wine sensory properties

Background and Aims: This study investigated flavonoid composition and C₁₃-norisoprenoids (β-damascenone and β-ionone) in Shiraz grapes and wines, their relationships and links to wine sensory properties. Methods and Results: Differences in the grape berry flavonoid profile were created by exposing bunches to varying levels of sunlight intensity through canopy manipulation. Grapes were harvested at similar maturity and three replicate wines were made for each treatment in both vintages. Grapes produced under shaded canopy conditions had reduced anthocyanins and skin tannins, but little effect on seed tannins was observed. Pigmented polymers and tannins in wines were related to berry flavonoid composition (anthocyanins, skin and seed tannins, and their ratios). In grapes and wines, no significant effects were observed in response to canopy manipulation for two hydrolytically released C₁₃-norisoprenoids, β-damascenone and β-ionone. Relationships were established for wine flavonoid composition, wine colour density, sensory perception of the astringency-related mouth-feel attributes and a quality scale. A positive relationship between wine quality score and hydrolytically released β-damascenone in both berries and wines was found, but not for free β-damascenone or any quantified forms of β-ionone. Conclusion: Higher concentrations of anthocyanins and skin tannins in berries, coupled with a lower concentration of seed tannins were associated with higher wine quality. The ratio anthocyanins*skin tannins/seed tannins is proposed as an indicator of wine flavonoid composition, wine colour and wine quality. Excessive canopy shade was detrimental to berry and wine composition and intensified sensory detection of ‘straw’ and ‘herbaceous’ characters in the wines. Significance of the Study: This study increases the understanding of the balance and composition of flavonoid compounds and C₁₃-norisoprenoids in berries and their relationship with wine composition and wine sensory properties, but also highlights the importance of a canopy microclimate assessment.     

基于模糊数学和聚类分析的鲜食葡萄品种综合品质评价

对2013年陕西渭北地区的14 个鲜食葡萄品种的17 项生物经济学指标进行观察测定,并运用模糊数学和聚类分析评价了不同葡萄品种果实的综合品质。结果表明：品种间果实的果粒形状、产量、花色苷含量、果粉厚度、果皮厚度和果皮颜色性状变异系数较大,而果实感官品质和内在品质相关指标的变异系数较小。模糊数学评价筛选出综合品质较好的品种为红地球、夏黑、红宝石、8611、金田0601和魏可,而秦龙大穗、弗雷无核的综合品质较差。聚类分析结果表明,品质优等的8611、红地球、红宝石和魏可聚为一类,为优良的鲜食葡萄栽培种,品质中等的玫瑰香、巨玫瑰和红乳聚为一类,而品质最差的弗雷无核单独聚为一类。模糊数学评价方法结合聚类分析可给予葡萄综合品质较全面、客观的评价。     

“赤霞珠”葡萄转色后不同成熟度指标的变化

研究酿酒葡萄转色后不同成熟度指标的动态变化规律。以“赤霞珠”葡萄为试材,分别测定了技术成熟度和总酚成熟度指标,并进行了浆果感官评价。结果表明：转色后果实物理性状参数和糖含量迅速增加,转色后第4周达到最大值,成熟后期略有下降。果实中总花色苷含量逐渐增加,在转色后第6周达到最高,随后有所降低。浆果中可提取花色苷含量持续增加。细胞成熟指数、种子成熟指数和总酚指数总体上逐渐降低。果皮单宁含量变化较小,种子单宁含量在成熟前期显著降低（P＜0.05）,后期变化较小。不同分子大小聚合色素的含量逐渐增加,转色后第6周时达到最大值。浆果感官评价中各种成熟度的得分逐渐增加,果肉香气成熟度和果皮成熟度得分均在转色后第7周时最高,成熟后期变化较小。     

Anthocyanin composition and extractability in berry skin and wine of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Aglianico

BACKGROUND: The present article reports the anthocyanin content in the berry skin and wine of the Italian red grape cultivar Aglianico (clone VCR11 grafted onto 1103 Paulsen), one of the most ancient vines and famous for its deep‐red colour. Anthocyanins were extracted from frozen berry skin in an acidified methanol solution. The extraction mixtures, monitored for 120 h, were analysed by high‐performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: The extraction from berry skin of delphinidin, petunidin and malvidin appeared to be a time‐independent process, whereas the concentration of peonidin increased linearly with time. Peonidin‐O‐acetyl‐glucoside was transferred from skin more slowly than petunidin‐O‐acetyl‐glucoside and malvidin‐O‐acetyl‐glucoside. The anthocyanin composition of the resulting wine showed that the total anthocyanin content was about one‐tenth of the corresponding berry skin content. The ratio acetyl/coumaroyl anthocyanins in the wine was sharply higher than the value in berry skin (0.85 and 0.10, respectively), indicating an enrichment of acetyl derivatives in the wine. CONCLUSION: Levels of single anthocyanins in wine were not always correlated with those detected in grapes, as they were affected by winemaking. The high values of some anthocyanins in Aglianico wine could ameliorate its quality, increasing the chromatic properties, aging stability and product acceptance. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of Carbonic Maceration on Chemical, Physical and Sensory Characteristics of Muscadine Wines

Grapes of four muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia Michaux) cultivars were subjected to carbonic maceration (CM) treatment during vinification. CM involved holding the intact grape berries anaerobically under an atmosphere of CO₂ prior to crushing the grapes. Two different sets of conditions, 20 days at 16°C and 10 days at 24°C, were used for CM treatments. For comparison, standard wines were made from these cultivars by the usual vinification procedures. When compared to the standard wines, CM white wines had lower pH values, higher titratable acidity and phenols, lower alcohol, were yellower in color and were judged significantly lower in sensory quality. CM is not recommended for white wine production. Red CM wines, compared to the standard wines, had higher pH values, had a tendency towards higher volatile acidity, were generally lower in phenols, alcohol and color, and received similar sensory ratings. However, the red CM wines had a distinctively spicy bouquet and flavor which was not present in the standard wines.     

Phenolics and antioxidant capacity of table grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars grown in Chile

Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) possess health-promoting effects attributed to their supply of a wide variety of bioactive phenolics. Juice and skin fractions of 4 varieties of table grapes: Red Globe, Crimson Seedless, Autumn Royal, and Ribier were prepared to determine and compare their total phenolics content, antioxidant capacity (DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC), anthocyanins, and specific phenolics (caffeic acid, gallic acid, resveratrol, and catechin) content, since a series of positive health benefits are expected from the intake of any of these fractions. Higher amounts of total phenolics and antioxidant capacity were observed in the skin fractions (P < 0.05). Blue grapes (Autumn Royal and Ribier) exhibited higher phenolics content and antioxidant capacity (P < 0.05) than red grapes. The most abundant phenolic compound observed was catechin (P < 0.05). Significant correlations between the antioxidant capacity and total phenolics were observed in grape juice and skin fractions. Autumn Royal juice provides a very high amount of phenolics, anthocyanins, and exhibits the highest antioxidant capacity, offering the best health promoting properties compared with the other grape varieties studied. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Grapes possess health-promoting effects attributed to their supply of a wide variety of bioactive phenolics. Grape juice made with blue grapes (Autumn Royal, Ribier) exhibit higher phenolics content and antioxidant capacity than juice elaborated with red grapes (Red Globe, Crimson Seedless). The skin is a good source of phenolics and has a high antioxidant capacity. Specific health-promoting phenolics are more abundant in blue grapes, mainly in their skin fraction, which should not be discarded.     

Preparation of a resveratrol-enriched grape juice based on ultraviolet C-treated berries

Grapes are rich in bioactive phenolics. However, most of them remain in the by-product after juice processing, and only a minor part pass to the juice. Our aim was to obtain a resveratrol-enriched white grape juice based on UVC-treated berries in combination with different conditions during juice production. Postharvest UVC treatment of berries enabled the further selective stilbenes enrichment of the juice, especially resveratrol. Macerating enzymes did not modify the phenolic profile but increased juice yield up to 30%, keeping its phenolic concentration, and thus reducing the phenolics remaining in the by-product. Maceration with Na₂S₂O₅ was critical to increase the phenolic content in the juice whereas β-cyclodextrin only tended to increase the stilbenes content. Optimum conditions for juice production (maceration for 2 h at 45 °C with 0.2% Na₂S₂O₅) using UVC-treated grape berries significantly increased stilbenes concentration (up to 35-fold over the control), without affecting the sensory properties of the juice. The phenolic (resveratrol)-enriched grape juice obtained here could be an ideal alternative to wine in the search of grape-derived health benefits.Industrial relevanceThe aim of this study is to obtain a resveratrol-enriched grape juice by combining postharvest UV-C treatment of grape berries with several technological approaches in the juice processing. Results obtained indicate that maceration for 2 h at 45 °C with 0.2% Na₂S₂O₅ using UVC-treated grape berries significantly increased phenolic concentration, especially stilbenes (up to 35-fold over the control), without affecting the sensory properties of the juice. The resveratrol-enriched juice has an added-value compared to the conventional ones and could exert more health benefits due to its improved phenolic profile.