Rapid freshness analysis of mantis shrimps (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oratosquilla oratoria</Emphasis>) by using electronic nose

In this paper, rapid freshness analysis method of mantis shrimps (MSs) (Oratosquilla oratoria) by using electronic nose (e-nose) was investigated. Shrimps were stored at 4° and ?20°. E-nose responses to samples were measured. Meanwhile, appearance of MS was recorded. Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) index was examined to provide a standard freshness indicator for samples according to Chinese national standard protocol. E-nose measurement data was processed by principal component analysis (PCA) and non-linear bistable stochastic resonance (SR). Experimental results demonstrated that e-nose sensitively responded to shrimps. PCA results failed to discriminate all shrimps. SR signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) spectrum successfully discriminated all shrimp samples stored at 4° and ?20°. E-nose MS freshness degree forecasting models were developed using SNR maximums. Combining TVB-N examination results, the forecasting accuracy of developed freshness analysis model is 91.67 %. The proposed method had some advantages including rapid analysis, easy operating, non-destructive, low cost, etc.     

Freshness evaluation of grass carp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ctenopharyngodon idellus</Emphasis>) by electronic nose

A novel grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) freshness rapid evaluation method using electronic nose (EN) was proposed in this paper. Total viable counts (TVC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were examined. EN responses to grass carp samples stored at 4?°C were continuously measured for 8 days. Microbial growth model was developed based on modified Gompertz regression. Results of TVC and GC–MS provided freshness references for EN analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) and stochastic resonance (SR) were utilized in EN measurement data analysis. PCA qualitatively discriminated grass carp samples in different freshness. SR output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) eigenvalues (SNRmax) quantitatively discriminated freshness for all samples. Grass carp freshness evaluation model was developed by non-linear regression between SNRmax values and storage time. Validation experiments results demonstrated that the proposed grass carp freshness rapid evaluation method presented good forecasting accuracy. The proposed method is promising in aquatic product freshness analysis.     

Electronic nose system fabrication and application in large yellow croaker (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudosciaena crocea</Emphasis>) fressness prediction

In this paper, an electronic nose (E-nose) system was fabricated, and its application in large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) freshness prediction was also explored. E-nose responses to samples stored at 277 K were measured for 8 days. Freshness indexes, such as total viable counts (TVC), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and K value, were synchronously examined by chemical examinations. Principal component analysis (PCA) and stochastic resonance (SR) were utilized for e-nose data analysis. Results suggested that PCA showed poor freshness discrimination result. SR signal-to-noise (SNR) spectrum using maximal SNR (\(Max_{SNR}\)) values quantitatively characterized freshness of all croakers. Multiple variable regression (MVR) result demonstrated that there was good linearity relationship between SR \(Max_{SNR}\) values and fish freshness indexes. Large yellow croaker freshness predicting model was developed by non-linear fitting regression on \(Max_{SNR}\) values with high accuracy and repeatability. Therefore, the method proposed in this paper provides a rapid and nondestructive methodology for freshness prediction of large yellow croakers. The predicting error of the developed model is 10 %.     

大菱鲆冷藏过程中新鲜度评价

为研究大菱鲆冷藏过程中的新鲜度变化规律,以菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、硫代巴比妥酸（thiobarbituric acid,TBA）值、腺苷三磷酸关联物和K相关值（K、Ki、H、Fr、G和P值,鱼肉新鲜度的参考指标）为指标,结合感官评定,探究大菱鲆在20 d贮藏期内的品质变化情况。结果表明：肌苷酸和Fr与贮藏时间呈显著负相关（r=－0.870,r=－0.887）;K值随贮藏时间延长显著升高直至趋于稳定（r=0.895）。因此,菌落总数、TVB-N含量、K值、感官评定适宜作为冷藏大菱鲆的新鲜度评价指标,且K值的灵敏度要高于菌落总数和TVB-N含量;TBA值不适宜作为冷藏大菱鲆的新鲜度指标;4 ℃冷藏环境下的大菱鲆货架期为12 d。     

冷藏大菱鲆质量指数法的建立及其货架期

通过建立和应用质量指数法（quality index method,QIM）,结合挥发性盐基氮（total volatile base nitrogen,TVB-N）值、K值、质构、菌落总数值等指标综合评价冷藏大菱鲆的新鲜度,并确定其货架期。结果显示：综合感官评分（quality index,QI）值与贮藏时间（t）之间呈较高的线性关系,回归方程为QI=1.175t－0.395（R2=0.988 4）,该方程对冷藏大菱鲆剩余货架期的预测误差约为1 d（0.816）。贮藏15 d时,QI值达18.28,各感官指标均达到感官拒绝期;此时,TVB-N值、K值和菌落总数值分别达到31.34 mg N/100 g、72.24%和6.45（lg（CFU/g））,均已经达到货架期终点的参考限定标准。QIM评价结果与鲜度指标具有良好的一致性,适用于大菱鲆货架期的研究和鲜度的快速评价,4 ℃冷藏大菱鲆的货架期为15 d。     

草鱼冷藏过程中新鲜度的综合评价

为研究养殖草鱼冷藏过程中的鲜度变化,以菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、pH值以及表征新鲜度的K、Ki、Fr、G、H、P值为指标,并结合电子鼻分析其新鲜度。结果表明,草鱼4 ℃冷藏过程中,随贮藏时间的延长,菌落总数和TVB-N含量呈增长趋势,与贮藏时间分别呈极显著相关
（r=0.977）和显著相关（r=0.897）;K、Ki、Fr、G值和P值均与贮藏时间呈极显著相关,相关系数r分别为0.955、0.953、－0.953、0.958和0.957;H值和pH值与其他实验指标相关性均不显著。菌落总数、TVB-N含量、K值及相关值（H值除外）和电子鼻结果能有效区分不同贮藏时间的草鱼。电子鼻检测结果和K值及相关值（H值除外）较菌落总数和TVB-N含量对新鲜度评价更为灵敏,pH值和H值不适宜作为冷藏草鱼的新鲜度评价指标。4 ℃冷藏条件下的草鱼,货架期为8 d,12 d后不可加工和食用。     

Chemical,microbiological and sensory changes of dried Acetes chinensis during accelerated storage

Chemical, microbiological and sensory changes of dried Acetes chinensis during 28 days of accelerated storage at 37 °C were studied. Eighty volatile components including alcohols, aldehydes, acids, ketones, esters, alkanes, nitrogen-containing components, aromatic components and terpenes were identified by headspace sampling and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method during storage. Among these volatile components, the relative content of trimethylamine was the highest during storage, which increased from 11.36 ± 1.02% at day 0 to 14.60 ± 0.58% at day 28. Values of total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), trimethylamine (TMA), thiobarturic acid reactive substances (TBARS), total viable mesophilic count (TVC) and sensory characteristics of colour and odour for dried A. chinensis changed significantly during storage. Volatile components, TVB-N, TMA, pH, TBARS, TVC, colour and odour characteristics at different storage time were statistically interpreted by principle component analysis (PCA) method in order to found the main indices for the freshness of dried A. chinensis. The results suggested that colour, TMA, TVB-N, TBARS, odour, TVC and some volatile components could reflect the quality changes perfectly.     

气调冰箱对冷藏肉类的保鲜效果

为研究气调冰箱（氧分压为18.0%～18.5%）对冷藏肉类的保鲜效果,选取雪花牛肉、三文鱼和金枪鱼3种高价值肉类,置于气调冰箱中冷藏。以普通冰箱作为对照,对贮藏期间肉类表层细胞形态、汁液流失率、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARs）值和菌落总数等指标进行定期监测。结果表明：相较于普通冰箱,气调冰箱显著降低了雪花牛肉、三文鱼和金枪鱼贮藏过程中的汁液流失率、TVB-N含量、TBARs值和菌落总数,延缓了3 种肉类贮藏过程中品质的降低,表明相较于普通冰箱,气调冰箱对冷藏雪花牛肉、三文鱼和金枪鱼具有更好的保鲜效果。综合分析各项评价指标发现,在使用气调冰箱冷藏肉类过程中,雪花牛肉应选用TVB-N含量作为判断保质期的指标,而三文鱼和金枪鱼应选用菌落总数作为判断保质期的指标。     

动力学模型预测鲳鱼货架寿命的实验研究

通过不同温度下的贮藏实验研究了鲳鱼的菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、鲜度指标(K 值)与感官指标随贮藏时间的变化规律。建立了菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮和鲜度指标K值与贮藏时间及贮藏温度之间的动力学模型。实验表明一级化学反应动力学模型和Arrhenius 方程对微生物数量、挥发性盐基氮(TVBN)及鲜度指标(K 值)的变化具有较高的拟合精度(R2 ＞ 0.9)。菌落总数变化预测模型中的EA 及k0 分别为：47.60kJ/mol 和1.568 × 109,挥发性盐基氮变化的EA 及k0 分别为：50.80kJ/mol 和1.490 × 109,鲜度指标K 值变化的EA 及k0 分别为：43.81K J/mol 和3.553 × 107。     

不同贮藏温度条件下鲐鱼货架期预测模型的构建

为了探索海上移动运输船上东海鲐鱼新鲜度随温度变化规律及其动力学特性,将鲐鱼贮藏在0、5、10、15 ℃条件下,测定K值、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile base nitrogen,TVB-N）值与菌落总数（total viable count,TVC）,并进行感官评分,研究其货架期预测模型。结果显示,随贮藏时间的延长,鲐鱼的感官品质指标逐渐下降,K值、TVB-N值和TVC均逐渐上升。实验用Arrhenius方程构建了贮藏温度、贮藏时间与K值、TVB-N值和TVC之间的动力学模型,其中,K值变化的活化能（Ea）及速率常数（k0）分别为30.54 kJ/mol和1.54×104;TVB-N变化的Ea及k0分别为41.21 kJ/mol和4.40×105;TVC变化的Ea及k0分别为46.78 kJ/mol 和2.93×106。建立的动力学模型可以在0～15 ℃范围内对鲐鱼的货架期进行准确预测。     

Ridgetail White Prawn (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Exopalaemon carinicauda</Emphasis>) K Value Predicting Method by Using Electronic Nose Combined with Non-linear Data Analysis Model

In this paper, ridgetail white prawn (Exopalaemon carinicauda) K value predicting model by electronic nose (EN) was studied. Human sensory evaluation (HSE), weight loss, color, total viable counts (TVC), GC-MS, and K value were examined to provide quality references for EN detection. EN responses to prawns were recorded and processed by principal component analysis (PCA) and stochastic resonance (SR). Results indicated that prawn K value rapidly increased due to microbiology propagation. The volatile gases emitted by prawns increased with the increase of storage time based on GC-MS results. PCA method could not discriminate the prawns in different qualities, and SR signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) maximum (SNR_max) values successfully discriminated all samples. K value predicting model was developed by linear fitting regression between K values and SNR_maxvalues (R²?=?0.97). The proposed method will promote the applications of EN in aquatic product quality rapid determination.     

Ridgetail White Prawns,Exopalaemon carinicauda,Storage Time Rapid Determination Using Electronic Nose

Ridgetail white prawns, Exopalaemon carinicauda, storage time rapid determination method based on electronic nose was investigated in this paper. Prawns were stored at 4 °C for 9 days. Each day, electronic nose responses, and total volatile basic nitrogen index were measured during the storage period. Total volatile basic nitrogen index provided a freshness standard according to China standard protocols. Signal-to-noise ratio spectrum calculated by stochastic resonance discriminates prawn samples under different storage days successfully. Prawns' storage time determination model was developed based on signal-to-noise ratio eigenvalues. Validating experiments demonstrated that this model predicted prawn storage time with an accuracy of 90 %. Prawn freshness critical value ?82.77066 was also obtained by referring to total volatile basic nitrogen index and the developed model. This method is promising in seafood freshness evaluation.     

基于高光谱反射特性的猪肉新鲜度和腐败程度的对比分析

为有效评价猪肉在贮藏过程中的品质变化,分析相同猪肉样品在相同环境条件下挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）含量与菌落总数（total viable count,TVC）的变化规律。结果显示,在4?℃冷藏15?d猪肉TVB-N含量与冷藏时间成“J”型变化规律,而TVC与冷藏时间成“S”变化规律。当TVB-N含量在第7.5天达到国家标准规定新鲜度限定值（15 mg/100 g）时,TVC已远超国家标准限定值（6（lg（CFU/g）））,达到7.92（lg（CFU/g））。当TVC在第5.5天达到国家标准限定值时,TVB-N含量仅为10.65?mg/100?g;即在相同贮藏条件下,依据国标TVC指标判定猪肉为“腐败肉”时,而根据TVB-N含量猪肉仍被判定为“新鲜肉”。在此基础上,利用可见-短波近红外高光谱反射技术采集猪肉高光谱数据,建立不同预处理的TVB-N含量与TVC偏最小二乘回归模型。结果表明,利用多元散射校正预处理建立的TVB-N含量模型与1阶导数预处理建立的TVC模型预测效果最好。Rp分别为0.957?2与0.968?2,预测集标准误差分别为2.802?5?mg/100?g与0.332?7（lg（CFU/g））,实测值的标准偏差与预测集的标准误差比值分别为3.093?7和3.434?1;外部验证集相关系数分别为0.928?3与0.930?5,标准误差分别为3.556?2?mg/100?g和0.515?7（lg（CFU/g））。本研究能为高光谱技术更好地应用于猪肉的品质检测提供一定理论依据。     

鱼精蛋白结合壳聚糖对草鱼片的冷藏保鲜效果

为探讨鱼精蛋白-壳聚糖复合保鲜剂对草鱼贮藏保鲜的可行性,本研究采用3种不同复合比例处理草鱼,4 ℃冷藏期间定期测定其菌落总数、TVB-N、汁液流失率、pH、鲜度指标K值并进行感官评价,反应鱼肉品质变化情况。结果表明:复合处理组(CP1、CP2、CP3)贮藏期间感官评分均显著高于对照组(CK),但处理组对pH变化影响较小。各组感官评分值与菌落总数、TVB-N、汁液流失率、K值变化趋势均表现出极显著相关性(p<0.01),相关系数r在-0.887~-0.991之间。其中CP2处理组(1%壳聚糖+0.5%鱼精蛋白溶液)保鲜效果最佳,贮藏10 d各指标均在可接受范围,相比对照组至少延长保鲜期4 d以上。这表明壳聚糖-鱼精蛋白复合保鲜剂能在贮藏期间较好的保持草鱼品质,延长其货架期。     

高光谱成像技术检测延边黄牛肉的新鲜度

为了提高黄牛肉的质量以及食用安全性,本研究采用高光谱成像技术对延边黄牛肉新鲜度进行检测。通过成像系统采集黄牛肉样品的高光谱图像,对高光谱图像做黑白校正处理,结合S-G滤波和均值滤波对处理后的高光谱图像进行去噪处理,并采用主成分分析法对高光谱数据进行降维。采用半微量定氮法测定延边黄牛肉的挥发性盐基氮含量,通过多个BP-ANN弱分类器组建强分类器,将延边黄牛肉的挥发性盐基氮含量输入强分类器中,以挥发性盐基氮含量为指标,根据分类结果实现延边黄牛肉新鲜度的检测。实验结果表明,当波长为700~750 nm时,延边黄牛肉的挥发性盐基氮含量最高,表明肉内部被破坏的程度较高,肉类的新鲜度越差;在第10~11 d时,延边黄牛肉TVB-N质量分数变化较为明显;采用所提方法对高光谱图像去噪后,信号频率由-15 d B^15 d B区间波动变为-5 dB^5 dB区间波动,信号的频率波动较小,趋于稳定,表明所提方法可有效的去除图像中存在的噪声;所提方法的检测结果准确率最高可达99%,具有较高的检测准确率,且去噪效果较好。     

一种基于高光谱图像的熟牛肉TVB-N含量预测方法

传统肉制品新鲜度检测方法具有耗时费力、效率低、有损等缺陷,提出利用高光谱成像(HSI)技术预测熟牛肉新鲜度指标挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)含量。首先通过HSI系统获取熟牛肉样本的高光谱数据,并进行黑白校正。进而采用移动平均平滑和多元散射校正对高光谱数据进行预处理。最后采用支持向量回归(SVR)方法分别建立基于全光谱特征、单一光谱特征、单一纹理特征、主成分分析(PCA)融合特征对TVB-N含量的预测模型。结果显示,使用PCA融合特征的SVR模型,对新鲜度的关键指标TVB-N含量的平均预测准确度(APA)可达到85.13%,表明高光谱成像技术与信息融合技术相结合能够提升模型准确度。     

基于电子鼻、电子舌技术的荣昌猪肉及其制品贮藏过程新鲜度检测研究

目的 探究电子鼻、电子舌对贮藏期间荣昌猪肉及其制品新鲜度变化的检测效果。方法 测定贮藏期间荣昌猪肉及其制品菌落总数(total viable count, TVC)、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen, TVB-N)及感官特性的变化,并以此划分其新鲜度等级。同时,采用电子鼻、电子舌分别对贮藏期间荣昌猪肉及其制品进行检测,运用线性判别分析(lineardiscriminantanalysis,LDA)、传感器贡献率分析(Loading)、主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)识别荣昌猪肉及其制品的新鲜度。结果 电子鼻能够检测到荣昌猪肉及其制品在贮藏期间的气味变化,并能够对其新鲜度进行区分,而传感器W1W对应的硫化物类的变化是电子鼻检测其新鲜度的主要依据。电子舌能够很好地区分贮藏期间荣昌猪肉及其制品的滋味变化,并能够区分其新鲜度。结论 利用电子鼻、电子舌技术能够识别不同新鲜度的荣昌猪肉及其制品,为进一步研究荣昌猪肉及其制品新鲜度快速检测提供方法参考和理论依据。     

Evaluation and predictive modeling of shelf life of minced beef stored in high-oxygen modified atmosphere packaging at different temperatures

The aims were: (1) to follow the freshness decay of minced beef stored in high-oxygen modified atmosphere packaging at different temperatures (4.3, 8.1 and 15.5 °C) by applying traditional methods (microbiological counts, color evaluation, thiobarbituric acid assay TBA, headspace gas composition) and e-nose; (2) to model the decay kinetics to obtain information about the maximum shelf life as function of storage conditions. The minced beef, packaged in modified atmosphere was supplied by a manufacturer at the beginning of its commercial life. The study demonstrated the ability of the traditional methods to describe the kinetics of freshness decay. The modeling of the experimental data and the comparison with microbiological or chemical thresholds allowed the setting, for each index, of a stability time above which the meat was no longer acceptable. The quality decay of meat was also evaluated by the headspace fingerprint of the same set of samples by means of a commercial e-nose. A clear discrimination between “fresh” and “old” samples was obtained using PCA and CA, determining at each temperature a specific range of stability time. The mean value of the stability times calculated for each index was 9 days at 4.3 °C (recommended storage temperature), 3–4 days at 8.1 °C (usual temperature in household refrigerators) and 2 days at 15.5 °C (abuse temperature). Resolution of the stability times allowed calculation of mean Q₁₀ values, i.e. the increase in rate for a 10 °C increase in temperature.The results show that the Q₁₀ values from the traditional methods (3.6–4.0 range) overlapped with those estimated with e-nose and color indexes (3.4 and 3.9, respectively).     

真空包装鲈鱼片在冷藏与微冻贮藏过程中的新鲜度评价

以淡水鲈鱼为对象,采用真空包装方法,研究鲈鱼片在冷藏（4 ℃）和微冻（－2 ℃）条件下的新鲜度变化情况。以菌落总数、pH值、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）值、K值为指标,结合电子鼻对冷藏和微冻鲈鱼片的气味进行检测,并对所获得信息进行主成分分析,综合评价其新鲜度。结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,不同温度贮藏的鲈鱼片其菌落总数和K值均呈上升趋势,温度越低,上升越慢;贮藏初期pH值呈先下降后升高的趋势;电子鼻分析结果与菌落总数、K值结果保持一致,能有效区分不同新鲜度的鲈鱼片。综合各指标变化,与冷藏相比,真空包装鲈鱼片微冻贮藏能保持较好新鲜度,货架期更长。     

Study of golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) freshness forecasting method by utilising Vis/NIR spectroscopy combined with electronic nose

Golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) quality forecasting method utilising Vis/NIR spectroscopy combined with electronic nose (EN) was investigated in this article. Responses of Vis/NIR spectroscopy and EN to pompanos stored at 4°C were measured for 6 days. Physical/chemical indexes including texture, total volatile basic nitrogen, pH, total viable counts, and human sensory evaluation were synchronously examined as quality references. Chemometric methods including principal component analysis (PCA) and stochastic resonance (SR) were employed for spectroscopic and EN data analysis. Physicochemical examination demonstrated that fish quality decreased rapidly during storage. PCA qualitatively classified freshness degree of pompano samples, while SR signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) spectrum using SNR maximum quantitatively characterised quality for all samples. Golden pompano quality predictive models were developed based on spectroscopy, EN, and spectroscopy combined with EN, respectively. Results demonstrated that the model developed based on spectroscopy combined with EN presented a forecasting accuracy of 93.3%.