超声波辅助酶处理对糙米理化特性的影响研究

利用超声波辅助酶对糙米的纤维素皮层进行了适当的处理,研究了酶处理后处理液中总糖的变化、糙米粉的黏度特性、糙米的吸水率以及糙米的蒸煮特性.随着处理时间的延长,纤维素酶、果胶酶、纤维素酶和果胶酶的复合酶3种酶液在超声波辅助下分解纤维素皮层得到的总糖量都不断增加,2.5h时总糖含量分别为61.41、77.58、95.31 mg,是无超声波辅助下的1.16倍、1.06倍、1.47倍,表明低频率超声波对3种酶分解纤维素皮层均具有一定的促进作用,其中复合酶效果最好;酶处理后,糙米粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度均升高,并且酶对纤维素皮层的分解一定程度上提高了糙米的吸水率和平衡后的含水率.糙米蒸煮后的硬度、黏着性、咀嚼性和回复性与分解得到的总糖量存在着显著的负相关性(P＜0.05),相关系数分别为-0.828、-0.837、-0.853、-0.827.由此可见,用超声波辅助酶处理糙米,可以提高酶反应效率,缩短处理时间,从而更大程度地改善糙米的理化特性以及食用品质.     

发芽对糙米理化特性的影响

采用富集γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)的优化糙米发芽工艺条件,研究糙米发芽前后内部结构和理化特性的变化,主要包括膨胀度、透明度、冻融稳定性、凝沉特性、糊化特性及质构特性等。结果表明:糙米发芽后,膨胀度增大,且随温度的升高而提高;透光率比发芽前升高了20%;冻融稳定性提高,凝沉特性得到改善,这说明发芽使糙米不易老化,有助于食品货架期的延长;峰值黏度降低,糊化温度基本不变;糙米发芽后凝胶黏性有所提高,硬度和胶凝性均降低;电镜分析结果显示,发芽后整个米粒结构变得较疏松。通过对糙米淀粉酶活力的测定,表明发芽后糙米淀粉酶活力上升。综上得出,发芽对糙米的理化特性有一定的改善作用。     

发芽对糙米淀粉理化特性的影响

以未发芽、发芽12、24、36 h的糙米为原料提取淀粉,并对淀粉及其组分含量、淀粉糊的透明度、凝沉性质、冻融稳定性、酶解率以及粘度等进行分析,研究发芽对糙米淀粉理化特性的影响。结果表明:糙米发芽后淀粉及其组分的含量、淀粉糊的酶解率以及淀粉糊的粘度均降低;淀粉糊的透明度和冻融稳定性均增强;凝沉稳定性变化不大。其中发芽24 h的糙米淀粉的理化特性变化最明显。发芽对糙米淀粉的理化特性具有一定的改善作用。     

发芽糙米淀粉理化特性研究

采用富集γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)的优选糙米发芽工艺条件,通过碱酶两步法提取糙米淀粉,研究发芽对糙米淀粉结构和理化特性的影响。结果表明:糙米发芽后,淀粉膨胀度增大,且随温度升高而提高;透明度升高了57.14%;峰值黏度基本不变;冻融稳定性提高,凝沉特性得到改善;淀粉凝胶的凝胶粘性有所提高,硬度和胶凝性有所降低;碘兰值减小,说明糙米发芽后其直链淀粉含量降低或聚合度减小;电镜分析结果显示,发芽后糙米淀粉颗粒变得圆滑,棱角较发芽前不明显。综上得出,发芽对糙米淀粉的理化特性具有一定的改善作用。     

糯糙米发芽过程中淀粉理化特性的变化

本论文选取糙糯米为研究对象,分别对其进行不同程度的发芽处理（调控发芽时间）,然后经水磨碱法提取淀粉,探讨不同发芽处理时间对糙糯米淀粉基本理化指标及糊化、流变与质构特性的影响规律。结果表明：发芽处理提高了淀粉的溶解度、膨胀度、起糊温度与热糊稳定性,使其凝沉特性及流动性得以改善,但降低了淀粉糊的储能模量、损耗模量、内聚性和胶黏性,且随着发芽时间的延长,趋势更加明显。这些研究结果表明发芽处理可以显著降低糙糯米淀粉糊的黏度、内聚性与咀嚼性,增强其吸水能力及流动能力,改善其凝沉特性,有利于其在食品加工及速冻食品中的应用,呈现出非常好的工业应用前景。     

挤压膨化对发芽糙米理化性质的影响

以发芽糙米为原料,分析了发芽糙米经过挤压膨化前后的淀粉、蛋白质和氨基酸组成等营养成分含量的变化,研究了挤压膨化对发芽糙米理化性质的影响。结果表明:挤压膨化后发芽糙米中的淀粉、蛋白质和脂肪含量弱有减少,还原糖含量增加,氨基酸含量和组成变化不明显。挤压膨化后,发芽糙米的吸水性和水溶性都分别比未膨化的高出1.28和0.78倍;容重明显降低,糊化度大幅提高;挤压膨化发芽糙米的RVA谱特征值中,热浆黏度、最终黏度和峰值时间较发芽糙米的升高,其他特征值均有所下降;发芽糙米经挤压膨化后变为网状多孔的结构。     

超声波处理对糙米发芽生理影响的研究

研究了不同浸泡温度下糙米含水量变化,同时采用20kHz超声波对糙米进行0,3,5,7,14,28min的时间处理,以探索超声波对浸泡发芽中糙米生理活动的影响。在实验条件下,7min处理相比于对照能明显提高糙米α淀粉酶活力,加速还原糖积累和呼吸强度升高,14min、3.5min表现相同趋势。     

加工方式对发芽糙米理化性质影响研究进展

介绍了发芽糙米的营养价值及生理功效,综述了加工方式对发芽糙米理化性质的影响,提出发芽糙米在食品加工中有待解决的问题,并展望未来发展前景,以期为发芽糙米的功能性食品开发提供参考。     

超声波辅助处理对发芽糙米营养及食用品质的影响

本研究采用超声波技术辅助加工发芽糙米,探究超声波辅助处理对发芽糙米总黄酮、基本营养成分、米糠皮层微观结构及质构等的影响。结果表明,超声波辅助处理工艺顺序对发芽糙米总黄酮的含量有一定影响,其中糙米先浸泡13 h,再用160 W超声处理25 min后发芽,发芽糙米的总黄酮含量达到最大值218.17 mg/100 g。在此工艺条件下,与未超声处理组相比,发芽糙米的发芽势和发芽率分别升高了19.60%（P<0.01）和4.66%（P<0.05）;蛋白质、维生素B₂及矿物质元素（钾、磷、锰、锌）的含量均显著增加（P<0.05）;糙米皮层变得更加疏松多孔;硬度、黏着性、弹性和粘度均下降。热物性方面,发芽糙米淀粉糊化相关热物性参数无显著性变化（P?0.05）,可见超声波辅助加工能在一定程度上改善发芽糙米的功能营养特性及食用品质。     

糙米发芽前后营养成分的变化及其对发芽糙米糊化特性的影响

选用24个糙米品种为原料制备发芽糙米,研究发芽过程中主要营养成分的变化,以及营养成分变化对发芽糙米糊化特性的影响。结果表明,糙米发芽后,总淀粉含量极显著下降(P0.01),可溶性蛋白、纤维素和γ-氨基丁酸的含量极显著上升(P0.01),直链淀粉、总蛋白和粗脂肪含量变化不显著(P0.05)。发芽糙米峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度和回生值与直链淀粉含量呈极显著的正相关(P0.01),与支链淀粉含量、支链淀粉/直链淀粉呈极显著的负相关(P0.01);峰值时间也与直链淀粉含量呈极显著的正相关(P0.01),与支链淀粉、支链淀粉/直链淀粉呈显著负相关(P0.05)。此外,发芽糙米峰值黏度与总蛋白含量呈极显著的负相关(P0.01),最低黏度、最终黏度和回生值也与总蛋白的含量呈显著负相关(P0.05)。     

Germination Conditions Affect Physicochemical Properties of Germinated Brown Rice Flour

ABSTRACT:  Germinated brown rice has been reported to be nutritious due to increased free gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The physicochemical properties of brown rice (BR) and glutinous brown rice (GNBR) after germination as affected by different steeping times (24, 36, 48, and 72 h depending on the rice variety) and pHs of steeping water (3, 5, 7, and as-is) were determined and compared to those of the nongerminated one (control). As the steeping time increased or pH of steeping water decreased, germinated brown rice flours (GBRF) from both BR and GNBR had greater reducing sugar, free GABA and α-amylase activity; while the total starch and viscosity were lower than their respective controls. GBRFs from both BR and GNBR prepared after 24-h steeping time at pH 3 contained a high content of free GABA at 32.70 and 30.69 mg/100 g flour, respectively. The peak viscosity of GBRF obtained from both BR and GNBR (7.42 to 228.22 and 4.42 to 58.67 RVU, respectively) was significantly lower than that of their controls (255.46 and 190.17 RVU, respectively). The principal component analysis indicated that the important variables for discriminating among GBRFs, explained by the first 2 components at 89.82% of total explained variance, were the pasting profiles, α-amylase activity, and free GABA.     

Physicochemical Properties and Consumer Acceptance of Wheat-Germinated Brown Rice Bread during Storage Time

Abstract: Selected physicochemical properties and consumer acceptance of bread prepared from composite flour (wheat:germinated brown rice:germinated glutinous brown rice flours at 60:30:10 ratio) were evaluated during storage for 0, 3, and 5 d, and compared with wheat bread (0 d, control). During storage, color profiles and water activity (from 0.947 to 0.932) of crumbs of composite flour breads slightly changed, but moisture content drastically decreased along with increasing crumb hardness (from 4.16 N to 10.37 N). Higher retrogradation in bread crumb was observed particularly for 5-d stored bread (ΔH = 2.24 J/g) compared to that of the fresh composite bread and the control (ΔH = 0.70 and 0.51 J/g, respectively). Mean (n = 116) overall liking score of the fresh composite flour bread (0 d) was slightly lower than that of the control (7.1 compared with 7.6 based on a 9-point hedonic scale). At least 76% of consumers would purchase the fresh composite flour bread if commercially available. Breads were differentiated by textural (moistness, smoothness, and softness) acceptability with canonical correlation of 0.84 to 0.87. The signal-to-noise ratio values of the 5-d stored breads were lower than the control, due mainly to the non-JAR (not-enough) intensity responses for moistness, smoothness, and softness; the mean drop of liking scores for these attributes ranged from 2.42 to 2.98. Flavor acceptability and overall liking were factors influencing consumers’ purchase intent of composite flour breads based on logistic regression analysis. This study demonstrated feasibility of incorporating up to 40% germinated brown rice flour in a wheat bread formulation. Practical Application: Our previous study revealed that flours from germinated brown rice have better nutritional properties, particularly gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), than the nongerminated one. This study demonstrated feasibility of incorporating up to 40% germinated brown rice flour in a wheat bread formulation. In the current U.S. market, this type of bread may be sold as frozen bread that would have a longer shelf life, or may be supplied as a food-service product that would be made-to-order or made fresh daily as currently practiced in some major grocery stores.     

挤压膨化对糙米理化特性的影响

挤压膨化过程中，糙米的淀粉、脂肪、蛋白质、膳食纤维及植酸都发生了有益的变化，淀粉颗粒增大，淀粉颗粒间距加大，有利于生产新型糙米食品。     

低温挤压对粳糙米营养特性及理化性质的影响

为了保留糙米的营养成分,改善糙米的粗糙口感,降低挤压糙米的消化速度,本文将粳糙米粉碎后在较低温度下挤压重组成米粒产品。将粳糙米在65 ℃低温挤压后,分析其营养成分、热特性、糊化特性、水合性质以及晶体结构等理化性质的变化。结果表明:低温挤压处理后粳糙米的脂肪含量从3.30%下降到1.07%,总淀粉、粗蛋白含量变化不显著,总膳食纤维含量从4.27%减少至3.60%,有助于改善糙米的粗糙口感。总酚含量和γ-氨基丁酸含量分别从33.99 mg/100 g、94.79 mg/kg增至36.59 mg/100 g、105.44 mg/kg。挤压后粳糙米粉的峰值黏度、回生值、糊化焓变分别由920.00 cP、869.50 cP、7.00 J/g降至406.00 cP、714.50 cP、2.28 J/g,糊化度为68.43%,挤压后糙米淀粉保持较低的糊化度。晶体结构在挤压后也发生了变化,挤压后粳糙米在2θ角为13 °、20 °存在衍射峰,晶体结构从A型转变成V型,相对结晶度从37.52%降至27.33%。此外,挤压粳糙米的吸水性指数和水溶性指数均升高。     

响应面优化超声波辅助提取发芽糙米黄酮工艺

以体积分数50%的乙醇溶液为提取溶剂,采用超声技术从发芽糙米中提取黄酮类化合物。采用Box-Behnken响应面设计法建立影响因素的二次回归模型。通过响应面分析得到超声波辅助提取发芽糙米黄酮的最佳提取条件为超声时间11.7min、浸提温度45.8℃、浸提时间30.5min、液料比18.9:1(mL/g),发芽糙米黄酮的提取量可达(0.743±0.011)mg/g(n＝5),达到理论值0.754mg/g的98.5%。该回归模型模拟度良好,可以作为发芽糙米黄酮提取量测定的理论依据。     

Germination Conditions Affect Selected Quality of Composite Wheat-Germinated Brown Rice Flour and Bread Formulations

Abstract: Brown rice has been reported to be more nutritious after germination. Germinated brown rice flours (GBRFs) from different steeping conditions (in distilled water [DI, pH 6.8] or in a buffer solution [pH 3] for either 24 or 48 h at 35 °C) were evaluated in this study. GBRF obtained from brown rice steeped at pH 3 for 48 h contained the highest amount of free gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA; 67 mg/100 g flour). The composite flour (wheat-GBRF) at a ratio of 70 : 30 exhibited significantly lower peak viscosity (PV) (56.99 – 132.45 RVU) with higher alpha-amylase activity (SN = 696 – 1826) compared with those of wheat flour (control) (PV = 136.46 RVU and SN = 1976). Bread formulations, containing 30% GBRF, had lower loaf volume and greater hardness (P < 0.05) than the wheat bread. However, the hardness of bread containing 30% GBRF (except at pH 6.8 and 24 h) was significantly lower than that of bread containing 30% nongerminated brown rice flour (BRF). Acceptability scores for aroma, taste, and flavor of breads prepared with or without GBRFs (30% substitution) were not significantly different, with the mean score ranging from 6.1 (like slightly) to 7 (like moderately). Among the bread formulations containing GBRF, the one with GBRF prepared after 24 h steeping at pH 3 had a slightly higher (though not significant) overall liking score (6.8). This study demonstrated that it is feasible to substitute wheat flour with up to 30% GBRF in bread formulation without negatively affecting sensory acceptance. Practical Application: Our previous study revealed that flours from germinated brown rice have better nutritional properties, particularly gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), than the nongerminated one. This study demonstrated feasibility of incorporating up to 30% germinated brown rice flour in a wheat bread formulation without negatively affecting sensory acceptance. In the current United States market, this type of bread may be sold as frozen bread which would have a longer shelf life. Further study is thus needed.