An assessment of the effects of wine volatiles on the perception of taste and astringency in wine

The objective of this work is measuring the effect of different volatile extract compositions on the perception of taste, astringency, global intensity and persistence of wine. Six Spanish wines, two from Chardonnay and four from Tempranillo grapes, all of them showing different chemical and sensory characteristics, were selected. Wines were separated into volatile and non-volatile fractions by solid phase extraction and lyophilisation and further liquid extraction, respectively. Eighteen “reconstituted wines” were prepared, combining different volatile extracts and different non-volatile matrices and adjusting ethanol content to 12% (v/v), and were further described by a specifically trained sensory panel. Taste attributes (sweetness, acidity, bitterness), astringency, aroma intensity, global intensity and persistence were assessed in both, original and “reconstituted” wines by using a numerical category scale. The sensory properties of the original wines were retained by their corresponding “reconstituted samples”. The sensory assessment of the “reconstituted wines” showed that the addition of volatile fruity extracts from white wines brought about a decrease in astringency and bitterness and an increase in sweet perception in all cases. While global intensity and persistence of white wine matrices were also increased, they did not change in red wine matrices, which suggests that the volatile fraction plays only a secondary role in these attributes of red wines. Similarly, the effects of replacing the volatile fraction of a red wine by volatile extracts from other red wines were small and inconsistent, which confirms that taste and astringency are primarily driven by non-volatile molecules in these wines.     

SPME-GC-MS技术结合rOAV分析不同加工工艺紫娟白茶的关键香气物质

为研究不同加工工艺紫娟白茶的关键香气化合物,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(Headspace solid-phase micro extraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS),结合感官审评、PCA验证、OPLS-DA分析以及相对香气活度值(Relative odor activity value,rOAV),分析筛选紫娟白茶的关键香气化合物。结果表明:共检测出82种主要香气组分,以醇类、酯类、杂环及芳香族化合物为主,芳樟醇、水杨酸甲酯、苯甲醇、β-紫罗兰酮等相对含量较高,rOAV法分析结果显示:1-辛烯-3-醇、α-紫罗兰酮、苯乙醛、水杨酸甲酯等9种挥发性有机化合物对自然萎凋的紫娟白茶(TZW)花果香馥郁且带毫香、辛香、药香的香气形成具有较大贡献,1-辛烯-3-醇、α-紫罗兰酮、β-紫罗兰酮、苯甲醛等9种挥发性有机化合物对复式萎凋紫娟白茶(CZW)果香浓郁且带花香、辛香的香气形成具有较大贡献。OPLS-DA分析结合rOAV发现1-辛烯-3-醇和水杨酸甲酯是TZW与CZW香气差异的关键化...     

基于OAV和AEDA对工夫红茶的PLSR分析

采用顶空蒸汽蒸馏提取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术及气相色谱-嗅闻技术,对4?种中国工夫红茶进行定性、定量分析。根据香气成分的香气活力值和芳香萃取物稀释分析分别筛选出30、36?种挥发性成分作为香气成分,结合2?种方法确定22?种香气成分为工夫红茶的香气关键成分,并将其与感官属性和红茶样品进行偏最小二乘法相关性分析。确定对工夫红茶香气起重要作用的22?种关键香气物质为：1-戊醇、叶醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、反式氧化芳樟醇、芳樟醇、顺-6-壬烯醇、香叶醇、苯甲醇、苯乙醇、橙花叔醇、戊醛、己醛、反-2-己烯醛、糠醛、（反,反）-2,4-庚二烯醛、苯乙醛、（反,反）-2,4-癸二烯醛、水杨酸甲酯、丙位-壬内酯、2,3-丁二酮、2-庚酮和香豆素。     

不同品种甜瓜的关键香气成分鉴定及感官特性形成分析

该研究首先利用气相色谱-质谱-嗅闻技术（Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Olfactometry,GC-MS-O）结合香气活力值（Odor Activity Value,OAV）从伽师瓜、黄河蜜瓜、西州密25号和西州密17号中分别鉴定出9、16、12和10种关键香气物质,其中的乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯和乙酸苄酯等7种香气物质是我国厚皮甜瓜主要的特征香气成分;采用定量描述分析确定了甜瓜的果香、瓜香、甜香、青香、花香和麝香-烘烤香6个感官特性并给出了相应的感官得分;利用聚类热图法分析了4种甜瓜中关键香气物质种类和含量的差异性;偏最小二乘回归法（Partial Least Squares Regression,PLSR）分析了甜瓜香气感官特性形成的原因。结果表明乙酸乙酯与甜瓜麝香-烘烤香感官属性形成相关;2-甲基丁基乙酸酯和乙酸丁酯与甜瓜果香感官属性形成相关;乙酸苄酯、异戊醛、(E,Z)-3,6-壬二烯-1-醇、硫代乙酸甲酯、(Z)-6-壬烯-1-醇和3-甲基丁酸乙酯与甜瓜的花香和瓜香感官属性形成呈显著相关性。该研究为我国厚皮甜瓜风味香气的改良以及其感官质...     

Differences in volatiles,and chemical,microbial and sensory characteristics between artisanal and industrial Piacentinu Ennese cheeses

Piacentinu is a traditional Sicilian ewes’ milk cheese produced in the province of Enna. The objective of this study was to determine whether altering the traditional conditions under which Piacentinu cheeses are made affects their volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and sensory characteristics. Cheeses were obtained from different farms and ripened for 2 to 6 months. Those made from raw milk and artisanal rennets contained a more diverse group of VOCs, especially with respect to terpenes, and had significantly stronger aroma intensities in most categories except fruity. Cheeses made from pasteurised milk with commercial starters and rennets had significantly stronger salty and spicy tastes. Principal components analysis of the VOC and sensory data separated the two types of cheeses by their VOC “fingerprints” and a few aroma sensory attributes. Ripening time was accounted for by aroma intensity, and taste and texture attributes.     

Sensory Characterization of Sweet Corn Lines Differing in Physical and Chemical Composition.

Chemical, physical and sensory characteristics were determined in a population of 103 F₃ families derived from the cross between two sweet corn inbreds that differed in kernel properties associated with eating quality. Kernel characteristics correlated well with panel perception of sensory attributes. Chemical, physical and sensory properties were grouped into three factors: taste—including sweetness, starchiness, juiciness, and sucrose and starch concentrations; texture—crispness, tenderness, juiciness and cooked kernel tenderness; and aroma—sweet corn aroma, grassy aroma, grassy flavor and concentrations of an unknown volatile (V179). The relative importance in determining overall liking was taste 45.1, texture 30.5, and aroma 24.4%.     

酵母抽提物的不同添加方式对藜麦膨化粉感官品质、味觉特性和挥发性风味物质的影响

分别将酵母抽提物(YE)在挤压膨化前后添加到藜麦粉中得到YE藜麦膨化粉和YE+藜麦膨化粉,利用味觉分析系统、GC-MS等方法分析藜麦膨化粉、YE藜麦膨化粉和YE+藜麦膨化粉的味觉特性及挥发性风味物质,并进行感官评价.结果 表明:与藜麦膨化粉相比,YE+藜麦膨化粉的香味浓郁,感官评分较高,苦味、涩味、苦味回味、涩味回味显...     

会东县不同品种块菌挥发性香气成分的GC-MS分析

挥发性香气成分是块菌品质的重要指标,为探究不同品种块菌挥发性香气成分的差异,采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用对挥发性成分进行分析,并采用相对气味活度值判定主体挥发性香气成分。结果表明：6 种块菌共鉴定出24 种挥发性成分,主要包括醇类、酮类、醛类、烯类等,6 种块菌中共有的挥发性成分为1-辛烯-3-醇、苯乙醛、反-2-辛烯醛。假凹陷块菌的主体挥发性香气成分为1-辛烯-3-醇和苯乙醛;夏块菌的主体挥发性香气成分为1-辛烯-3-醇、苯乙醛、反-2-辛烯醛、苯甲醛和己醛;印度块菌和会东块菌的主体挥发性香气成分为1-辛烯-3-醇;凹陷块菌的主体挥发性香气成分为1-辛烯-3-醇、苯乙醛、反-2-辛烯醛、己醛和3-辛酮;波氏块菌的主体挥发性香气成分为1-辛烯-3-醇、反-2-辛烯醛和3-辛酮。     

Effect of fat content on aroma generation during processing of dry fermented sausages

Dry fermented sausages with different fat contents were produced (10%, 20% and 30%). The effect of fat content and ripening time on sensory characteristics, lipolysis, lipid oxidation and volatile compounds generation was studied. Also, the key aroma components were identified using gas chromatography (GC) and olfactometry. High fat sausages showed the highest lipolysis and lipid oxidation, determined by free fatty acid content and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), respectively. A total of 95 volatile compounds were identified using SPME, GC and mass spectrometry (MS). Fat reduction decreased the generation of lipid derived volatile compounds during processing while those generated from bacterial metabolism increased, although only at the first stages of processing. The consumers preference in aroma and overall quality of high and medium fat sausages was related to the aroma compounds hexanal, 2-nonenal, 2,4-nonadienal, ethyl butanoate and 1-octen-3-ol which contributed green, medicinal, tallowy, fruity and mushroom notes.     

Identification of the aroma components of acerola (Malphigia glabra L.): free and bound flavour compounds

Free and glycosidically-bound flavour compounds of acerola fruit were isolated and identified by GC and GC–MS analysis. Among the 46 compounds identified in the volatile fraction, the alcohols (3-methyl-but-3-en-1-ol, 3-methyl-butan-1-ol and 2-methyl-butan-1-ol) were predominant. Two other classes, aromatic compounds and esters, can participate in the fruity and fresh aroma of acerola. Among the 42 aglycones identified for the first time in this fruit, aliphatic alcohols and norisoprenoids were the main components. The latter were present in free form and only in traces. The hydrolysis of these aglycones could increase the fruity aroma of acerola. Four glucosides and one rutinoside were charaterized by GC–EIMS of their TFA derivatives.     

Aroma Characteristic and Volatile Profiling of Carrot Varieties and Quantitative Role of Terpenoid Compounds for Carrot Sensory Attributes

The aroma characteristics and volatile profiles of 14 carrot varieties were investigated by sensory evaluations and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry volatile analyses. The sensory map obtained by principal components analysis showed that the sensory attributes comprised 3 categories: sour/green, overall carrot/harsh/ink‐like, and fruity/fresh/sweet. The Kuroda type is characterized by lower intensities of overall carrot/harsh/ink‐like and fruity/fresh/sweet notes. Furthermore, volatile profiling indicated that this type did not have significantly higher amounts of volatiles. Partial least squares regression analysis determined the quantitative contributions to ink‐like, harsh, and fruity carrot aromas; monoterpenes had significant positive correlations with these attributes, while bisabolene isomers had negative correlations. The aroma attribute intensity and contents of volatiles and nutritional compounds are relatively low in the Kuroda type than in other carrot types. This type may be useful for reducing carrot harshness during the development of new carrots with good eating qualities.     

Could cider aroma modify cider mouthfeel properties?

The objective of this work was to evaluate whether aroma–taste interactions could occur in cider due to cognitive interactions such as a dumping effect or a congruency phenomenon. Sixteen French ciders were selected with different organoleptic characteristics. Three different tasting conditions were compared in order to evaluate the presence of aroma interactions with taste. A trained panel was first asked to assess ciders, with and without a nose clip, on four attributes: sweetness, sourness, bitterness and astringency. Secondly, they had to score the same four attributes with seven aroma attributes added. It was shown that the perception of sweetness and astringency was modified in the presence of aroma. Ciders with fruity and caramel aromatic notes were perceived sweeter contrary to ciders with hay, animal and earthy notes, which were perceived less sweet. Moreover, the aroma interaction with sweetness was sugar concentration-dependent. It occurred only in cider containing around 40 g/L of sugar. Finally, ciders were perceived more astringent when tasted without wearing a nose clip.     

基于GC-IMS和SPME-GC-MS分析柠檬汁对太平洋牡蛎（Crassostrea gigas）酶解液风味的改善作用

目的:探究柠檬汁对牡蛎脂质氧化的抑制作用与改善牡蛎酶解液风味的效果,明确牡蛎酶解液风味改善前后的特征香气差异。方法:采用柠檬汁参与牡蛎水解过程对牡蛎（太平洋牡蛎）不良风味进行改善,利用感官评价、气相色谱-离子迁移谱（GC-IMS）与固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱（SPME-GC-MS）等技术分析牡蛎酶解液风味改善前后的挥发性化合物,并结合感觉阈值和相对气味活度值（ROVA）对其进行特征性香气分析。结果:GC-IMS技术对牡蛎匀浆液、牡蛎酶解液及柠檬汁脱腥后的牡蛎酶解液中共鉴定出40种挥发性化合物,其中,经柠檬汁脱腥后牡蛎酶解液中新生成了7种具有花香、果香等愉快风味特点的挥发性化合物,它们是:蒎烯、苯甲醇、氧化芳樟醇、十二醛、2-庚酮、2-甲氧基苯酚、乙酸丁酯;减少了6种具有鱼腥味等不愉快特征风味的挥发性化合物含量,分别为（E,E）-2,4-辛二烯醛、庚醛、壬醛、（E）-2-辛烯醛、辛醛、1-辛烯-3醇。SPME-GC-MS技术及ROAV法鉴定分析结果显示,经柠檬汁脱腥处理后烯烃类物质的相对含量由8.37%上升为42.84%,主要增加了月桂烯、D-柠檬烯等柠檬汁的特征挥发性风味成分,1-辛烯-3醇不再作为关键风味成分,具有鱼腥味特点的庚醛和（E）-2-辛烯醛的ROAV值下降,整体不良风味减弱。结论:柠檬汁参与牡蛎水解过程可有效减少牡蛎酶解液的腥味及异味,该方法高效、便捷、安全,可为扩大牡蛎酶解液的应用及推动产业脱腥技术的发展提供有益参考。     

Effect of ascorbic acid on the odours of cloudy apple juice

Ascorbic acid is used in apple juice as an antibrowning agent. This study investigated the effect of ascorbic acid (0.0–0.2% w/v) on the odours of cloudy apple juice using sensory evaluation and gas chromatography (GC). The increase in ascorbic acid concentration in the apple juice resulted in increases in green and unnatural odours and decreases in fresh, fruity and apple-like odours. In the GC determination, 23 volatile compounds were detected in apple juice. Aroma value, which showed the relative importance of volatile compounds, was used to elucidate the changes in odours of apple juice due to the addition of ascorbic acid. The aroma values of hexanal and trans-2-hexenal in the apple juice with 0.2% w/v ascorbic acid increased about 4 and 5-fold from those in the ascorbic acid-free apple juice, respectively. On the other hand, the aroma values of esters insignificantly changed in the apple juice with ascorbic acid. The increases in aroma values of aldehydes corresponded well with the increase in green odour in the apple juice with ascorbic acid.     

戴尔有孢圆酵母与酿酒酵母混合发酵对猕猴桃酒香气的影响

用戴尔有孢圆酵母（Torulaspora delbrueckii SY-2-2）和酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae RV002）作为猕猴桃酒发酵菌株,以单接种酿酒酵母、单接种戴尔有孢圆酵母为对照组,同时接种戴尔有孢圆酵母和酿酒酵母、顺序接种戴尔有孢圆酵母和酿酒酵母为实验组,采用顶空固相微萃取法结合气相色谱-质谱技术测定猕猴桃汁发酵酒样产生的挥发性香气成分。结果表明,混菌发酵组获得的挥发性香气成分种类高于单菌发酵组,且顺序接种发酵组的香气成分种类（23 种）和质量浓度（336.95 mg/L）均最高。在顺序接种发酵组中,戴尔有孢圆酵母的参与提高了猕猴桃酒中挥发性物质的种类和含量,特别是苯乙酸乙酯、苯丙酸乙酯、苯乙醇、β-大马士酮、α-松油醇、桉树油醇等物质,赋予猕猴桃酒浓郁的花果香味,丰富了猕猴桃酒的香气成分。香气感官评价表明顺序接种发酵组的花香、草本香、甜香味更加浓郁,酒香和果香次之,整体评分最高。