Fatty acid profile,carcass and meat quality traits of young Nellore bulls fed crude glycerin replacing energy sources in the concentrate

Carcass and meat quality traits of 60 Nellore young bulls fed diets without crude glycerin (CG); with CG replacing corn (CGc; 10% of dry matter — DM) in the concentrate; and with CG replacing soybean hull (CGsh; 10% of DM) in the concentrate were evaluated. Diets were evaluated at two concentrate levels (CLs). The CL did not affect cold carcass weight (CCW; P = 0.6074), cold carcass dressing (CCD; P = 0.9636), rib fat thickness (RFT; P = 0.8696) and longissimus muscle area (LMA; P = 0.7524). Animals fed diets with CGc or CGsh showed meat with greater deposition of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA; P = 0.0022) and CLA (18:2 cis-9, trans-11) contents (P = 0.0001) than animals fed diets without CG. The inclusion of 10% of CG in diets CGc or CGsh does not affect the carcass and meat quality traits; however, it increases the MUFA and CLA contents in beef, although these changes are very small in nutritional terms.     

Effect of dietary replacement of sunflower oil with linseed oil on intramuscular fatty acids of lamb meat

The effect of stepwise replacement of dietary sunflower oil (SO) with linseed oil (LO) on carcass composition, meat colour and fatty acid (FA) composition of intramuscular lipids of lamb meat was investigated. Thirty-six lambs were fed one of four diets consisting of pellets of lucerne with oil (60 g/kg): the diet varied in the composition of oil added and were: 100% SO; 66.6% SO plus 33.3% LO; 33.3% SO plus 66.6% LO and 100% LO. The experimental period was 7 weeks. Live slaughter weight, hot carcass weight and intermuscular fat percentage of chump and shoulder increased linearly with replacement of SO by LO.     

Animal performance and fatty acid composition of lambs fed with different vegetable oils

Twenty-seven lambs were used to investigate the effects of the inclusion of 4% hydrogenated palm oil (HPO) or sunflower oil (SFO) in the concentrate on animal performance, carcass and meat quality and fat characteristics and fatty acid composition. Animals (16.2 ± 0.27 kg initial weight) were fed concentrate (Control, HPO or SFO) and barley straw ad libitum and slaughtered at 25 kg. SFO lambs tended to eat less concentrate than HPO animals (P < 0.10). Neither HPO nor SFO affected any of the carcass characteristics studied, meat pH and meat and fat colour (P > 0.05). SFO decreased proportions of C16:0, C18:1 cis-11 and C18:3 (P < 0.05) and increased C18:1 trans (P < 0.001) and C18:2/C18:3 ratio (P < 0.05). Atherogenicity index was lower (P < 0.05) when SFO was included in the concentrate. HPO did not affected and SFO improved fatty acid composition of fattening lambs without affecting animal performance.     

Total lipid,fatty acid composition and lipid oxidation of Indian white shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus) fed diets containing different lipid sources

BACKGROUND: Seafood is an important constituent of the human diet. In Iran, Indian white shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus) is the major cultured shrimp species as a result of market demand, local availability and growth rate. It is mainly reared using commercial feed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing 50% of the fish oil by vegetable oils in shrimp feed on total lipid, fatty acid composition and lipid oxidation of shrimp muscle. RESULTS: No significant differences in total lipid content (6.1–7.3 g kg^?1) were found between edible tissues of shrimp fed different diets. The major fatty acids in shrimp muscle were palmitic, oleic, lionoleic, stearic, eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. Higher levels of EPA and DHA were observed in muscle of shrimp fed a diet containing fish oil. Oxidative rancidity, measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, for all shrimps did not exceed 0.2 mg malonaldehyde kg^?1 muscle tissue, which was low and acceptable. CONCLUSION: This study had shown that the fatty acid composition of feed directly affects the fatty acid composition of Indian white shrimp muscle. Farmed Indian white shrimp can be considered as a species of low fat and shrimp muscle was quite stable to oxidation during storage. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同脂肪酸组成的植物油氧化稳定性的研究

通过气相色谱法分析了菜籽油、大豆油、花生油、葵花籽油、山茶油、调和油、玉米油和芝麻油这八种天然食用植物油的脂肪酸组成,采用Schall烘箱法,以过氧化值(POV)和脂肪酸组成为参考指标,研究了加热加速氧化对不同植物油氧化稳定性的影响。并运用Matlab数学工具建立模型,探讨POV值与脂肪酸组成之间的关系。结果表明:温度对各种植物油的氧化过程影响显著,加速氧化过程中,脂肪酸总体变化很小,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)减少,饱和脂肪酸(SFA)和单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)有不同程度的增多,n-3比n-6系列多不饱和脂肪酸更易氧化减少。氧化稳定性由强到弱依次为花生油、山茶油、芝麻油、菜籽油、玉米油、调和油、大豆油、葵花籽油。初步建立起了以PUFA含量分类,加速氧化条件下过氧化值与脂肪酸组成之间的关系模型。     

Chemical, physical and sensory properties of meat from pure and crossbred Podolian bulls at different ageing times

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of crossbreeding with Limousine sires on fatty acid profile, physical and sensory properties of meat produced by Podolian young bulls. Polyunsaturated fatty acid content was influenced by crossbreeding (P < 0.01) with Podolian bulls (P) producing beef characterised by a higher level of unsaturation in comparison with crossbred animals (LP). As a consequence, P/S ratio was significantly higher in meat produced by P animals than LP (P < 0.01). P animals had higher linoleic (P < 0.05), linolenic (P < 0.05), EPA (P < 0.05) and DHA acids (P < 0.001) levels than LP subjects. No breed effect was observed for the ratio n − 6/n − 3 (P > 0.05). WBS force of LD was significantly lower in meat from crossbred subjects (P < 0.05). Both crossbreeding with Limousine and extension of ageing from 2 to 7 days improved LD tenderness as assessed by panel taste (P < 0.001).     

Animal performance and milk fatty acid profile of dairy goats fed diets with different unsaturated plant oils

The effect of supplementing a basal diet with 1 of 3 plant oils on productive efficiency and milk fatty acid composition was studied in dairy goats. Sixteen Malagueña goats were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment with 21-d periods and 4 goats per treatment. The basal diet comprised 30% alfalfa hay and 70% pelleted concentrate. Experimental treatments were control (basal diet without added oil) and the basal diet supplemented with 48 g/d of high oleic sunflower oil (HOSFO), regular sunflower oil (RSFO), or linseed oil (LO). Dry matter intake and body weight were not affected by treatments. Milk production was higher in HOSFO treatment and milk fat content was higher in RSFO and LO treatments, although no differences in milk energy production or milk renneting properties were found. The RSFO and LO treatments increased the proportion of vaccenic acid in milk fat more so than the HOSFO diet, and rumenic acid followed the same pattern. The content of trans10-18:1 remained low in all experimental diets (<0.7% of total fatty acid methyl esters) although HOSFO and RSFO diets increased it. The variations in the fatty acid profiles observed with the 4 diets, mainly the unsaturated fatty acid isomer contents, are extensively discussed. Compared with that in the control diet, the n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio in milk fat substantially decreased with the LO, increased with RSFO, and did not change with HOSFO. The addition of moderate amounts of LO to the diets of dairy goats has favorable effects on milk fatty acid composition from the point of view of the human consumer, without negative effects on animal performance.     

Effect of high or low protein ration combined or not with rumen protected conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on meat CLA content and quality traits of double-muscled Piemontese bulls

A trial was carried out on double-muscled Piemontese bulls to evaluate the effects of two rations differing in crude protein density (HP=14.5% DM and LP=10.8% DM) and top dressed or not with 80 g/d of rumen protected CLA (rpCLA) for a long period (336 d) on meat quality traits and CLA content. Forty-eight bulls were fed one of the four experimental diets based on corn silage and cereals and were slaughtered at an average age and body weight (BW) of 562 ± 18 d and 668 ± 56 kg, respectively. After slaughter the 5th rib cut was dissected into Longissimus thoracis (LT), other muscles (OM), inter-muscular fat (IF), cover fat (CF), and bones. Muscles and fatty tissues were analyzed for proximate composition and fatty acid (FA) profiles. Rib was composed by 81.1, 3.7, 1.6 and 13.6% of muscles, IF, FC and bone, respectively; LT and OM contained only 0.8 and 1.4% of lipid, respectively. The treatments did not influence these values, but rpCLA increased, compared to control, both c9,t11-CLA and t10,c12-CLA concentrations in all the tissues (P<0.01); t10,c12-CLA concentration was increased much more in muscles (+20 times) than in fatty tissues (from +0.2 to +0.9 times). This suggests that in the muscle this isomer is preferentially stored and/or less combusted with respect to other fatty acids. Low protein rations did not exert any influence on carcass and meat quality, as on growth performance, but reduced nitrogen excretion, their use for improving the environmental impact (process quality) of this meat production system is recommended.     

8种不同植物油的脂肪酸组成及抗氧化性比较

以紫苏籽油、芝麻油、胡麻油、青花菜籽油、大豆油、花生油、玉米油、葵花籽油8种植物油为研究对象,比较不同种类植物油的脂肪酸组成、多酚含量和抗氧化性。结果表明：8种植物油脂肪酸组成比例各不相同,其中花生油中油酸含量最高,为43.98%,葵花籽油中亚油酸含量最高,为6500%,紫苏籽油中亚麻酸含量最高,为63.89%;8种植物油的DPPH自由基清除能力强弱顺序为芝麻油>大豆油>玉米油>青花菜籽油>胡麻油>花生油>紫苏籽油>葵花籽油,与其多酚含量一致;8种植物油的铁离子还原能力从大到小依次为芝麻油＞大豆油＞青花菜籽油＞花生油＞胡麻油＞玉米油＞紫苏籽油＞葵花籽油。     

Milk production and composition from cows fed high oil or conventional corn at two forage concentrations

Twelve multiparous Holstein cows (63 +/- 24 d in milk) were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square with 28-d periods to evaluate conventional and high oil corn grains when fed at two different forage-to-concentrate ratios. Dietary treatments consisted of conventional or high oil corn supplementing a diet with a 25:25:50 mixture of corn silage: alfalfa: concentrate mix, or a high forage diet with a 30:30:40 mixture of corn silage: alfalfa: concentrate mix. Dry matter intake (28.1, 28.7, 26.9, and 26.2 kg/d for normal diets with conventional and high oil corn, and high forage diets with conventional and high oil corn, respectively) and milk yields (36.8, 37.2, 35.5, and 35.2 kg/d) were similar for conventional and high oil corn diets and were lower with the high forage diet, regardless of corn source. Milk fat concentrations were greater when cows were fed diets containing 60% forage (4.03 vs. 3.88%, for the 60 and 50% forages, respectively), but milk protein concentrations were not affected by forage content. Corn source did not affect milk fat or protein concentrations. Long-chain fatty acid concentrations, unsaturated fatty acid concentrations, and total 18:1 fatty acid concentrations were greater when cows were fed high oil corn but were unaffected by forage content of the diet. Concentrations of transvaccenic acid (0.58, 0.81, 0.62, and 0.69 g/100 g of fatty acids) and cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (0.28, 0.39, 0.32, and 0.33 g/100 g of fatty acids) were greater when cows were fed high oil compared with conventional corn when fed 50% forage but were similar for both corn sources at 60% forage. Total n-3 fatty acids were not affected by corn source or forage content. High forage diets decreased milk production and increased milk fat concentration. Feeding high oil corn increased concentrations of long-chain, unsaturated, transvaccenic, and conjugated linoleic fatty acids in milk; however, production of transvaccenic and conjugated linoleic acids were attenuated by high forage diet.     

Butter composition and texture from cows with different milk fatty acid compositions fed fish oil or roasted soybeans

Changing the milk fatty acid composition can improve the nutritional and physical properties of dairy products and their acceptability to consumers. A more healthful milk fatty acid composition can be achieved by altering the cow's diet, for example, by feeding supplemental fish oil (FO) or roasted soybeans (RSB), or by selecting cows with a more unsaturated milk fatty acid composition. We examined whether feeding supplemental FO or RSB to cows that had a more unsaturated milk fatty acid composition acted additively to produce butter with improved fatty acid composition and texture. Using a 3 × 3 Latin square design with 2 replications, we fed diets to multiparous Holstein cows (60 to 200 DIM) chosen for producing either more or less unsaturated milk fatty acid composition (n = 6 for each group) for three 3-wk periods. The control diet contained 3.7% crude fat and the 2 experimental diets contained, on a dry matter basis, 0.8% of additional lipids in the form of 0.9% of FO or 5% of RSB. The milk, collected in the third week of feeding, was used to make butter, which was analyzed for its fatty acid composition and physical properties. Dry matter intake, milk yield, and milk composition were not significantly affected by cow diet or by cow selection. Cows that produced a more unsaturated and healthful milk fat prior to the feeding study, according to a “health-promoting index” [HPI = (sum of % of unsaturated fatty acids)/ (%12:0 + 4 × %14:0 + %16:0)], maintained a higher HPI in their butter during the feeding study than did cows with a low HPI. Milk from cows fed supplemental FO or RSB yielded more unsaturated butters with a higher HPI. This butter also was softer when the cows were fed RSB. Feeding RSB to cows chosen for their high milk HPI yielded the most unsaturated butter with the highest HPI and softest texture. Thus, selecting cows with a more health-promoting milk fatty acid composition and feeding supplemental RSB can be used in combination to produce butter that has a consumer-friendly texture and a healthful fatty acid profile.     

Milk production and composition from cows fed small amounts of fish oil with extruded soybeans

Eight Holstein (189 ± 57 DIM) and 4 Brown Swiss (126 ± 49 DIM) multiparous cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square with 28-d periods to determine the minimal dietary concentration of fish oil necessary to maximize milk conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and vaccenic acid (VA). Treatments consisted of a control diet with a 50:50 ratio of forage to concentrate (dry matter basis), and 3 diets with 2% added fat consisting of 0.33% fish oil, 0.67% fish oil, and 1% fish oil with extruded soybeans providing the balance of added fat. Dry matter intake (23.1, 22.6, 22.8, and 22.9 kg/d, for control, low, medium, and high fish oil diets, respectively) was similar for all diets. Milk production (21.5, 23.7, 22.7, and 24.2 kg/d) was higher for cows fed the fat-supplemented diets vs. the control. Milk fat (4.42, 3.81, 3.80, and 4.03%) and true protein (3.71, 3.58, 3.54, and 3.55%) concentrations decreased when cows were fed diets containing supplemental fat. Concentration of milk cis-9,trans-11 CLA (0.55, 1.17, 1.03, and 1.19 g/100 g of fatty acids) was increased similarly by all diets containing supplemental fat. Milk VA (1.12, 2.47, 2.13, and 2.63 g/100 g of fatty acids) was increased most in milk from cows fed the low and high fish oil diets. Milk total n-3 fatty acids were increased (0.82, 0.96, 0.92, and 1.01 g/100 g of fatty acids) by all fat-supplemented diets. The low fish oil diet was as effective at increasing VA and CLA in milk as the high fish oil diet, showing that only low concentrations of dietary fish oil are necessary for increasing concentrations of VA and CLA in milk.     

Growth,carcass traits,chemical composition and fatty acid profile in beef from Charolais and Simmental bulls fed different types of dietary lipids

BACKGROUND: The effect of breed and whole sunflower seed on performance, carcass traits and the composition of meat was evaluated in Charolais (CH) and Simmental (SI) bulls. Samples of musculus longissimus lumborum (MLL) and musculus infraspinatus (MIS) were analysed. RESULTS: The CH bulls had a lower feed intake per kg of gain, a higher killing‐out percentage and produced more valuable carcasses. The muscles from SI bulls contained more monounsaturated fatty acids (FA) and less saturated FA (in g kg^?1 FA) than the muscles from CH bulls. The sunflower seed supplement increased the proportions of linoleic acid and c9t11 conjugated linoleic acid and the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to saturated FA and decreased the index of atherogenicity of FA in meat lipids. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrated the superiority of the CH over the SI breed in a number of economically important traits. The breed effect on the nutritional quality of meat was ambiguous. Meat lipids of the SI bulls contained more unsaturated FA but also more PUFA n‐6 and a higher PUFA n‐6/PUFA n‐3 ratio. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同热损程度大豆油脂品质及组成分析

目的 探究不同热损程度大豆油脂品质与组成的差异性。方法 以同一批次含有热损现象的美湾大豆为研究对象,通过测定不同热损程度大豆油脂的酸价、过氧化值、茴香胺值、全氧化值、氧化诱导期、甘油酯及脂肪酸的组成以及微量成分(磷脂、生育酚、色素)含量的差异,分析大豆热损对油脂品质和组成的影响。结果 热损会导致油脂的品质显著下降,酸价、过氧化值、茴香胺值、全氧化值均随热损程度的增加显著上升,氧化稳定诱导时间显著降低;重度热损过程中油脂发生氧化和Sn-1,3位为主的水解反应,氧化反应主要导致多不饱和脂肪酸含量降低,水解反应导致甘三酯含量由95.71%下降至91.79%,甘二酯和游离脂肪酸含量显著上升;大豆热损导致油脂中的总磷脂含量下降,磷脂酸的相对含量显著上升,生育酚在热损过程中易发生氧化损失,总生育酚损失率高达11%。结合大豆外观、磷脂组成和色素含量分析,未成熟大豆易发生热损,导致油脂中叶绿素含量显著上升。结论 大豆热损会导致油脂的品质和组成差异显著,热损程度越深,油脂品质越差。     

Comparison of composition and quality traits of meat from young finishing bulls from Belgian Blue, Limousin and Aberdeen Angus breeds

Thirty-six young finishing bulls from three breeds (Belgian Blue, Limousin and Aberdeen Angus) were fattened over five months with finishing diets based either on sugar-beet pulp or on cereals. Nutritional quality traits of meat - fat content and fatty acid composition with emphasis on the n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids - along with some organoleptic quality traits were measured. The Belgian Blue bulls had the lowest intramuscular fat content associated with lower saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid contents. The polyunsaturated fatty acid content did not differ to a large extent between the breeds, the Aberdeen Angus bulls showing slightly higher values. Relative to energy intake, the overall contribution of meat to the n-3 fatty acid recommended intake was small, whatever the breed. By contrast, the contribution of meat to daily fat intake was of greater importance, especially for the Aberdeen Angus bulls. The quality traits of meat varied also according to the breed: compared to the Aberdeen Angus, the Belgian Blue bull meat had the stablest colour, the highest drip and the lowest cooking losses. The meat of Limousin bulls had intermediate characteristics for all the parameters.     

Milk and cheese from cows fed calcium salts of palm and fish oil alone or in combination with soybean products

Twenty cows were used in a randomized block design experiment for 6 wk to determine the influence of feeding partial ruminally inert Ca salts of palm and fish oil (Ca-PFO), alone or in combination with extruded full-fat soybeans or soybean oil, on milk fatty acid (FA) methyl esters composition and consumer acceptability of milk and Cheddar cheese. Cows were fed either a diet containing 44% forage and 56% concentrate (control) or a diet supplemented with 2.7% Ca-PFO (FO), 5% extruded full-fat soybeans + 2.7% Ca-PFO (FOESM), or 0.75% soybean oil + 2.7% Ca-PFO (FOSO). Total dietary FA content in the control, FO, FOESM, and FOSO diets were 4.61, 6.28, 6.77, and 6.62 g/100 g, respectively. There was no difference in nutrient intake, milk yield, or milk composition among treatments. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) C_18:2cis-9, trans-11 isomer, C_18:1trans-11 (VA), and total n-3 FA in milk from cows on the control, FO, FOESM, and FOSO treatments were 0.56, 1.20, 1.36, and 1.74; 3.29, 4.66, 6.34, and 7.81; 0.62, 0.69, 0.69, and 0.67 g/100 g of FA, respectively. Concentrations of CLA, VA, and total n-3 FA in cheese were similar to milk. A trained sensory panel detected no difference in flavors of milk and cheese, except for acid flavor below a slightly perceptible level in cheese from all treatments. Results suggest that feeding Ca-PFO alone or in combination with extruded full-fat soybeans or soybean oil enhanced the CLA, VA, total unsaturated and n-3 FA in milk and cheese without negatively affecting cow performance and consumer acceptability characteristics of milk and cheese.     

不同物种茶油脂肪酸组成及其在Sn-2位上的分布

试验以十五烷酸为内标,定量分析9种不同物种茶油的脂肪酸组成;用胰脂肪酶专一性地水解茶油甘油三酯中Sn-1和Sn-3位上的脂肪酸,并经薄层层析分离出Sn-2位甘一酯,采用气相色谱仪对Sn-2位脂肪酸组成进行测定。结果表明:9个不同物种茶油主要由棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸5种脂肪酸组成,浙江红花油茶的油酸和不饱和脂肪酸的含量最高,分别为82.79g/100g和84.77g/100g;且脂肪酸之间存在一定的相关性;Sn-2位上的脂肪酸主要为油酸和亚油酸,短柱茶在Sn-2位的油酸和不饱和脂肪酸含量最高,分别为82.96%,92.89%。表明茶油是一种不饱和脂肪酸含量高且容易被人体消化吸收的油脂。     

Milk fatty acid composition and cheese texture and appearance from cows fed hay or different grazing systems on upland pastures

The objective of this work was to compare milk fatty acid (FA) profile and texture and appearance of Cantal cheeses obtained from cows grazing 2 different upland grasslands: a highly diversified pasture (74 species) of area 12.5 ha managed under continuous mode (C), and a weakly diversified pasture (31 species) of area 7.7 ha (an old temporary grassland) managed under rotational mode (R). A control group of cows fed a hay-based diet (indoors, I) was used. Three equivalent groups of 12 Montbéliarde cows underwent the 3 treatments from May to September 2008. The cheeses were manufactured during 3 consecutive days in early June, early July, and late August (27 cheeses in all). The texture, appearance, and chemical composition of the cheeses were determined after 12 wk of ripening. Concentrations of total saturated FA and monounsaturated FA were higher and lower, respectively, in I milks compared with pasture milks. The concentrations of trans-11-C18:1 and cis-9-C18:1, and polyunsaturated FA as well as yellowness decreased during the season in C-derived milk but remained constant in R-derived milk, through a combined effect of grass development stage and the cows’ grazing selection. The I cheeses were, on average, firmer, less creamy, less elastic, and less yellow than the pasture cheeses. Decreasing and increasing trends in texture firmness during the season were observed for C and R cheeses, respectively. The rind of the pasture-fed cow cheese had fewer, less intensely colored, and less prominent spots than did that of I cheeses. This difference was probably due to greater migration of fat to the rind during pressing because of the lower fat melting point of the pasture-fed cow cheeses, which had higher unsaturated FA content. The greater amounts of fat deposited on the rind of the pasture-fed cow cheeses may have partially inhibited the microbial activity responsible for rind appearance. Our trial underlines the importance of the effects of grazing management associated with vegetation type on milk and cheese characteristics.     

不同产地亚麻籽含油率及亚麻籽油脂肪酸组成的研究

采用索氏提取法和GC-MS法测定并分析了6个不同产地亚麻籽含油率及亚麻籽油脂肪酸组成。结果表明:不同产地亚麻籽含油率在36.59%~44.88%之间,含油率与产地的生长季积温呈显著负相关(r=-0.839 5,P=0.036 6);亚麻籽油中相对含量最高的5种脂肪酸分别是亚麻酸(53.36%~65.84%)、亚油酸(10.14%~16.39%)、油酸(10.03%~12.37%)、硬脂酸(3.98%~9.85%)和软脂酸(2.41%~7.97%),不饱和脂肪酸含量高达77.51%~92.39%。综合含油率及不饱和脂肪酸相对含量等因素,最终确定甘肃陇南作为优质亚麻籽油生产地具有一定优势。