离层注浆条件下覆岩变形破坏特征的连续探测

覆岩破坏的发育高度及其分布形态是合理确定开采边界及留设防水煤岩柱的基础。为了探讨覆岩离层注浆条件对导水裂隙带形态的影响,采用前端泄露式多回路注(放)水系统,应用井下仰孔分段注水法对东滩煤矿14308工作面覆岩离层带实施注浆充填条件下综采放顶煤导水裂隙带的破坏特征进行了连续探测。探测结果表明:厚煤层综采放顶煤条件下覆岩离层带注浆时的覆岩采动导水裂隙带高度略高于正常条件下的覆岩采动导水裂隙带高度,走向方向的采动导水裂隙带高度低于倾向方向的采动导水裂隙带高度;离层带注浆时的覆岩破坏形态和范围向工作面外侧突出较大。     

“三软”煤层上保护层开采覆岩裂隙演化规律研究

针对目前对高应力区"三软"煤层上保护层开采覆岩采动裂隙演化规律研究不足的问题,采用相似模拟试验进行研究.通过相似模拟试验结果分析得出,在上保护层开采之后,被保护层的泄压程度达到80%,极限(最大)膨胀变形量接近12‰.结果表明,上保护层开采是"三软"煤层开采的有效防突措施.研究覆岩采动裂隙演化规律对于丰富软煤层保护层开采防突技术具有重要的理论指导意义.     

高强度综放开采采动覆岩破坏高度及裂隙发育演化监测分析

 以王坡煤矿为试验矿井,采用钻孔冲洗液漏失量观测和钻孔彩色电视系统,探测高强度综放开采覆岩破坏高度,并对监测到的裂隙发育演化进行数字化分析和相似模拟试验研究。研究结果表明：王坡煤矿高强度综放开采覆岩破坏高度为94.00～104.92 m;采动岩体裂隙分布的主要特点是裂隙发育以高角度甚至垂直岩层层面为主,裂隙的发育数量与埋深呈现二次方的递增形式,而裂隙宽度与裂隙数量的分布近似呈正态分布;开采过程中裂隙富集区主要集中在前后煤壁,上覆岩层裂隙密度分布曲线呈两端高中间低,形状如“马鞍”型。     

浅埋煤层覆岩隔水性与保水开采分类

 通过陕北浅埋煤层保水开采的模拟研究与采动损害实测,揭示采动覆岩裂隙主要由上行裂隙和下行裂隙构成,采动裂隙带的导通性决定着覆岩隔水层的隔水性。实验分析上行裂隙带发育高度的计算公式,模拟测定下行裂隙带的发育深度。基于采动裂隙发育程度与采高和隔水岩组的关系,提出以隔采比为指标的隔水性判据,由此将保水开采分为自然保水开采、可控保水开采和特殊保水开采3类,为浅埋煤层保水开采提供科学依据。     

分形理论研究采动裂隙演化规律

为研究煤层上覆岩层在采动影响下裂隙的演化规律,通过室内相似材料模拟实验模拟了上覆岩层裂隙演化的全过程。运用分形理论方法,从煤层开采进度、裂隙倾角演化以及区域裂隙分布特征等角度定量分析了采动过程中、采动结束后上覆岩层裂隙的演化规律。研究结果表明:随着工作面的推进,分形维数随采距的推进呈现升维阶段—降维阶段—平稳变维阶段三个阶段的变化特征。根据采动后上覆岩层裂隙场分形维数大小对采煤区域的影响,将采动影响上覆岩层裂隙场定性划分为4个区域:垮落裂隙区、压实裂隙区、垂向裂隙区和离层裂隙区。通过分析裂隙张开程度及分形维数大小得出,垮落裂隙区、垂向裂隙区是主要的导水通道,离层裂隙区以水平流动为主、导水性一般,压实裂隙区导水性最差。     

采动覆岩涌水溃砂灾害模拟试验系统研制与应用

 为研究煤层开采过程中覆岩涌水溃砂灾害的演化特征,研制采动覆岩涌水溃砂灾害模拟试验系统。该系统由主体承载支架、试验舱、承压水仓、模拟采煤装置、储能罐、水压水量双控伺服系统和位移应力双控伺服系统组成,具有模拟空间大、可视度优、密封性好、加载方式多样、数据精度高等特点。以西部地区煤炭赋存地层为工程背景,利用研制的低强度非亲水相似材料对煤系地层进行模拟铺设,并对其进行模拟开采,较好地再现了覆岩涌水溃砂灾害孕育、发展及发生的全过程,获得工作面开采过程中覆岩变形破坏、裂隙发育扩展、水砂通道形成及水砂突涌参数和特征。试验结果表明该试验系统稳定可靠,研究方法及结果对进一步认识采煤工作面涌水溃砂灾害的形成机制具有指导和借鉴意义。     

煤层开采导水裂隙带发育高度分析

针对煤层开采覆岩导水裂隙带发育高度问题,提出了一种基于工作面倾向长度、岩性以及岩层破裂边界角等因素的导水裂隙带发育高度计算公式。首先利用FLAC3D模拟软件证明工作面倾向长度对导水裂隙带发育高度具有重要影响,然后基于煤层开采后地下空间岩石碎胀填充达到应力平衡的基本原理,通过求解微分方程推导出煤层开采覆岩导水裂隙带发育高度计算公式。将该公式计算结果与现场实测结果进行对比分析,结果表明,两者吻合较好,且本文计算公式较现有经验公式计算结果更为准确。该公式可为覆岩导水裂隙带发育高度的计算提供思路和方法。     

复合顶板高瓦斯厚煤层综放工作面覆岩“两带”动态发育特征

以余吾煤业为试验矿井,采用钻孔两端封堵分段注水装置和钻孔电视系统,探测综放开采上覆岩层"两带"高度,对采动前后裂隙倾角、数量与深度关系、数量与宽度关系进行数字化分析,并就采动过程裂隙演变情况进行相似模型与数值模拟试验。结果表明:余吾煤业综放开采冒落带高度为27～32 m,裂隙带高度为58～61 m,采动前裂隙以高角度、低宽度为主;随着采煤工作面的逐步推进裂隙数量呈直线上升,且增加的裂隙以小角度、中宽度为主;采动过程中裂隙的主要聚集区在煤壁前后,覆岩裂隙密度分布曲线呈两端和中间高,如"波浪"型。     

岩溶矿区采动裂隙发育及溶洞破坏特征相似模拟

针对岩溶矿区煤层开采采动裂隙发育规律及其对溶洞稳定的影响问题,通过构建岩溶洞区域煤层开采模型,对煤层开采条件下的岩溶洞破坏特征以及岩层移动特征进行了分析,分析结果表明:在强烈的采动影响下,岩溶洞顶板最容易发生破坏,导致采动裂隙发育高度在岩溶洞顶板方向达到最大;在非均匀采动影响下,岩溶洞两侧岩层呈现极不均匀下沉,岩层以岩溶洞为端点发生回转,致使岩溶洞顶板和底板发生破坏。若此时,岩溶洞处于浅埋状态,则其顶板裂隙与地表容易贯通,使得地表土体颗粒流失,而底板裂隙造成岩溶洞内充填物漏失,岩溶洞顶板裂隙和底板裂隙的共同作用为岩溶地表塌陷创造了有利的客观条件。因此,在岩溶地区进行煤层开采时,应防止岩溶洞区域受到非均匀采动的影响。     

厚松散层下三软煤层开采覆岩导水裂隙发育规律

为掌握厚松散层下三软煤层开采覆岩运移及导水裂隙发育规律,以澄合矿区为背景,采用物理相似材料模拟实验,综合运用全站仪监测、高清钻孔电视监测、3DEC离散元数值模拟软件以及SPSS专业统计分析软件相结合的研究方法,同时引入开采损害理论,研究该条件下覆岩运移规律、裂隙发育演化及导水裂隙带分布特征。结果表明:覆岩运移呈现非对称性,最大下沉值处于采空区中央偏开切眼侧,松散层运移范围大于基岩顶部岩层,整体呈现出"类双曲线"状。理论公式推导得出基岩破断角较小,为56°～58°。垮落带高度13.75 m,垮采比3.06,导水裂隙带高度75m,裂采比16.67;裂隙发育数量自地表而下逐渐增多且在导水裂隙带区域突然增多,裂隙发育主要受到北偏东33°方向上采动应力场控制,导水裂隙带发育演化呈现出"缓慢发育→逐级渐进升高→大幅突然升高→周期小幅升高→稳定发育"五个阶段;通过3DEC数值模拟得出,导水裂隙带高度与松散层厚度成指数函数关系,与采高成线性关系,与埋深和工作面斜长成对数函数关系。运用SPSS专业统计分析软件,基于多元非线性回归理论拟合出导水裂隙带高度预测经验公式。通过对比计算结果,验证了回归经验方程在预测导水裂隙带高度时的合理性;由于K_5砂岩含水层单位涌水量较大且距煤层较近,对工作面开采过程中覆岩裂隙导水影响较大,为避免煤层的开采受到覆岩K_5砂岩含水层的影响,根据所得预测经验公式,煤层的最大采高应不超过3.8 m。该研究对相似地质条件下煤矿保水开采等具有重要的参考价值。     

关键层运动对邻近层瓦斯涌出影响的研究

煤矿覆岩中的关键层控制着上覆岩层的移动和采动裂隙的动态发展过程,进而也必将影响到邻近层瓦斯在采动破裂岩体内的动态涌出规律.利用阳泉矿区2种不同覆岩结构综放面的实测数据,对比研究关键层运动对邻近层瓦斯动态涌出的影响,研究结果表明：不同覆岩关键层结构条件下,邻近层瓦斯涌出的动态过程是不一致的,进一步证实了关键层运动对邻近层瓦斯动态涌出的控制作用.分析不同覆岩关键层结构条件下初采期邻近层瓦斯抽采技术方案的适应性,提出初采期邻近层瓦斯抽采方案的确定必须结合具体覆岩关键层结构特征,才能取得预期的抽采效果.     

近距离煤层群下行开采覆岩运移特征试验分析

为研究近距离煤层群多次开采对覆岩运移的影响,根据潘二煤矿近距离煤层群(8、7、6、5煤)地质和开采技术条件,采用相似材料模拟试验开展了下行开采覆岩运移特征研究。分析得出了多次开采覆岩变形、破坏及运移规律,近距离煤层群多次开采与单一煤层开采形成的覆岩宏观运移形态和特征相似。随着开采次数增多,覆岩下沉系数呈线性递减。多次开采覆岩变形、破坏至连通的时间和空间位置关系与开采厚度、开采次数、层间距及层间岩性等因素密切相关。研究表明,覆岩运移的多次演化叠加不仅是影响顶板来压和控制、瓦斯抽采布置和效果的关键因素,也是采动应力演化致灾的主导因素。     

断层赋存条件下采场矿压显现规律研究

通过相似模拟研究了2条断层赋存条件下采场的矿压显现规律,并从应力与应变速率角度解释采动与断层相互作用规律。研究结果表明:工作面未进入断层影响范围时,上覆岩层垮落形态与无断层影响时基本相同。当覆岩裂隙与断层贯通之后,工作面进入断层影响范围,老顶周期垮落步距变小,断层处底板应力达到峰值。第1条断层的影响范围为150 m,且与工作面相距70 m时断层出现较大裂隙,相距40 m时断层整体大规模滑动,上盘悬空;第2条断层的影响范围为80 m,与工作面相距30 m时,断层出现明显滑动迹象,相距10 m时,断层整体滑移失稳。相似模拟结果揭示了动压影响下断层滑移与上覆岩层运移规律,断层影响区域内煤层上方100 m以内的覆岩受到较大扰动,位移明显。工作面过第2条断层时对第1条断层有明显扰动,在现场生产实践中,应当防范多断层赋存时的耦合致灾。     

Numerical simulation of spatial distributions of mining-induced stress and fracture fields for three coal mining layouts

In this study, the spatial distributions of stress and fracture fields for three typical underground coal mining layouts, i.e. non-pillar mining (NM), top-coal caving mining (TCM) and protective coal-seam mining (PCM), are modeled using discrete element software UDEC. The numerical results show that different mining layouts can lead to different mining-induced stress fields, resulting in diverse fracture fields. For the PCM, the mining influenced area in front of the mining faces is the largest, and the stress concentration factor in front of the mining faces is the lowest. The spatial shapes of the mining-induced fracture fields under NM, TCM and PCM differ, and they are characterized by trapezoidal, triangular and tower shapes, respectively. The fractal dimensions of mining-induced fractures of the three mining layouts decrease in the order of PCM, TCM and NM. It is also shown that the PCM can result in a better gas control effect in coal mines with high outburst potential. The numerical results are expected to provide a basis for understanding of mining-induced gas seepage fields and provide a reference for high-efficiency coal mining.     

Behaviors of overlying strata in extra-thick coal seams using top-coal caving method

Accidents such as support failure and excessive deformation of roadways due to drastic changes in strata behaviors are frequently reported when mining the extra-thick coal seams Nos.3e5 in Datong coal mine with top-coal caving method,which significantly hampers the mine's normal production.To understand the mechanism of strata failure,this paper presented a structure evolution model with respect to strata behaviors.Then the behaviors of strata overlying the extra-thick coal seams were studied with the combined method of theoretical analysis,physical simulation,and field measurement.The results show that the key strata,which are usually thick-hard strata,play an important role in overlying movement and may influence the mining-induced strata behaviors in the working face using top-coal caving method.The structural model of far-field key strata presents a "masonry beam" type structure when"horizontal O-X" breakage type happens.The rotational motion of the block imposed radial compressive stress on the surrounding rock mass of the roadway.This can induce excessive deformation of roadway near the goaf.Besides,this paper proposed a pre-control technology for the hard roof based on fracture holes and underground roof pre-splitting.It could effectively reduce stress concentration and release the accumulated energy of the strata,when mining underground coal resources with top-coal caving method.     

Experimental research on strata movement characteristics of backfill–strip mining using similar material modeling

In consideration of the high filling costs and backfill material shortage at present, backfill–strip mining, which combines the advantages of strip mining and backfill mining, has gradually been adopted to control surface subsidence. In this study, similar material modeling is established to simulate strata movement characteristics of backfill–strip mining. The displacement and deformation values of this similar material modeling are precisely acquired through close-range photogrammetry and optical image methods, respectively. On this basis, structural and movement characteristics of the overlying strata are investigated in different stages to reveal the strata subsidence control mechanism of backfill–strip mining. The dynamic deformation characteristics of the overlying strata in mining are also explored. This study provides a scientific technical reference for safe mining engineering design and surface disaster protection for backfill–strip mining.

     

采场覆岩空间破裂与采动应力场的微震探测研究

介绍了用微地震定位监测技术揭示的采场覆岩空间破裂与采动应力场的关系。认为存在 4种由采动引起的岩体破裂类型。展示了 3种典型采动边界条件下覆岩破裂与采动应力场的关系。提出了由微震事件分布推断区段煤柱稳定性的方法。     

Experimental study on the deformation and failure mechanism of overburden rock during coal mining using a comprehensive intelligent sensing method

Understanding the spatiotemporal evolution of overburden deformation during coal mining is still a challenge in engineering practice due to the limitation of monitoring techniques. Taking the Yangliu Coal Mine as an example, a similarity model test was designed and conducted to investigate the deformation and failure mechanism of overlying rocks in this study. Distributed fiber optic sensing(DFOS), highdensity electrical resistivity tomography(HD-ERT) and close-range photogrammetry(CRP) technolo...     

Influence of fault slip on mining-induced pressure and optimization of roadway support design in fault-influenced zone

This paper presents an investigation on the characteristics of overlying strata collapse and mininginduced pressure in fault-influenced zone by employing the physical modeling in consideration of fault structure.The precursory information of fault slip during the underground mining activities is studied as well.Based on the physical modeling,the optimization of roadway support design and the field verification in fault-influenced zone are conducted.Physical modeling results show that,due to the combined effect of mining activities and fault slip,the mining-induced pressure and the extent of damaged rock masses in the fault-influenced zone are greater than those in the uninfluenced zone.The sharp increase and the succeeding stabilization of stress or steady increase in displacement can be identified as the precursory information of fault slip.Considering the larger mining-induced pressure in the fault-influenced zone,the new support design utilizing cables is proposed.The optimization of roadway support design suggests that the cables can be anchored in the stable surrounding rocks and can effectively mobilize the load bearing capacity of the stable surrounding rocks.The field observation indicates that the roadway is in good condition with the optimized roadway support design.     

基于微地震监测的覆岩多层空间结构倾向支承压力研究

 随着开采深度的不断增加,矿山动力灾害日趋严重,采场周围岩(煤)体变形失稳是顶底板突水、煤与瓦斯突出、冲击地压(岩爆)等矿山动力灾害发生的根本原因,而岩层运动范围扩展后深部采场的采动应力场分布规律研究是解决上述问题的理论基础。将采场上方直至地表的岩层视为采场上方的覆岩空间结构,基于微地震监测结果,针对倾斜煤层,圈定采场覆岩多层空间结构的范围,研究覆岩空间结构岩层运动发展规律,并建立覆岩空间结构下的采场倾向支承压力计算模型。利用力学方法,针对倾斜煤层研究倾向支承压力的动态分布规律和计算方法,得到了倾向支承压力的计算公式;利用上述计算方法,研究了华丰矿1410工作面倾向支承压力分布规律,并与现场1410工作面微地震监测结果所揭示的倾向支承压力分布进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,上述方法适用于深部采场岩层运动范围扩展后的、倾斜煤层倾向支承压力的定量化估算和预测