Enhanced malachite green removal from aqueous solution by citric acid modified rice straw

In this paper, rice straw was thermochemically modified with citric acid (CA) as esterifying agent. Two introduced free carboxyl groups of esterified rice straw were further loaded with sodium ion to yield potentially biodegradable cationic sorbent. In order to investigate the effect of chemical modification on the cationic dye sorption of rice straw, the removal capacities of native and modified rice straw sorbing a cationic dye (malachite green) from aqueous solution were compared. The effects of various experimental parameters (e.g. initial pH, sorbent dose, dye concentration, contact time) were investigated. For modified rice straw (MRS), the malachite green (MG) removal percentage came up to the maximum value beyond pH 4. For the 250 mg/l of MG solution, the 1.5 g/l or up of MRS could almost completely remove the dye from aqueous solution. Under the condition of 2.0 g/l sorbent used, the percentage of MG sorbed on MRS kept above 93% over a range from 100 to 500 mg/l of MG concentration. The sorption isotherms fitted the Langmuir or Freundlich models. The sorption equilibriums were reached at about 10 h. The sorption processes followed the pseudo-first-order rate kinetics. After chemical modification, the intraparticle diffusion rate constant (k(id)) was obviously increased. The results in this study indicated that MRS was an excellent sorbent for removal of MG from aqueous solution.     

Formation of formic acid,acetic acid and lactic acid from decomposition of citric acid by coal ash particles at room temperature

It was found for the first time that citric acid was decomposed to formic acid, acetic acid and lactic acid in the presence of coal ash particles at pH 3 at 20 °C, while it was not decomposed at more than pH 5. The yield of organic acid at stirring time of 60 min is in the order of formic acid > acetic acid > lactic acid. Since citric acid dissociates to citric anion at more than pH 5, it was suggested that citric anion and negatively charged coal ash particles repelled electrically each other at more than pH 5, resulting in that citric acid could not be adsorbed and not be decomposed on coal ash. Based on the obtained results, the decomposition of citric acid at pH 3 was suggested to be due to catalytic effects of coal ash. Since formic acid and acetic acid can be used as a material of hydrogen fermentation, coal ash could be used as a catalyst to synthesize the important material for hydrogen fermentation from wastewater of citric acid.     

Photoluminescence optimization of BCNO phosphors synthesized using citric acid as a carbon source

Citric acid was used as carbon source for the optimization of the photoluminescence (PL) performance of boron carbon oxynitride (BCNO) phosphor. Citric acid was chosen as an alternative carbon source because of its simple molecular structure, low decomposition temperature, relative inexpensiveness, and environmental friendliness. The prepared sample exhibited a single, homogeneous, and broad photoluminescence emission band whose peak varied from near-UV (400 nm) to yellow-visible (500 nm) upon excitation at 365 nm. The effects of varying the synthesis temperature, molar ratio of the carbon/boron and nitrogen/boron sources, and addition of SiO₂ nanoparticles on the PL properties were also studied. The optimized BCNO phosphors may find potential use in white LED applications.     

Sn、Zn元素对铜耐蚀性的影响

采用阳极极化测定法研究了在弱酸(pH=6)、弱碱性(pH=8)溶液中Sn、Zn两元素对铜腐蚀行为的影响。试验结果显示,含Sn 5%(w)的铜合金在弱酸性溶液中能形成更加致密和稳定的钝化膜,从而提高铜的耐蚀性;在弱碱性溶液中,Sn、Zn对提高铜的耐蚀性作用不明显。     

Copper removal from aqueous solutions by sugar beet pulp treated by NaOH and citric acid

Sugar beet pulp was converted into effective copper sorption material by treating subsequently with NaOH and citric acid. Compared with the untreated sugar beet pulp, the cation exchange capacity of the modified sugar beet pulp increased from 0.86 to 3.21 mequiv.g(-1). Swelling capacity and COD values of modified sugar beet pulp were found to be decreased in the ratio of 38% and 61%, respectively, compared to the corresponding values of native sugar beet pulp, meaning that modification causes stabilization. Sorption characteristics of the modified sugar beet pulp towards copper ions were studied with batch experiments. Pseudo-first, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle kinetic models were applied to the kinetic data and it was found that the sorption processes followed the pseudo-second-order rate kinetics with activation energy of 16.34 kJ mol(-1). The equilibration data fit best with the Langmuir isotherm the maximum copper sorption capacity of which is 119.43 mgg(-1). The mean free energy of copper sorption process calculated from Dubinin-Radushkevich model and the Polanyi potential concept was found to be in the range of 10.91-11.95 kJ mol(-1) showing that the main mechanism governing the sorption process is ion exchange. The negative values found for enthalpy change (-14.797 kJ mol(-1) over the range of 25-55 degrees C) and free energy change (-19.361 kJ mol(-1) for 25 degrees C) indicate that the sorption process is exothermic and spontaneous in nature.     

Intramolecular synergistic effect of glutamic acid, cysteine and glycine against copper corrosion in hydrochloric acid solution

The corrosion protection of copper by glutamic acid, cysteine, glycine and their derivative (glutathione) in 0.5 M hydrochloric acid solution has been studied by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The inhibition efficiency of the organic inhibitors on copper corrosion increases in the order: glutathione > cysteine > cysteine + glutamic acid + glycine > glutamic acid > glycine. Maximum inhibition efficiency for cysteine reaches about 92.9% at 15 mM concentration level. The glutathione can give 96.4% inhibition efficiency at a concentration of 10 mM. The molecular structure parameters were obtained by PM3 (Parametric Method 3) semi-empirical calculation. The intramolecular synergistic effect of glutamic acid, cysteine and glycine moieties in glutathione is attributed to the lower energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (E_LUMO) level and to the excess hetero-atom adsorption centers and the bigger coverage on the copper surface.     

Corrosion resistance of tannic acid,d-limonene and nano-ZrO_2 modified epoxy coatings in acid corrosion environments

The protection of rusted carbon steel in acid corrosion environments is of great significance for equipment to keep safe operation.In this work,we presented a method to protect the rusted steel by ru st conversion treatment and epoxy coating.Tannic acid was selected as rust conversion agent.Tannic acid,D-limonene and nano-ZrO₂were used to improve the corrosion resistance of epoxy coatings.The Raman spectra,Xray diffraction and 3 D confocal images were used to characterize the rust conversion reaction.Ad hesion test showed that the loss of wet adhesion of the optimal coating was relatively low due to the addition of tannic acid,limonene and nano-ZrO(2).The corrosion resistance of five different coatings was investigated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and electrochemical analysis.Results show that after 264 h acid immersion,the low frequency resistance of the optimal coating consisting of rust conversion treatment and additives is 10⁷Ωcm²,three orders magnitude higher than that of the pristine coating.Moreover,SEM indicates that the optimal coating possesses a smooth surface and an unbroken interface between substrate and coating.Accordingly,the corrosion-resistant mechanism of the hybrid coating is proposed.     

Corrosion behavior of bulk nanocrystalline copper in ammonia solution

Corrosion behavior of copper bulk with grain size of 48 nm prepared by inert gas condensation and in situ warm compress (IGCWC) technique was investigated in 0.3 wt.% ammonia solution. The nanocrystalline (NC) Cu sample displayed an active-passive-transpassive behavior with the formation of duplex passive films but without stable passive regions in potentiodynamic polarization process. NC Cu exhibited slightly inferior corrosion resistance when compared with coarse-grained (CG) Cu. It could be explained by both the higher grain boundary density that could accelerate corrosion reactions and the loose passive film formed on the surface of NC Cu that couldn't provide effective protection.     

Investigation of inhibition effect of rhodanine-N-acetic acid on mild steel corrosion in HCl solution

Corrosion inhibition effect of rhodanine-N-acetic acid (R-NA) on mild steel (MS) corrosion in 0.1 M HCl solution was investigated. For this purpose, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear polarization resistance (LPR) as well as hydrogen gas evolution (VH₂−t) and the change of open circuit potential as a function of immersion time (E_ocp − t) were used. The MS surfaces exposed to 0.1 M HCl solution in the absence and presence of inhibitor were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermodynamic parameters of adsorption were calculated and discussed. In order to gain more information about the adsorption mechanism, the EIS technique was used to evaluate the potential of zero charge (PZC) and a mechanism of adsorption process was proposed. It was found that, R-NA is a good corrosion inhibitor for the MS corrosion in 0.1 M HCl solution. The inhibition efficiency increased with increasing inhibitor concentration and reached 98% at 1.0 × 10⁻² M R-NA. The high inhibition efficiency was related to adsorption of R-NA on steel surface. Surface SEM images showed a good surface coverage of inhibitor on the metal surface.     

Corrosion fatigue behavior of extruded magnesium alloy AZ31 in sodium chloride solution

In the present study, corrosion fatigue experiments were done using the extruded magnesium alloy AZ31 in the 3% sodium chloride solution to clarify the corrosion fatigue characteristics of the material. Corrosion fatigue lives greatly decreased as compared with those in laboratory air. It was also clarified that most of the corrosion fatigue life (70–80%) at the lower stress amplitude is occupied with the period of the corrosion pit growth. Corrosion fatigue lives were evaluated quantitatively by dividing the corrosion fatigue process into the following two periods, i.e. (1) the corrosion pit growth period preceding the crack initiation from the pit and (2) the crack growth period before the specimen failure. In the analysis, the law of the corrosion pit growth proposed by authors was used to deal with the above first period. The evaluated results corresponded well to the experimental results.     

Effect of tannic acid on corrosion behavior of carbon steel in NaCl solution

Corrosion behavior of unrusted Q235 carbon steel was investigated in 3.5% NaCl solutions with 1–5 wt%tannic acid addition, using electrochemical methods including electrochemical impedance spectra(EIS),potentiodynamic polarization and scanning vibrating electrode technique(SVET) combined with surface analysis. Results show that the corrosion rate decreases with increasing tannic acid concentration. As compared with tannic acid-free solution, 1% tannic acid does not provide inhibition effect during the whole immersion, while inhibition effect is observed for 3% tannic acid after 8 h and for 5% tannic acid after 4 h. The inhibition efficiency by weight loss measurements(áw) for 1%, 3%, and 5% tannic is around-17.2%, 40.3%, and 51.5%, respectively. Corrosion of unrusted carbon steel in the presence of tannic acid is attributed to the joint effect of tannic acid adsorption and pH decrease. Formation of ferric-tannates is verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and Raman spectra. The reaction mechanism between tannic acid and unrusted carbon steel is proposed.     

氢氟酸介质中铝的缓蚀剂的研制

研制了一种新型氢氟酸介质中铝的缓蚀剂,采用失重法和电化学方法对该缓蚀剂进行了评价。实验结果表明,该缓蚀剂用量为2．5％时,温度40~C以下,氢氟酸的质量分数在6Z以下时有非常好的缓蚀效果。该缓蚀剂为混合型缓蚀剂,对阳极和阴极过程都有抑制作用。     

Corrosion inhibition of benzyl triethanol ammonium chloride and its ethoxylate on steel in sulphuric acid solution

The inhibitive effect of benzyl triethanol ammonium chloride (BTAC) and ethoxylated benzyl triethanol ammonium chloride (EBTAC) on the corrosion of carbon steel in sulphuric acid solution is measured by the weight loss method. The adsorption of these compounds (surfactants) leads to the formation of a monolayer on the metal surface. The relationships between the concentrations of these inhibitors and their surface properties, thermodynamic properties, surface coverage (θ) and inhibiting efficiency have been investigated. The results indicate that EBTAC is superior to BTAC.     

Corrosion and Runoff Behavior of Carbon Steel in Simulated Acid Rain

Under the condition of simulated rain precipitation in the laboratory, with EIS and SEM observation, the effects of pH value of simulated rain on corrosion and runoff behavior of carbon steel A3 were studied. The corrosion rate of A3 steel increased and runoff action of rain precipitation on A3 steel surface was intensified with decreasing pH value, of simulated rainwater. The runoff and corrosion traces were formed along the flowing direction of rainwater, which appeared more apparently with decreasing pH value.     

Kinetics of Mild Steel Corrosion in Aqueous Acetic Acid Solutions

The kinetics of mild steel corrosion in aqueous acetic acid solution has been investigated by weight loss and polarization techniques at 25,35 and 45℃.The weight loss of mild steel at room temperature (25℃) has been found to be quite significant,indicating poor corrosion resistance in acetic acid.The maximum corrosion rate has been observed in 25% acetic acid solution at all three experimental temperatures.The decrease in corrosion rate after attaining a maximum value has been attributed to the deposition of corrosion product on the surface.Anodic polarization curves exhibit active behaviour at each concentration and temperature with a shift towards higher current density region and increased corrosion rates at higher temperatures.The cathodic polarization curves are almost identical irrespective either of the concentration of acetic acid or temperature.The results obtained by both the techniques are in good agreement,while the surface studies support the conclusions drawn from the weight loss method.     

Surface modification of magnesium alloy AZ31 by hydrofluoric acid treatment and its effect on the corrosion behaviour

In the present study, the effect of hydrofluoric acid (HF) treatment on the surface composition and corrosion behaviour of the magnesium alloy AZ 31 was investigated. The HF treatment of the samples was performed with various concentrations and at different treatment times. The samples surfaces were analysed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, optical emission spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed the formation of hydroxides, oxides and compounds of the general formula Mg(OH)_xF_2 − x on the samples surfaces, as well as variations on impurities concentrations. The process led to distinct surfaces, each having its specific corrosion resistance, which was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentio-dynamic polarization. The most improved corrosion protection was achieved using the concentrations of 14 and 20 mol L^− 1 and 24 h of treatment time, resulting in corrosion rates 20 times lower than those of untreated samples. These two solutions also resulted in an improved corrosion protection for further polymeric coatings, showing that this treatment is an excellent pre-treatment for corrosion protective layers on magnesium alloys.     

支撑液膜法提取柠檬酸——膜配方的研究

采用了支撑液膜法从柠檬酸的发酵液中提取柠檬酸,考察了膜的装配方法和载体浓度对传递通量及体系稳定性的影响,在该体系和一定的操作条件下,确定了合适的支撑液膜体系为聚丙烯微孔膜为支撑体,煤油为溶剂,TOA为载体,用湿法装配.     

Corrosion fatigue testing: the combined effect of stress and high temperature corrosion

Abstract

A corrosive environment can have a detrimental effect on the fatigue life of a material due to a change in failure mechanism. Attempts have been made to replicate this change on nickel-base superalloy CMSX-4 cast in the <001> orientation. Fatigue testing in air, of this material typically produces a fracture on an angle of approximately 55° which is consistent with the fracture having propagated on a {111} slip plane. The aim of the research was to fatigue test in a corrosive environment with the purpose of producing a crack/fracture which deviated from the typical angle and thus confirm that the corrosive environment had affected the fatigue mechanism. It was concluded that the change in mechanism to high temperature corrosion fatigue was associated with a reduced load application rate together with precorroding the test specimens to trigger the initiation of the corrosion fatigue mechanism.     

Corrosion resistance of Ti-based metallic glass coating in concentrated nitric acid

This paper investigated the corrosion resistance of a Ti-based metallic glass coating in concentrated HNO₃ solution, and discovered the coating's superior corrosion resistance compared with 304 L substrate. The coating exhibited a fully amorphous and pore-free structure with the thickness of ∼380 μm. A relatively uniform and thick passivation film was formed on the surface of the coating as an oxygen diffusion barrier, leading to the much improved corrosion resistance. The Raman spectrum evidenced that the passivation film was mainly TiO₂ with a mixed structure of anatase and rutile. We believe that the present findings will open up a new horizon for coatings in spent nuclear fuel reprocessing applications.