考虑纤维束弯曲的缎纹织物面内压缩行为分析

基于弹性弯曲波理论分析了应力波在复合材料内部的传播规律,并针对四枚缎纹织物复合材料,进行了准静态和动态验证实验研究。研究表明,在面内压缩载荷作用下,纤维束交织程度越高,材料压缩强度越低,说明织物复合材料的细观结构对其面内力学性能有重要影响。发现准静态载荷作用下试样主要为整体剪切破坏,且剪切断裂发生于加载方向纤维束的弯曲起始段;而动态载荷作用下,试样的主要损伤模式为分层,在应力波的作用下分层损伤沿纤维束间的界面扩展,同时伴随有纤维束弯曲起始段的剪切断裂。     

单向碳纤维增强碳化硅基复合材料的拉伸试验

采用手工精细加工板状双哑呤拉伸试件,并配以恰当的加强块,避免了因试件较短和加工等引起的夹持段压环,从夹持段拔出及试件在试验段根部破坏等问题,成功地实施了短试件（热压法制备的单向碳纤维增强碳化硅基体复合材料）的拉伸试验,微实时观察表明,由于界面强度非常弱,试件中首先出现因界面破坏而形成的沿纤维方向的裂纹,随着载荷的增加,裂纹数量迅速增多且裂纹均平行于纤维方向,最终,这些平行裂纹横向连接使试件被拉断,因此,对于界面强度过弱的单向纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料不可能产生横向的饱和裂纹。     

考虑纤维随机分布的复合材料热残余应力分析及其对横向力学性能的影响

建立了考虑纤维随机分布并包含界面的复合材料微观力学数值模型,模拟玻璃纤维/环氧复合材料固化过程中的热残余应力。通过与纤维周期性分布模型的计算结果进行对比,发现纤维分布形式会对复合材料的热残余应力产生重要影响,纤维随机分布情况下的最大热残余应力明显大于纤维周期性分布的情况下。研究了含热残余应力的复合材料在横向拉伸与压缩载荷下的损伤和破坏过程,结果表明:热残余应力的存在显著影响了复合材料的损伤起始位置和扩展路径,削弱了复合材料的横向拉伸和压缩强度。在横向拉伸载荷下,考虑热残余应力后,复合材料的强度有所下降,断裂应变显著降低;在横向压缩载荷下,考虑热残余应力后,复合材料的强度略有下降,但失效应变基本保持不变。由于热残余应力的影响,复合材料的横向拉伸和压缩强度分别下降了10.5%和5.2%。      

2D-C_f/SiC复合材料缺口试件拉伸力学行为研究

通过对V型、半圆型和细线型双边缺口2D-Cf/SiC复合材料试件进行拉伸实验,研究了不同形状缺口对试件拉伸力学行为的影响。通过引伸计获得了拉伸过程中缺口段材料整体拉伸变形与净截面应力之间的对应关系;通过应变片获得了缺口附近局部材料的应变数值,直观体现了缺口周围的应变集中现象;依据应变变化规律,分析了双边缺口试件的损伤失效进程。通过对比标准拉伸试件,全面分析了2D-Cf/SiC复合材料双边缺口试件拉伸净强度的主要影响因素和破坏机理;最后通过有限元模拟,得到了三种缺口试件缺口段材料的应变分布情况。结果表明:拉伸过程中缺口试件缺口段材料损伤失效进程具有明显的非同步性,净拉伸强度随缺口形状不同出现不同程度下降;有限元模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。     

CALL混杂复合材料裂纹尖端损伤区实验研究

本文用以高密度光栅技术为基础的云纹干涉法对带双边裂纹的CALL混杂复合材料进行了拉伸实验研究,得到了在纤维方向和垂直纤维方向拉伸时双边裂纹尖端损伤区的形状及其应变场分布。结合对试件断口形貌的扫描电镜观察,分析了两种拉伸试件的破坏模态。所得实验结果为进一步深入研究CALL混杂复合材料的损伤和破坏机理提供了重要依据。     

风电叶片复合材料拉伸损伤破坏声发射行为

通过风电叶片单向和多向复合材料拉伸力学性能实验,结合声发射技术,研究复合材料损伤演化特性及纤维预断缺陷对复合材料力学性能的影响.复合材料单向和加卸载拉伸实验时,采用声发射实时监测整个损伤破坏过程,获取复合材料试件的拉伸力学性能、损伤破坏特征及相应的声发射响应特征.结果表明:由于纤维预断缺陷的存在,单向复合材料加载到约30％破坏载荷时,缺陷位置及相邻区域的基体和界面开始出现明显损伤;加载到约60％破坏载荷时,含缺陷层和相邻的层出现明显的层间剪切破坏,导致刚度的急剧缩减,声发射撞击累积数明显高于无缺陷试件.含纤维预断多向复合材料加载到约60％破坏载荷时,纤维预断处树脂基体出现明显损伤;随相对应力水平的提高,多向复合材料的Felicity比下降较为平缓.     

风电叶片复合材料拉伸损伤破坏声发射行为

通过风电叶片单向和多向复合材料拉伸力学性能实验, 结合声发射技术, 研究复合材料损伤演化特性及纤维预断缺陷对复合材料力学性能的影响。复合材料单向和加卸载拉伸实验时, 采用声发射实时监测整个损伤破坏过程, 获取复合材料试件的拉伸力学性能、 损伤破坏特征及相应的声发射响应特征。结果表明: 由于纤维预断缺陷的存在, 单向复合材料加载到约30％破坏载荷时, 缺陷位置及相邻区域的基体和界面开始出现明显损伤; 加载到约60％破坏载荷时, 含缺陷层和相邻的层出现明显的层间剪切破坏, 导致刚度的急剧缩减, 声发射撞击累积数明显高于无缺陷试件。含纤维预断多向复合材料加载到约60％破坏载荷时, 纤维预断处树脂基体出现明显损伤; 随相对应力水平的提高, 多向复合材料的Felicity比下降较为平缓。     

拉伸状态下碳纤维复合材料T型接头的断裂行为

建立了碳纤维复合材料T型接头数值模型,模拟了其在拉伸载荷下的损伤产生、扩展及失效过程,并对碳纤维复合材料T型接头试件进行了静态拉伸试验。结果表明,接头的初始损伤载荷为9.8~12.0 kN,损伤发生后接头的载荷值发生突降（降低约27%~38%）,此时接头仍具有一定承载能力;试件完全脱胶载荷较初始损伤载荷略有降低（载荷范围为8.0~8.6 kN）。数值计算和试验结果吻合,结果均显示填料区是碳纤维复合材料T型接头最薄弱的部位,易发生破坏;填料区破坏后裂纹迅速向填料区周围的胶层扩展,导致胶层的剥离,这是导致碳纤维复合材料T型接头失效的最主要原因。     

缠绕线型对缠绕复合材料圆管轴向拉伸失效的影响

采用细观刚度模型的有限元分析（FEA）与改进的逐渐累积损伤方法相结合,建立了缠绕复合材料圆管轴向拉伸失效的分析方法与流程,以揭示缠绕线型对缠绕复合材料损伤失效的影响。对沿圆周方向分布有1个、3个和5个单胞的3种不同线型的缠绕复合材料圆管试件进行轴向拉伸破坏实验,获得其失效形式、平均拉伸强度及其随缠绕线型的变化规律。研究表明：缠绕复合材料圆管轴向拉伸失效主要以丧失承载能力的功能失效为主,缠绕线型对其拉伸强度有一定的影响;数值分析结果表明,轴向拉伸过程中,主要损伤为基体开裂与基纤剪切,纤维交叉容易引起损伤起始与扩展。     

纤维增强复合材料层合板缺口尺寸及形状效应数值模拟

通过考虑基体裂纹、纤维断裂、层内劈裂和层间脱层等破坏形式,建立三维有限元模型研究含中心圆孔和中心裂缝的准各向同性复合材料层合板([45/0/-45/90]_(2S))在拉伸载荷下的缺口尺寸效应及缺口形状效应。模拟结果显示:随着缺口尺寸的增大,层合板的破坏强度逐渐降低,然而,在本文研究范围内含中心裂缝的层合板破坏强度始终高于对应的含中心圆孔的层合板破坏强度。进一步分析有限元模拟结果表明,含中心裂缝的层合板亚临界损伤发生得更早,并且亚临界损伤范围更大,亚临界损伤会大大缓解缺口尖端的应力集中,从而使含中心裂缝层合板表现出更高的破坏强度。     

Experimental Studies on Damage Growth in Composites under Dynamic Loads

Experimental investigations have been carried out to study the dynamic damage growth in glass/polyester composites. Detonation of two PETN explosive charges on a modified single edge notch (MSEN) specimen provides the dynamic load in the form of a planar tensile wave. High speed photography is used to record the dynamic damage events. The results show that damage grows perpendicular to the loading direction, similar to the static growth; the damage zone splits analogous to the crack branching in unreinforced polyester. The damage propagation velocity in a composite is higher than the crack propagation velocity in polyester resin. The damage area grows at an average rate of 4.3 m²/sec. Static experiments show that about 4 percent of the total energy is spent on the fiber-matrix interface debonding. The damage zone under dynamic loads is much higher than under static loads.     

含孔CFRP正交层合板的双轴拉伸力学行为

采用加载臂开槽的中心开孔等厚度十字形试样,实验研究了正交对称铺层碳纤维增强聚合物基复合材料（CFRP）层合板在双轴拉伸载荷作用下的力学行为,分析了3种双轴加载比对其拉伸强度和破坏行为的影响。研究表明:纤维被切断的铺层部分在拉伸作用下容易与其相邻铺层脱粘,导致层合板承载力下降;等双轴加载时,在孔边的被切断纤维与连续纤维间基体在横向拉伸和纵向剪切组合作用下首先开裂;非等双轴加载时,在垂直于快速拉伸方向的铺层中沿孔边应力集中处先出现基体裂纹;随着加载比的增大,快速拉伸方向的细观结构损伤随载荷的增大发展更快,刚度下降更快,破坏时主裂纹的扩展方向更趋于垂直于快速拉伸方向;强度包络线的分析表明快速拉伸方向的拉伸强度随加载比的增大呈缓慢增大的趋势。      

An experimental and theoretical study of crack propagation in crossply fiber composites

Rectangular specimens of a cross-ply fiberglass composit e (Scotchply 1002) in which sharp edge notches have been cut along one of the fiber directions parallel to a specimen edge have been tested in an “Instron” testing machine. Tensile stress was applied perpendicular to the direction of the notch. The commencement and growth of the crack has been observed. It has been found that if the notch is sufficiently close to one edge of the specimen the crack instead of propagating along the direction of its axis, i.e. perpendicular to the applied stress runs along the stress direction; when the notch is sufficiently far from the edge the crack propagates in the direction of its axis right across the specimen while at intermediate notch positions the crack runs along in its axial direction and then turns sharply through a right angle and continues in the direction of the applied stress. The theory of this behavior has been studied and it is shown that if a criterion of a critical tensile force rather than a critical energy density is used, the observed phenomena can, at least qualitatively, be accounted for. The comparable situation for a brittle isotropic specimen of “Plexiglass” is also described. This shows a quite different response and conventional linear fracture mechanics can be used to describe this behavior.     

Effect of long-term high-temperature atmospheric exposure on damage progress and mechanical properties for carbon fiber/polycyanate 90° unidirectional composites

This study focuses on the effect of long-term exposure to high-temperature atmosphere on mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminate with polycyanate resin system. Transversely oriented unidirectional laminate of carbon fiber/polycyanate (T700SC/FSD-M-08178) CFRP was employed on isothermal aging at 180 °C in air up to 4000 h. Matrix crack extension during isothermal aging was observed by soft X-ray radiography. Tensile and compressive tests were conducted on both non-aged and aged (500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 h) specimens with an acoustic emission (AE) measurement in order to evaluate mechanical properties and damage behavior due to thermo-oxidative degradation. After tensile tests, the fracture surface observation with a scanning electron microscopic (SEM) apparatus was also carried out to characterize damage extension due to thermo-oxidative degradation. The results show that thermo-oxidation induced matrix cracks preferentially in perpendicular area along the fiber direction and the matrix crack propagated along the fiber direction. Due to the crack onset, tensile strength was sharply dropped, even though compression strength was slightly changed. From the AE measurement result, the failure mode change was detected for the tension test. Comparing the soft X-ray radiography result with the SEM observation result, the fracture for tension test did not occur at the maximum crack length location for the longer thermo-oxidative aged specimen.     

Failure behavior of quasi-isotropic carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide composites under tension

In this paper, the microscopic failure behavior of quasi-isotropic carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide-6 (CF/PA6) laminates under tension was investigated experimentally. Laminates of two layups, namely [45°/0°/?45°/ 90°]_s and [45°/0°/?45°/ 90°]_2s, were made from CF/PA6 tapes of two different manufacturers and then subjected to tensile testing. Crack initiation and progression on the polished free edge of specimens were examined using optical microscopy, under several load levels. Crack growth behavior through the specimen width was also traced by observing the crack configurations in different sections in the specimen width direction. The effects of the spatial distribution of fiber on the microscopic damage events were elucidated. The difference in failure behavior between the present CF/PA6 laminates and conventional thermosetting CF/Epoxy laminate is discussed.     

Finite element analysis of bi-material interface notch crack behaviour

The finite element method is extended to the analysis of the behaviour of an interface crack in bi-material specimen with a central hole. First, only the notch effect is considered, the field of stress and variation of the stress concentration factor as a function of the Young’s modulus ratio are determined. Secondly, the notch interface crack behaviour is investigated, the variations of the stress intensity factor versus the Young’s modulus ratio and crack length are shown as well as the distribution of stresses in the plate and along the interface.     

Notch effect on torsional fatigue of austenitic stainless steel: Comparison with low carbon steel

Notch effect in austenitic stainless steel under cyclic torsion is quite different depending on the superposition of static tension. In pure torsion, the rubbing of the serrated factory-roof type crack faces delays the crack growth along the notch root. Thus, the lifetime in notched specimen becomes longer than in smooth specimen. However, in cyclic torsion with static tension, the flat crack path and mean tensile stress reduce the influence of the crack face contact. Accordingly, shorter lifetime resulted from higher strain concentration at the notch root. Crack growth in low carbon steel under cyclic torsion is highly affected by the ferrite/pearlite banded microstructure besides the addition of static tension. Because of a small amount of the crack face contact, the reduction of lifetime in notched specimen is revealed irrespective of superposition of static tension.     

三向碳碳材料在小偏轴角拉伸下的切口强度预报

在小偏轴角拉伸下,带切口的三向碳碳材料平面试件首先沿切口平面作自相似扩展。扩展到断裂的纤维束数与宽度方向的纤维束总数之比达到某一数值时,试件沿纤维束(或在另一些单层中垂直纤维束)方向剪断。断裂是灾难性的,所以这种切口强度预报与简单拉伸时的切口强度预报是相当的;区别仅在于在小偏轴角拉伸时,纤维束除受拉伸应力外,还作用有不可忽视的剪应力。本文对纤维束作了拉剪联合作用的强度测量,以得到其强度的概率分布的参数。据此预报了三向碳碳材料在小偏轴角拉伸时的切口强度,以及整个试件剪断时的断裂的纤维束数与纤维束总数之比值,理论预报与实验结果吻合良好。      

A new method for evaluating fracture toughness of brittle materials

A new testing procedure is suggested for measuring the fracture toughness of brittle materials as superconductors and ceramics. The idea is to perform a compression test on a subcompact square specimen which contains a central hole. The presence of the hole induces a tensile stress at a certain small region attached to the hole. In this region an artificial notch is introduced such that the fracture path satisfies a pure tensile opening mode (mode I) to which the linear fracture mechanics rules apply. The stress distribution on the fracture plane guarantees a certain amount of stable crack extension. The relationship between the critical compressive load and the stress intensity factor is formulated via an available Green function along with a numerical solution (FEM with ANSYS code). The testing procedure is demonstrated with specimens made of two types of tungsten carbide which differ by their grain size only. Test results are examined via fracture toughness and strength values produced by other conventional methods and the agreement is very good. The geometry and loading direction enable the fracture toughness results to be relatively insensitive to the notch tip radius and the crack length, thereby relaxing the requirements for accurate measurements.The small size of the suggested specimen (12.70mm×12.70mm×5mm) and the avoidance of gripping interfaces provide the major cost-wise advantages.     

复合材料随机渐进失效分析与声发射监测

结合随机渐进失效分析方法和声发射监测对复合材料单向拉伸试件进行损伤分析。结果表明: 随机渐进失效方法能很好地反映复合材料失效的随机性和渐进性特征。受载初期, 复合材料失效的随机性特征明显, 在整个试件内均有失效产生。随着载荷的增加, 损伤不断累积, "随机临界核"形成, 复合材料很快失效, 且一旦有失效产生, 纤维断裂数的增加与声发射事件数的累积具有很好的一致性。比较基体开裂和界面脱粘对复合材料拉伸性能的影响: 界面脱粘比基体开裂更容易导致复合材料拉伸性能的下降, 当不存在基体开裂和界面脱粘时, 纤维断裂呈现"集簇"特征, 复合材料断裂的脆性特征较为明显。