中国时装秀,秀的是什么?

时装周是商人的舞台还是设计师的舞台?量产服装和艺术服装的评选规则"一刀切"是否合适?对于设计的考评是否应该考虑穿着者的感受?时装周是不是只是诡异的衣服和思路的秀,而不用考虑穿着者的感受?中国时装界是否已经过早地开始论资排辈?理事和会员一同参评是否公正?这样的情况会对中国的年轻设计师产生怎样的影响?……"中国时装界迷失的不仅是设计方向,同时特有的体制也让我们迷失了和世界接轨的方向。中国的服装主管部门热衷于自娱自乐、自我迷失。而更多的新人在这个迷失的大环境中也随波逐流,迷失了自己。所以我现在对所谓的中国国际时装周都不看了,因为连巴西、丹麦的时装周看点都比中国的多。"这位不愿意透露姓名的业内人士的话也许道出了诸多人的心声,"中国的时装周就是自己跟自己玩。"     

让所有人都兴奋起来——浅谈贯穿业务链的市场营销

<正>谈到市场营销,你首先想到的是什么?是提升知名度,制造热点,还是促进销售?姚明是不是推进品牌的火箭?超女是不是互动营销的平台?现在,企业进行营销活动的投资和频率都越来越多,有些取得了令人瞩目的效果,有些则如同夜空礼花,放过也就过去了。用好有限的资源,令营销真正对品牌推广和产品销售起作用是值得每一个企业考虑的问题。我们不妨从一个产品需要走过的旅程看起,在这个业务链中,影响一个产品能否成功的因素很多。在企业的上游,供应商的质量保证、成本控制和资源支持,产品的设计开发等,决定着产品是否能够在品质、数量、速度方面满足企业和市场的需要,是否具     

Educational scale-making

The article explores the complexities of educational scalemaking. 'Educational scales' are defined as the spatial and temporal orders generated as pupils and teachers move and are moved through educational systems; scales are 'envelopes of spacetime' into which certain schoolbased identities (and not others) can be folded. Scale is thus both an object and a means of power in educational practice. Using data from life history interviews with an elementary teacher in the USA, the article illustrates the multiplicity of scale-making processes, and raises the question of how certain scale definitions become more widely accepted and authoritative than others.     

Microbiological safety of irradiated foods

This paper attempts to summarize relevant information on microbiological safety of irradiated foods in the light of previous reports of expert committees and current literature references. After a brief survey of the relative radiation resistance of food-borne microorganisms, the importance of microbial load for dose requirement, and the role of post-irradiation conditions, it addresses the following questions: Could selective changes in the microflora, caused by non-sterilizing radiation doses, make known pathogens more likely to occur, or bring into prominence unfamiliar pathogens? Is it probable that 'mutational' (including adaptive) changes might make pathogens more virulent, more harmful, or more difficult to recognize, and could new pathogens arise in this way? Is it possible that development of radiation-resistant strains might render the antimicrobial irradiation processes ineffective? The present survey of relevant scientific evidence related to these questions reaffirms the basic conclusion of earlier reviews, that microbiological safety of irradiated food is fully comparable with that of foods preserved by other acceptable preservation methods. Similar to other preservation processes, gains in microbiological or keeping quality attained by food irradiation can be and must be safeguarded by proper control in the food irradiation facilities and by proper care of the product before and after processing.     

Principles of Germplasm Comparisons

Design of germplasm comparisons depends on the hypothesis to be tested. Most important hypotheses concern the future environment for production and marketing. 1) Will the best bulls in an exotic breed improve a local breed?; 2) Is it efficient to upgrade a local breed with bulls from a related exotic breed that has a large, effective program of genetic improvement? 3) Is it efficient to replace a local breed with an exotic one? 4) Can continual crossbreeding with an exotic breed be the most efficient improvement program? Proper answers depend on obtaining information on all important inputs and outputs of exotic and local breeds as well as expected future genetic trends in each. Evidence suggests that multiple lactations are necessary to measure adequately lifetime economic merit. It is crucial that experiments give answers that reflect the relative values of local and exotic breeds at the time the experiment is completed rather than the differences that existed at time animals were selected.     

低碳一周年，中国纸业再问路

2009年底,倍受关注的哥本哈根会议在一片喧嚣声和失望声中黯然落幕,虽然会议的成效不多,但它仍然把一个重要的理念传递出来——低碳。一时间,低碳成为最时髦的话语。低碳经济,低碳技术、低碳发展、低碳生活、低碳社会、低碳城市、低碳世界等一系列新概念应运而生。而颇有低碳元素的造纸行业也没有放过这个机会,低碳纸业这一概念被业内广泛提出并一致认为是现代造纸业未来发展的方向。虽然看似热闹,但彼时,真正理解低碳发展内涵的纸业人并不多,甚至对低碳的概念也不是十分清楚。正是在这样背景下,2010年伊始,《中华纸业》在开年第一期杂志中制作了《低碳之岁,没有什么能够阻挡》的专题,刊登了低碳、低碳经济的相关内容,以及国内较早研究低碳纸业的几位专家的最新成果。     

Sugar and nutritional extremism

For many, sugar represents a threat to their health, a perception that is driven by increase in the prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and metabolic disorders, which directly or indirectly is connected with the consumption of sugar. However, is sugar to blame for this health crisis, or are sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy diet equally important? Today, sugars and fats are being targeted for restriction or even prohibition. Should we get rid of sugar altogether and/or does it merit a reprieve? Is the effort to “outlaw” sugars a symptom of nutritional extremism that can be as harmful as any other type of extremism?     

Being the 'right' kind of male teacher: the disciplining of John

In a context where the lack of male teachers is constructed as a worrying concern for many Western education systems, men who make the decision to become teachers, particularly in early childhood and primary education, are often adulated. However, alongside this adulation sits an expectation to be a 'real man'. This paper tells the story of John, a male primary school teacher who left the teaching profession after one year as a result of incommensurable differences between the expectations held of him as a male teacher and his identity as a primary school teacher. While not an attempt to position John as a victim, this paper suggests that expectations of male teachers, such as to be effective disciplinarians, have normalising effects on men within the teaching profession that, in this case, led to a rejection of teaching as a career path. We contend that the image of the 'imagined male teacher' that underpins both current calls for more male teachers and John's departure from schooling is likely to have a negative impact upon all students (boys and girls) and also denigrates the work of female teachers.     

Dietary fibre in human nutrition

Is vegetable fibre a necessary constituent of the diet? Certain diseases, largely colonic are more prevalent in western countries. Epidemiological studies suggest that this is a consequence of the low fibre content of the diet. The main action of fibre is in the colon. An approach to fibre studies is by defining physical characteristics in fibre which could alter colonic function. It is only when the chemistry of fibre is better defined that meaningful relationships between fibre constituents and disease can be made.     

Aflatoxin measurements: how HPLC methods have evolved over the last 20 years?

The Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM) has provided high quality certified reference materials for decades. Certified reference materials for mycotoxin analysis have been available from the IRMM since 1985. Since then, IRMM has generally characterised reference materials by interlaboratory studies with expert laboratories. Such measurement exercises are based on routinely used analytical procedures in the laboratory, but are driving their performance to the best achievable quality under the given circumstances. Reference materials for aflatoxin measurements have been certified by such studies in 1991, 1993, 2008 and 2009. After two decades, it is time to look back, reflect and ask some questions. How have HPLC methods for the analysis of aflatoxins evolved over the last 20 years? Is there a trend towards a preferred methodology? Does this evolution reflect improvements due to the introduction of standardised methods? Is there an improvement in performance parameters such as repeatability, reproducibility and measurement uncertainty? To answer these questions, data from six interlaboratory studies, performed in the last 20 years for the certification of aflatoxins in peanut meal, peanut butter and animal feed, have been re-evaluated. It is concluded that there is a trend towards a preferred methodology, which reflects developments in standardised methods. No significant improvement in repeatability, reproducibility or measurement uncertainty could, however, be detected in expert laboratories for mycotoxin analysis.     

Higher education and European regionalism

Higher education has been a key part of nation building in Europe since the early nineteenth century, first as a device to unify previously localised cultures, and later as the main source of skilled personnel for expanding states. However, that era is probably now coming to an end, as the governing structures and sociological role of higher education changes to serving regional and local interests. This change coincides with, and is partly caused by, the growth of regional nationalism in Europe, and many of the new governing contexts for higher education have been influenced by, or even founded on, regional cultural assertion. Is this change only a matter of using higher education to promote regional economic effectiveness? What is the likely political relationship of higher education to these regional governing structures? What is left of the cultural role of higher education?     

包装工程专业实践教学体系的探索与思考

实践教学是高校培养包装工程专业人才、提升学生实践能力和创新能力、增强学生综合素质的重要环节。当前很多高校的实践教学体系在制度建设、实验室建设、师资建设、教材建设、实习基地建设等方面存在不足。本研究以浙江大学宁波理工学院为例,提出以人才培养为核心,以提高人才素质培养为目标,通过建设以能力为导向的实验教学体系和特色课程体系,健全实践管理制度,不断完善实验教学基础设施,努力提升学校师资队伍质量,构建具有包装工程专业特色的实践教学体系。     

老品牌的新营销——黛安芬2008触动创意设计大赛

IPOD在卖概念,麦当劳在卖速度,秀水街在卖文化……在这个高速运行的物质社会里,每一个品牌都需要一个或别致或深厚的卖点,来实现生存和成长。以高品质平价著称的N&Q到底在卖什么?     

饱和脂肪酸与健康研究进展

饱和脂肪酸一向被认为是"坏"脂肪酸。然而,其在乳脂肪中所占比列为50%左右,这是否可以说明饱和脂肪酸除了提供能量外还有其他一些重要的生理功能?人体是一个复杂的动态平衡体,片面强调降低饱和脂肪酸摄入是不科学的。综述了饱和脂肪酸与肥胖症、心血管疾病、心脏病及糖尿病之间关系的研究新进展,以及饱和脂肪酸代谢及生理功能研究新发现。只有全面、科学、系统地了解饱和脂肪酸在人体内的各种作用,才能对各年龄段、各种生理状态的人群提供膳食建议。     

The construction of reflective practice in key policy documents in England

This article presents an analysis of the construction of reflection in relation to teacher's practice to be found in some key documents designed to present or implement the current educational policy in England and Wales. There is evidence in these key texts that there is a potentially fruitful approach to the harnessing of reflection and reflective practice in the pursuit of given goals. This is however in tension with bureaucratic and political imperatives to control and those imperatives win out in the actual implementation documents. In so far as these actually determine the experience of teachers training for the Literacy Hour, then in practice teachers will feel that their own reflection is considerably censored rather than legitimated.     

Quality of peas modelled by a structural equation system

The quality of peas has been studied in a joint project between a pea producing company in Denmark and several research institutions. The study included quality from a consumer point of view based on market research and quality from more internal company points of view based on measurement of physical/chemical attributes that are expected to describe quality. The purpose of the work was to use the considerable amounts of information in a decision oriented way to obtain answers to questions like: (1) How do consumers perceive quality? (2) Is it possible to describe the variation in preferences expressed by consumers as a function of the objective measurements of quality e.g. the physical/chemical variables? (3) Which of the measured objective variables are most important for further product development? In the paper we describe consumer evaluations as a function of physical/chemical variables in a PLS structural model with the Total Food Quality Model as starting point. The results show that texture and flavour do have approximately the same effect on the consumers' perception of overall quality. Quality development goals for plant breeders would be to optimise perrceived flavour directly by increasing the amount of sugars and more indirectly by improving the perception of colour through darker and less yellow peas. Perceived texture can be optimised by focusing on selected texture measurements.     

Reflective practice and conscientisation

Both 'the reflective teaching' and 'the teacher as a reflective practitioner' have become very popular in terms of the literature about the teaching and training profession, in spite of ambiguities and misleading ideas. Thus, it is of the greatest importance to analyse these ambiguities by questioning the words used, the relations of power which are established among teachers, educators and trainees, the ways and effects of the reflection. To avoid the reflective action becoming a collection of techniques, a reflective practice should be based on an educational and training theory which should stimulate the teacher to take critical consciousness of the educational situations and of his/her own practice in the situation. The concept of conscientisation by Paulo Freire, linked to his concept of praxis as a dialectic unity of the theory and practice, should produce an instrument of theoretical and operational value for education. That concept will allow interpretations which will take the teacher to wonder about him/herself, about the world around him/her, promoting a critical and dialogist relationship towards the world, the others and him/herself. This dialogue, which cannot feed itself but feeds on the fusion of theory and praxis, will overcome the apparent dichotomy between technical and practical reason.     

The role of theory in the professional development of an educational theorist

This article deals with some long-standing philosophical issues concerning the nature of educational theory, its relevance to educational practice and its role in the professional development of teachers. Instead of treating these questions as 'theoretical', however, it approaches them through a reflective autobiographical account of the role that 'theory' has played in my own professional development as an educational theorist. Focusing in this way on the practice of theorising not only reveals a conception of the theory-practice relationship that is very different from that implicitly presupposed in the practice of most educational theorists (including educational philosophers); it also suggests that the most appropriate way to understand the role of educational theory in the professional development of teachers is by reference to the Aristotelian notion of practical reasoning and the now discarded tradition of 'practical philosophy'.     

Different sensory aspects of a food are not remembered with equal acuity

In the present study, food memory for three sensory aspects involved in food perception, taste, texture and aroma, is compared. Participants received a lunch including a custard dessert (target) under incidental learning condition. One day later, participants were presented with samples identical to the target and with distractors varying either in sweetness, thickness or cherry aroma. Memory was assessed by an absolute recognition question (“Did you eat this sample yesterday?”) and by relative questions (“Is this sample less, equal or more sweet than the sample you ate yesterday?”). Results showed better memory performance for sweetness than for the two other sensory aspects, both in the absolute and in the relative tests. Several hypotheses to explain the differences in memory between different sensory aspects of a food are discussed.