英国核退役管理局公布业务计划草案

<正>【世界核新闻网站2014年12月8日报道】英国核退役管理局(NDA)2014年12月8日公布了有关如何在未来三年内应对本国核退役挑战的业务计划草案,公开接受公众咨询。核退管局负责英国民用遗留核场址和设施——包括第一代镁诺克斯反应堆场址、研究设施、燃料设施和塞拉菲尔德(Sellafield)核场址——的退役工作。每个场址由持有场址许可证的公司按照其与核退管局签署的合同规定运营。     

乏燃料后处理厂退役用远距离操作技术探索

随着我国大型遗留核燃料后处理设施退役治理工作的按序推进,现已进入退役关键阶段,为使其中强放射性区域安全、顺利实施退役,研究、摸索和掌握远距离操作应用技术,良好的退役设计与策划,是推进退役事业、使之具备工作条件和能力的先决条件。由于我国尚未建立乏燃料后处理厂退役用远距离操作的相关标准体系,本文首次依据对我国遗留后处理厂现状特点,深入剖析典型退役难点,并参照国外同类型工程远距离操作经验提出了退役用远距离操作的总体设计要求,可以作为设计远距离操作技术决策的重要依据。     

加拿大完成历史遗留废物长期贮存项目北大核心CSCD

加拿大核实验室(CNL)宣布,加拿大已经完成一项将历史上重要的镭、铀提炼工厂的低放废物转移到新的地面长期贮存设施的项目,最后一层表土和草地已经铺设在工程堆上。这个位于Port Granby项目长期废物管理设施的封顶和关闭工程于2016年开始。该项目涉及将约130万吨污染土壤和工业废物从位于克拉灵顿东南部的安大略湖海岸线的一个历史遗留废物贮存场转移到新设施,在那里维护和监测活动将继续到遥远的未来。     

英国核场区治理费用将达1170亿英镑

正【世界核新闻网站2016年7月15日报道】英国核退役管理局(NDA)2016年7月13日在一份报告中表示,预计英国17个历史遗留核场区的治理费用将达1170亿英镑(1540亿美元),略低于2015年预测值(1180亿英镑)。预计这17个核场区的退役和治理作业将持续约120年时间。1170亿英镑费用包括厂房和设施的退役、拆解和拆除费用,所有废物的管理和处置费用,土地治理费用以及目前仍然在运的设施(特别是塞拉菲尔德后处理设施)的运行费用。     

铀矿勘探废弃物的环境放射性评价与治理建议

采用数字γ辐射仪和智能化X-γ辐射仪对川西北某地区进行过铀矿勘探活动的铀矿产地和藏族聚居地做了生态环境放射性评价,对该地的遗留设施与废弃物进行了监测。结果表明,经过数十年在该区进行的铀矿勘探活动,使局部环境遭到破坏,部分点上放射性污染较为严重,针对本地区气候特殊,以及生态环境等因素的局限性,提出了具体的生态环境恢复、放射性污染治理和环境保护的建议。     

英国政府资助核废物处置研究

正【英国《国际核工程》网站2015年3月26日报道】英国谢菲尔德大学材料科学与工程系研究员Claire Corkhill博士近期获得150万英镑(210万美元)的资助,以开展在地质处置设施中安全处置核废物的创新研究。资金来自工程与自然科学研究委员会(EPSRC)的职业生涯早期研究基金。谢菲尔德大学估计,经过60多年的核能应用,英国已产生45万立方米的历史遗留核     

英国为退役核潜艇寻求陆上处置方案

【英国《简氏国际海军》2000年7～8月刊报道】随着海军船坞空间的减少,英国能源部(MoD)于2000年5月11日宣布了退役核潜艇陆上安全贮存的新建议。但MoD立刻强调说,目前将核潜艇停泊在英格兰的得文港和苏格兰的罗赛斯港仍是安全的,然而根据目前的计划,到2012年,港口的贮存能力将被耗尽。到目前为止,英国还没有中放废物的处置设施,即使到2012年时也不太可能有。英国皇家海军核潜艇退役后,核燃料虽然会被卸下并送往塞拉菲尔德核设施进行长期贮存,但是遗留在反应堆室里的放射性物质也需要安全贮存在某个地方,直到英国建成一个国家处置设施。在M…     

俄罗斯拟拆卸外国核潜艇

【自由欧洲/自由电台(RFE/RL)莫斯科2005年4月19日电】俄罗斯原子能机构主任Aleksandr Rumyantsev2005年4月17日表示,俄罗斯可能很快会帮助其它国家处置其退役核潜艇。俄罗斯再需要5年时间就能将其冷战时期遗留的80艘核潜艇拆卸完毕。此后,俄罗斯将准备拆卸外国的核潜艇。Rumyantsev强调,与俄罗斯合作将能为外国政府节省大量资金。目前,俄罗斯每年从美国、加拿大、日本和欧盟获得1亿美元的援助,用于建造和维护核潜艇拆卸设施。莫斯科国防信息中心主任Ivan Safranchuk表示,俄罗斯目前正在考虑未来怎样使用这些设施。“俄罗斯正在寻找在5…     

从历史记录看去污和退役废物的特征及费用估计

本文推荐了一种生产设施的去活化和清洗成本以及废物产生量的估计方法，直至建立更详尽的分析，为了区分放射性废物的特征和确定它们来自的生产设施，分析了废物的迪存接收记录，确定了在生产设施重大改进期间产生的废物体积，且可用来预测将来清洗产生的废物体积和人力费用。     

奥运期间中国原子能科学研究院核设施风险评估

根据北京市突发公共事件应急委员会“关于做好奥运期间突发公共事件风险评估工作的通知”，的内容，我院对本单位进行了风险源调查和评估工作。评价所涉及的核设施包括：反应堆类设施，三废处理设施，核燃料后处理研究实验设施，核材料加工、生产和贮存设施。风险的类别分为外部事件和内部事件两类。其中，外部事件风险是指由于自然、社会等外部因素给核设施安全状态带来的威胁；内部事件风险是指由设施自身运行条件或状态产生的安全风险。     

Current Philosophy regarding the Role of Environmental Radiation Monitoring Programs in the Environs of Nuclear Power Generating Stations

This paper reviews the philosophy of environmental radiation monitoring programs in the environs of a nuclear power generating station as this philosophy relates to the utility. The goals of these programs as they relate to Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations are set forth. Program design for both preoperational and operational programs is presented. Finally, problems in the design and implementation of the various aspects of environmental monitoring programs are identified.     

Effects of accident management strategy on the severe accident environmental conditions

This paper presents a methodology utilizing an accident management strategy in order to determine accident environmental conditions to be used as inputs to equipment survivability assessments. In the case that there is a well-established accident management strategy for a specific nuclear power plant (NPP), an application of this tool can provide a technical rationale on equipment survivability assessment so that plant-specific and time-dependent accident environmental conditions could be practically and realistically defined in accordance with the equipment and instrumentation required for the accident management strategy or appropriate actions. For this work, three different tools are introduced; probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) outcomes, major accident management strategy actions, and accident environmental stages (AESs). In order to quantitatively investigate an applicability of accident management strategy on equipment survivability, the accident simulation for most likely scenario in Korean standard nuclear power plants (KSNPs) is performed with the MAAP4 code. The accident management guideline (AMG) actions such as the reactor coolant system (RCS) depressurization, water injection into the RCS, the containment pressure and temperature control, and hydrogen concentration control in containment are applied. The effects of these AMG actions on the accident environmental conditions are investigated by comparison to actions from previous normal accident simulation, especially focusing on equipment survivability assessment. As a result, the AMG-involved case shows the higher accident consequences along the accident environmental stages. This implies that plant-specific AMG actions need to be considered in order to determine accident environmental conditions in equipment survivability assessments.     

Environmental assessment of nuclear power generation in Korea

Nuclear energy is the major source of the electricity generation due to the lack of domestic energy in Korea. In recent years, environmental preservation concern has been increased for more efficient management of nuclear energy. Therefore it is necessary to apply Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology including environmental management system, waste reduction schemes and environmental analysis methods. In this study, LCA methodology is introduced to the nuclear power generation system and environmental burden caused by this system is assessed. This study suggests new methodology for environmental assessment and establishes the extensive infra-database related with nuclear power generation system. Also, it is possible to improve the scientific basis of LCA with the emphasis on the nuclear power generation system. Therefore, this study consists of general framework of LCA such as goal and scope, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and valuation of the nuclear power generation system. The major objectives are to identify the environmental impact and the environmentally most dominant stage in life cycle of nuclear power generation system and to suggest the new methodology to solve the problem when LCA is applied to facility releasing the radioactive wastes. Thus this study is useful to improve the environmental impact assessment of nuclear power generation system and to promote the methodology of LCA.     

Containment pressure and temperature envelopes for a CANDU reactor equipment environmental qualification

An equipment environmental qualification is required to guarantee the safety function of safety related systems, structures and components during the harsh conditions which occur as a consequence of an accident. The first step of an environmental qualification program is to identify the events causing the harsh environmental conditions and to determine the environmental conditions. This paper shows a systematic approach to generate the containment pressure and temperature envelopes which will be used for an equipment environmental qualification. These envelopes are generated by two steps, the generation of mass and energy release data and an analysis of the containment pressure and temperature. Finally, the containment pressure and temperature envelopes which cover all the transients with a margin are determined for the large break loss of coolant accident and the main steam line break.     

Optimum selection of an energy resource using fuzzy logic

Optimum selection of an energy resource is a vital issue in developed countries. Considering energy resources as alternatives (nuclear, hydroelectric, gas/oil, and solar) and factors upon which the proper decision will be taken as attributes (economics, availability, environmental impact, and proliferation), one can use the multi-attribute utility theory (MAUT) to optimize the selection process.Recently, fuzzy logic is extensively applied to the MAUT as it expresses the linguistic appraisal for all attributes in wide and reliable manners.The rise in oil prices and the increased concern about environmental protection from CO₂ emissions have promoted the attention to the use of nuclear power as a viable energy source for power generation.For Egypt, as a case study, the nuclear option is found to be an appropriate choice. Following the introduction of innovative designs of nuclear power plants, improvements in the proliferation resistance, environmental impacts, and economics will enhance the selection of the nuclear option.     

Radiological and environmental aspects of Th-U fuel cycle facilities

The comparatively higher level of thorium reserves and the absence of long lived actinides of environmental concern offer real advantages for utilization of thorium in nuclear reactors. While use of uranium is likely to continue for some more time in view of investments already made, a shift to thorium eventually is an imperative necessity. It is in fact inevitable for a country like India. The paper presents a detailed comparative analysis of occupational radiation exposures as well as environmental releases. Different stages such as mining, fuel fabrication, reactor operation, spent fuel storage and reprocessing are considered. The factors that need to be taken into account include among others, the relatively lower occupational exposures and environmental releases in sodium cooled fast reactors compared to LWRs, the occurrence of thorium as surface deposits obviating the need for deep mining as in the case of uranium and the special dose reduction measures that need to be devised to minimize occupational exposures due to daughter products of ²³²U present in ²³³U during fuel fabrication operations. If once through mode of fuel cycle is to be adopted, thorium oxide materials are likely to be more enduring than would be the case with uranium.     

核电厂事故后应急环境监测谱仪国产化研制

事故后应急环境监测谱仪是福岛事故后开始在我国核电厂环境监测系统使用的一种新型探测器,但目前国内使用的此类设备基本都为进口设备,综合使用成本高昂,严重制约了核电厂应急监测能力的提高。本工作成功研制出事故后应急环境监测谱仪,经过一系列测试,性能指标已达到国际先进产品水平,且软件系统完全开放,批量生产成本仅约为进口设备采购价格的二分之一。研制的事故后应急环境监测谱仪能够在核电厂正常运行和事故情况下发挥有效监测作用,未来具有在其他核设施推广使用的前景。     

事故性UF6释放的辐射环境影响估算

ＵＦ６是核燃料生产过程中一种重要的中间产品，生成于铀同位素分离过程中，因此，ＵＦ６大量向环境释放是核燃料生产厂运行期间可能发生的一种潜在事故。     

中国煤电与核电的环境风险比较

本文指出了环境风险与健康风险的区别和不同能源系统的燃料循环全面环境风险比较在能源发展规划决策中的作用，给出了中国煤电和核电环境风险比较研究第一阶段以统计数据为基础的各类环境影响进行对应比较的结果。它表明产生１ＴＷｈ电力煤电燃料循环对环境影响远大于核电。     

同位素示踪农业应用的研究热点

为深入了解同位素示踪技术的特点和优势,重点总结了近年来在农业科学相关领域的一些应用研究热点。¹⁵N、³²P示踪为揭示作物营养元素有效转化机理,创建养分高效利用技术模式提供重要支持。¹³C、¹⁵N示踪在土壤有机碳循环、温室气体减排研究中,凸显了独特优势。¹⁴C示踪为我国自主创制的新农用化学物质生态环境影响评价,提供重要技术支撑。稳定性同位素比率、δ¹³C等同位素指纹技术,为明确农田污染物的环境行为、解析污染源,提供了重要手段;为国家名特优农产品原产地溯源,提供原创的技术性思路。¹⁰⁹Cd、⁶⁵Zn示踪为揭示土壤重金属镉、锌污染环境行为,提供不可或缺的技术支持。环境核素⁷Be、¹³⁷Cs示踪在生态系统稳定性研究方面,发挥了不可替代的作用。