Male gender role conflict: Psychometric issues and relations to psychological distress.

Two distinct deficits in research on male gender role conflict are addressed: (a) lack of psychometric information and (b) lack of research involving clinical samples. First, using 1,043 men across 3 samples, the psychometric properties of the Gender Role Conflict Scale (GRCS) were examined through confirmatory factor analyses, internal consistency estimation, and construct validation. Next, using 130 male university counseling center clients across 2 samples, the relation between gender role conflict and psychological distress was examined. The GRCS demonstrated good internal consistency and was best modeled as 4 intercorrelated factors, as originally proposed by J. M. O'Neil, B. Helms, R. Gable, L. David, and L. Wrightsman (1986). Construct validity was supported through correlations with attitudes about masculinity, fear of intimacy, and social desirability in expected directions. However, reservations about the Conflicts Between Work and Family Relations subscale are noted. Male gender role conflict was significantly related to psychological distress, with the Restrictive Emotionality subscale being the best predictor of distress level. Implications for mental health practice and future research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Objective and subjective work monotony: Effects on job satisfaction, psychological distress, and absenteeism in blue-collar workers": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by S. Melamed et al (Journal of Applied Psychology, 1995[Feb], Vol 80[1], 29–42). The last two numerical entries in the Long-cycle RW vs. VW row in Table 3 were incorrect. The corrected table, which also includes a clarification to Footnote a, is presented. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1995-23399-001). The relation of objective work conditions (work underload, repetitive or varied work) and subjective monotony to job satisfaction, psychological distress, and sickness absence was examined in 1,278 male and female workers. Subjective monotony was moderately related to the objective work conditions. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that the effects on all outcomes were partially mediated by subjective monotony and were also directly related to repetitive work and work underload. Job satisfaction and psychological distress were mainly related to subjective monotony, whereas sickness absence was equally related to the work conditions and subjective monotony. The highest impact was observed for short-cycle repetitive work. Testing sex interactions revealed that sickness absence was related to the work conditions in women but not in men… (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Gender-related traits and gender ideology: Evidence for a multifactorial theory": Correction.

Reports errors in the original article by J. T. Spence (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1993[Apr], Vol 64[4], 624–635). Several columns in Table 1 (page 630) were incorrectly labeled. The corrected table is provided. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1993-25426-001). 95 male and 221 female college students were given 2 measures of gender-related personality traits, the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire, and 3 measures of sex role attitudes. Correlations between the personality and the attitude measures were traced to responses to the pair of negatively correlated BSRI items, masculine and feminine, thus confirming a multifactorial approach to gender, as opposed to a unifactorial gender schema theory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Effects of aerobic exercise on cognitive and psychosocial functioning in patients with mild hypertension": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by T. W. Pierce et al (Health Psychology, 1993[Jul], Vol 12[4], 286–291). Table 4, which was inadvertently excluded, is provided. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1993-46609-001.) The effects of 16 wks of physical exercise training on the psychological functioning of 90 patients with mild hypertension were examined. At baseline and after 16 wks of training, patients completed a psychometric test battery that included objective measures of neuropsychological performance and standardized self-report measures of psychosocial functioning. Patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: aerobic exercise, strength training and flexibility exercise, or a waiting list control group. After training, there were no group differences on any of the psychological measures, even though patients who engaged in exercise perceived themselves as functioning better in a number of psychological domains. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Measurement of two social competence aspects in middle childhood": Correction to Rydell et al. (1997).

Reports an error in "Measurement of two social competence aspects in middle childhood" by Ann-Margret Rydell, Berit Hagekull and Gunilla Bohlin (Developmental Psychology, 1997[Sep], Vol 33[5], 824-833). On page 825, Method section, 4th paragraph, line 2, the sentence incorrectly reads, "The county sample consisted of 423 children (M =8 years 5 months, SD =3 years 3 months), constituting 71% of a randomly selected sample of children born in 1986 and living in a county in the middle of Sweden." The correct standard deviation in age in the county sample is 3 months. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1998-00632-009.) The psychometric properties of a rating measure for parents and teachers for social competence, conceptualized as social skills and behaviors, were studied. The rating measure was constructed from factor analyses on 4 samples of school-age children. Factor analyses identified 2 moderately correlated competence aspects, valid for both sexes and for children from varying socioeconomic backgrounds. The first factor, Prosocial Orientation, captured a style promoting positive social interactions; the second factor, Social Initiative, described initiative as opposed to withdrawal in social situations. Scales based on the 2 factors showed reliability in internal consistency and stability across 1 year, validity in interrater agreement concurrently and across 1 year, correspondence with observed peer behavior, and the capacity to discriminate between children of different peer status. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Problems with linking constructs from different domains: Commentary on Pistole's "adult attachment style and narcissistic vulnerability."

Comments on M. C. Pistole's (see record 1995-33117-001) article on adult attachment (AAT) style. Silverman questions Pistole's linkage of insecure AATs and narcissistic pathology and suggests that the lack of uniformity and consistency across AAT studies limits generalizations. Silverman also argues that Pistole conflates divergent theoretical views, thereby further obscuring the meanings of narcissism. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Is the nature-nurture debate on the verge of extinction?": Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by D. A. Bors (Canadian Psychology, 1994[Jul], Vol 35(2), 231–243). Several mistakes appeared in 1 section of the article. Corrected pages 234 and 235 are reprinted in this issue. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1995-08940-001.) Presents 4 arguments in opposition to the position that the nature-nurture debate is no longer as contentious as it once was. First, the nature-nurture controversy, conceived of as an attempt to assign relative weightings of importance to genotype and environment in relation to psychological phenomena, is no closer to being settled today than it was at any point in the past. Second, though of considerable consequence for psychological theory and practice, the mapping of the human genome will not assist in the settlement of the nature-nurture debate. Third, heritability studies are of little value to psychologists and cannot help in the resolution of the debate. Fourth, the nature-nurture controversy is not a scientific issue. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Need we measure anxiety differently for males and females?

Using 2 separate large samples of children (N1 = 957 and N2 = 3,885) and 1 smaller sample of adolescents and adults (N3 = 416), 3 studies of item selection for measurement of anxiety were conducted to determine if item selection differed across gender when traditional psychometric methods were applied. Applying a common set of item selection rules for males and for females, the same items were selected for inclusion on various measures of anxiety with differing item-response formats with comparable internal consistency reliability obtained using separate gender and combined gender samples. Standard psychometric methods indicate anxiety is measured in males and females about equally well and by essentially the same items.     

Interpersonal psychotherapy with men who experience gender role conflict.

Although research on men's gender role conflict reveals that it adversely affects men's psychological health and interpersonal relationships, psychotherapists typically underuse knowledge of masculine gender roles in psychological assessment and treatment. Interpersonal psychotherapy is proposed as a useful framework for working with men whose rigid enactment of traditional male gender roles leads to intrapersonal and interpersonal conflict (i.e., gender role conflict). Thus, this article integrates knowledge of male gender role conflict and interpersonal psychotherapy to examine issues that men who experience gender role conflict bring to their important interpersonal relationships and the therapeutic relationship. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Perceived social support among college students: Three studies of the psychometric characteristics and counseling uses of the Social Support Inventory": Correction to Brown, Brady, Lent, Wolfert, and Hall.

Reports an error in "Perceived social support among college students: Three studies of the psychometric characteristics and counseling uses of the Social Support Inventory" by Steven D. Brown, Theresa Brady, Robert W. Lent, Jenny Wolfert and Sheila Hall (Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1987[Jul], Vol 34[3], 337-354). In Table 5, the reliable change (RC) values for Clients 1-7 on the UCLA Loneliness Scale and the College Student Satisfaction Scale were incorrect. The corrected values are presented in the erratum. In addition, a note should be added to Table 5 that reads: "Posttreatment scores used in the calculation of RC are means obtained from the sum of posttreatment and follow-up scores." (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1987-32914-001.) Perceived social support has been shown to relate to psychological distress and well-being. However, measurement of the construct has been limited by a failure to embed perceived support in a body of psychological theory that would suggest how perceived support is produced and modified. In three studies we assessed the psychometric characteristics and counseling uses of a theory-derived measure of perceived social support, the Social Support Inventory (SSI). Results of the first study indicated that the SSI possessed excellent internal consistency reliability and concurrent validity, and it performed in theoretically predicted ways in a series of construct validity analyses. Results of the second study suggested that the SSI may not be influenced by mood state or demand characteristics. The third study concerned a counseling intervention developed from the SSI's theoretical base. Reported outcomes are from the first 7 consecutive college student clients exposed to the intervention for difficulties in their social transition to college. We also describe the person-environment fit theory from which the SSI was derived and discuss future conceptual and research needs on the theory, instrument, and intervention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Estrogen-Progesterone Regulation of Nest-Building and Incubation Behavior in Ovariectomized Ring Doves (Streptopelia risoria)": Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by Mei-Fang Cheng and Rae Silver (Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology, 1975[Jan], Vol 88[1], 256-263). The address for the request for reprints should have read "Institute of Animal Behavior, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102." (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1975-08949-001.) Determined the role of ovarian hormones in the induction of nest-building (tucking) and incubation behavior in female doves by systemic injections of estrogen, or progesterone, or estrogen combined with progesterone, or oil in 40 reproductively experienced, ovariectomized Ss. Combined estrogen and progesterone treatment was the most effective hormone regimen for eliciting both behavior patterns in females and also facilitated these behaviors in their 40 untreated mates. Differences in role of the gonadal progesterone in male and female doves are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Role of adolescent–parent relationships in college student development and adjustment": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by D. E. Schultheiss and D. L. Blustein (Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1994[Apr], Vol 41[2], 248–255). Tables 1 and 2 contain incorrect data. The corrected tables are printed here. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1994-31480-001.) Tested the hypothesis that the conjoint variance of psychological separation and parental attachment is more strongly related to college student development and adjustment than either set of variables in isolation. Measures of college student development, college student adjustment, psychological separation, and parental attachment were administered to 73 female and 66 male students (mean age 19.1 yrs) attending a large state university in the Northeast. For college student development, there was support for the conjoint hypothesis for the women but not for the men. For college student adjustment, there was no support for the conjoint hypothesis for the women and limited support for the men. The implications of these findings for theory, practice, and future research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Validation canadienne-fran?aise de la mesure de conflit et d'ambigu?té de r?le de Rizzo et al. (1970).

The aim of this study was to validate a French-Canadian version of the Role Conflict and Ambiguity Scales (J. R. Rizzo et al, 1970). A sample of 470 Ss (mean age 39.4 yrs) was used to establish the psychometric properties of the instrument. The internal consistency coefficients were found to be .77 and .79 for the conflict and ambiguity scales, respectively. A confirmatory factor analysis supports the factor structure of the original version. Correlations between the role conflict and ambiguity scales with work satisfaction, role overload, and psychological distress provided some indication of construct validity. The two scales were weakly associated with social desirability. Future studies are needed to further investigate their construct validity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Role playing and interpersonal-conflict reduction": Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by Arthur C. Bohart (Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1977[Jan], Vol 24[1], 15-24). On page 18, there is an error in the degrees of freedom for the F test for planned comparisons. The value given for the second degree of freedom is 72. Depending upon the specific comparison concerned, the actual degrees of freedom varied between 37 and 39. Please note that all of the significance levels are correct as originally reported. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1977-13150-001.) 80 female undergraduates attempted to resolve personal anger conflicts by participating in short counseling-analog sessions. Each S used 1 of 4 procedures: role play, discharge, intellectual analysis, or control. It was hypothesized that role play, which provides opportunity for both intellectual insight and emotional experience, would be more effective than discharge, which de-emphasizes insight, and intellectual analysis, which de-emphasizes emotional experience. E. T. Gendlin's (1969) focusing scale, a measure of the degree to which people can use their emotional experience facilitatively, was also administered. It was predicted that high-focusing role-play Ss would show the most reduction of anger and conflict (Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List). On the whole, role play was the most effective procedure for reducing anger, hostile attitudes, and behavioral aggression. None of the predictions on focusing were borne out. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Generalized slowing in sinusoidal tracking by older adults": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by R. J. Jagacinski et al (Psychology and Aging, 1995, Vol 10[1], 8–29). In Figure 3 on page 12, the data points represented as solid squares should be open circles and vice versa to be consistent with the legend. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1995-27843-001.) Older and younger adults manually tracked sinusoidal input signals. Older adults exhibited 2 forms of slowing. First, they lagged behind the target somewhat more than younger adults. Second, they made considerably smaller movements than the younger adults. Because the velocity of a sinusoidal pattern is proportional to its amplitude, these smaller movements were also slower. Both older and younger adults made smaller movements with a compensatory display and with higher frequency inputs. The high degree of proportionality among these effects was taken as evidence for generalized slowing by the older adults. This slowing may prevent older adults from successfully adjusting an internal pattern generator to match their motions to the sinusoidal input signal. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Examination of the short form of the Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS-42) in a young adult university student sample

The 42-item version of the Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS-42) assesses relative frequency of drinking behavior across eight categories of drinking situations and was originally developed as a method for identifying high-risk situations in alcoholic samples. This study was designed to examine the psychometric properties of the IDS-42 in a sample of university students in order to assess its suitability as an assessment tool in the non-clinical population. Three hundred and ninety-six students (111 M, 283 F, 2 with missing gender data) completed the IDS-42 and a well established measure of drinking motives, the Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ). Confirmatory factor analysis of the IDS-42 established a hierarchical factor structure with eight lower-order factors and three higher-order factors of negatively-reinforcing situations, positively-reinforcing situations, and temptation situations. The eight lower-order IDS-42 factors demonstrated moderate to high internal consistency and excellent concurrent validity with conceptually-similar DMQ subscale scores. Non-parametric analyses revealed that male students reported a higher drinking frequency overall as compared to female students, particularly in IDS-42 situations involving Social Pressure to Drink, Pleasant Times with Others, Testing Personal Control, and Urges and Temptations. Across the entire sample of university student drinkers, a higher drinking frequency was reported in positively-reinforcing situations as compared to negatively-reinforcing situations and temptation situations, as predicted. Results suggest the IDS-42 possesses good psychometric properties and support its utility as a tool in identifying situation-specific antecedents to drinking among university students.     

Impact of maternal alcoholism on separation of children from their mothers: findings from a sample of incarcerated women

Research on achievement goal orientation in sport has relied primarily on traditional statistical methodology to examine group mean differences. Unfortunately, examination of the measurement model is generally ignored prior to means testing. This study reports an application of structural equation modeling (SEM) in testing measurement invariance and latent mean structure of the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ; Duda & Nicholls, 1989) using male and female college students. A confirmatory factor analysis for testing invariance revealed invariant measurement properties and factor structures across gender, indicating that task and ego orientation are similarly conceptualized by male and female students. Subsequent testing of latent mean structures, however, showed significant gender differences with respect to ego orientation, but no difference in task orientation. The SEM procedures used in the present study demonstrate additional construct validity and internal consistency reliability for the TEOSQ and, by confirming its factor structure, provide a sound psychometric basis for its continued use in substantive studies focusing on the comparison of achievement goal orientation across gender.     

"Job experiences over time, multiple roles, and women's mental health: A longitudinal study": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by R. C. Barnett et al (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1992[Apr], Vol 62[4], 634–644). Figures 1 and 3 were transposed. The legends for the figures were in their correct places. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1992-29443-001). Are changes over time in the quality of a woman's job associated with changes in her psychological distress? Do family roles moderate these relationships? The authors addressed these questions using longitudinal data from a 2-yr 3-wave study of a stratified random sample of 403 employed women who varied in occupation, race, partnership, and parental status. After estimating individual rates of change for each woman on each of the predictors and the outcome, the authors modeled the relationships between family role occupancy and change in job-role quality on the one hand, and change in psychological distress on the other. Among single women and women without children, as job-role quality declined, levels of psychological distress increased. Among partnered women and women with children, change in job-role quality was unrelated to change in psychological distress. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Structural equation model of intellectual change and continuity and predictors of intelligence in older men": Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by D. P. Gold et al (Psychology & Aging, 1995 [Jun], Vol 10[2], 294–303. On page 300, Figure 2, an extra path was inadvertently included in the LISREL program analyzing the data. The correct model is presented. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1995-43339-001.) This study examined the effects of abilities as a young adult, an engaged lifestyle, personality, age, and health on continuity and change in intellectual abilities from early to late adulthood. A battery of measures, including a verbal and nonverbal intelligence (INT) test, was given to 326 Canadian army veterans. Archival data provided World War Two enlistment scores on the same INT test for this sample. Results indicated relative stability of intellectual scores across 40 years, with increases in vocabulary and decreases in arithmetic, verbal analogies, and nonverbal skills. Young adult INT was the most important determinant of older adult performance. Predictors for verbal INT were consistent with an engagement model of intellectual maintenance but also indicated the importance of introversion–extraversion and age. Nonverbal INT in late life was predicted by young adult nonverbal scores, age, health, and introversion–extraversion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)