Numerical investigation on developing laminar forced convective heat transfer and entropy generation in an annular helicoidal tube

In this study, numerical investigations are conducted for forced convective heat transfer in an annular helicoidal tube under uniform wall temperature condition for laminar flow including developing region. The numerical computations reveal the developments and distributions of heat transfer and flow fields in the annular helicoidal tube when the outer tube wall is heated and the inner tube wall is insulated. The effects of Reynolds number, curvature ratio, and coil pitch on the circumferential average friction factor and Nusselt number at different axial locations, and the non-dimensional entropy generation number of laminar convection in an annular helicoidal tube are investigated. In addition, the differences of flow and heat transfer characteristics between the annular helicoidal tube and circular helicoidal tube are also described.     

Convective heat transfer behaviour of water-ethylene glycol-mixture with silver nanoparticles under laminar flow conditions

In this work, we report the forced convective heat transfer performance and pressure drop of aqueous ethylene glycol seeded with silver nanoparticles for low temperature applications. Experiments were performed in a tube in tube counter-current heat exchanger using silver nanofluid as the hot fluid under laminar flow conditions. In this study, water-ethylene glycol mixture with 70:30 volume percent was used as the base medium. Silver nanofluid was allowed to flow through inner tube of the heat exchanger for varying nanofluid mass flow rates from 5 g/s to 30 g/s and three inlet temperatures of nanofluid viz. 2 °C, 5 °C and 10 °C. The increments in thermal diffusivity and viscosity are found to be ~37 % and ~69 % at 0.45 vol%, respectively. The enhancement in heat transfer coefficient at highest mass flow rate is found to be ~94 % for 0.45 vol%. The pressure drop in the silver nanofluid increases with respect to increase in volume percentage of nanoparticles due to increase in viscosity.

     

微尺度通道内混合物流动沸腾特性研究

对非共沸混合工质R32／R134a(25％／75％)在微尺度管内的流动沸腾换热特性进行了试验研究。试验结果表明,在较高热流密度下,微尺度管内流动沸腾换热与质量干度和质量流量基本无关,热流密度对换热有着很大的影响,在较宽的热流密度范围内,核态沸腾在换热过程中占据主导地位。和细小管道相比,在相同条件下,微尺度管道内的流动沸腾表面传热系数高于细小管道。     

Heat transfer and gas-solid behaviors in pneumatic transport reactor used of carbon capture system

A pneumatic transport reactor can be used for continuous carbon capture processes using a dry sorbent because it can handle large quantities of flue gas. To design efficient reactors, it is necessary to understand the internal characteristics of a reactor with a complicated gas-solid flow. Computational fluid dynamics using an Eulerian-Eulerian approach was adopted to simulate gas-solid two-phase flow to better understand the gas-solid behaviors and heat transfer characteristics in a pneumatic transport reactor. Numerical simulations were used to analyze the pressure difference, solid mass flux, and heat transfer coefficient. The results showed that the gas-solid behavior was unstable and that localized particle flow affects the heat transfer characteristics. The degree of particle mixing near the solid return inlet was lower than that at greater heights within the reactor; in the inlet region, the heat transfer coefficient is not uniform in accordance with the non-uniformity of solid particle behavior.     

Measurement of mass flow rate and evaluation of heat transfer coefficient for high-pressure pneumatic components during charge and discharge processes

Both the mass flow rate and heat transfer characteristics are significant factors to the flow behavior of the high-pressure air; however, they are not easy to be obtained by analytical model during discharge and charge processes. In this paper, the mass flow rate characteristics of high-pressure pneumatic components (HPPC) are measured by a compounding approach; two components under test with the same geometry and dimension are needed to be connected in series. Both the effective cross-section area and critical pressure ratio of HPPC are determined accurately, and only the pressure variation and the steady-state temperature of air in the chamber are utilized. The compared results between experimental and simulation data show that the accuracy of the measured effective cross-section area and critical pressure ratio of the HPPC is high when the sonic and adiabatic releasing time is less than 2 s. And then, a new combined method of calculating the heat transfer coefficient during discharging and charging processes for the high-pressure air is proposed. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method is used to illustrate the intensity of heat exchange between the high-pressure air inside the chamber and outer atmosphere. The dynamic flow behavior is analyzed based on the tested flow rate characteristics of HPPC, mixed heat transfer theory and numerical results. The results show that the heat-transfer coefficient during charge process is much greater than discharge process, and the forced convection heat exchange happened owing to the strong “air agitation” during the charge process. The experimental results also validate that the proposed method of calculating the transient heat transfer coefficient is more reasonable to describe the heat transfer behavior. The findings may also have general implication in the development of the design and analysis of the high-pressure pneumatic system.     

周期性冲击射流流动对传热特性的影响分析

采用经过实验验证的数值模型研究了周期性射流冲击下的流场对传热强化的影响。根据不同波形（正弦波、三角形波和矩形波）规律变化的射流对平板的冲击会产生不同的传热特性,研究得到了滞止点处的温度、传热系数和湍流强度随时间变化的规律。研究结果表明：当正弦波射流、三角形波射流的信号处于上升阶段时,湍流强度在稍有延迟后会产生一个瞬时的增强,可对强化传热起到促进作用,但在它们随后的波形变化中湍流强度仅有缓慢的升降,矩形波射流在信号发生阶跃变化时,会产生湍流强度的脉冲增强,尤其是在信号跃降时产生的瞬时脉冲增强比信号跃升时产生的脉冲增强更大,可有效强化传热;远离滞止点的流场的周期性波动仍然存在,但幅值大大减小,矩形波射流的平均速度大于其他波形射流的速度。     

Flow topology,heat transfer characteristic and thermal performance in a circular tube heat exchanger inserted with punched delta winglet vortex generators

To improve the heat transfer rate and thermal performance, the punched delta winglet vortex generators, DWVGs, were inserted in the middle of the circular tube heat exchanger. The effects of the flow attack angles and the flow directions were investigated numerically for the Reynolds number Re = 100–2000. The finite volume method and the SIMPLE algorithm were used to study. The results are reported in terms of the flow structure, heat transfer behavior and thermal performance evaluation and also compared with the smooth tube with no vortex generators. As the numerical results, the use of the DWVGs in the tube can improve the heat transfer rate and thermal performance by creating the vortex flow through the tested section. The rise of the flow attack angle results in the increasing strength of the vortex flows. The flow attack angle of 25° performs the highest heat transfer rate and thermal performance, while the flow attack angle of 0o gives the reversed results. The computational results reveal that the optimum thermal enhancement factor is around 2.80 at Re = 2000, α = 25°, with the winglet tip pointing downstream. The correlations on both the Nusselt number ratio and friction factor ratio for the DWVG in the tube heat exchanger are presented.     

润滑油对R32在水平光管内流动沸腾换热特性及压降的影响

对R32在φ5mm和φ7mm的水平光管内的流动沸腾时,润滑油对换热与压降特性的影响进行了试验研究,试验的质量流量范围为100~500 kg/(m~2·s),润滑油的含量在0~5%之间。结果表明,沸腾换热系数随着质量流量的增大而增大。在低干度区,换热系数随干度的增大而增大,当干度达到0.7~0.8时,换热系数达到最大。随着润滑油含量的增大,局部换热系数在减小。压降随着管径的减小和质量流量的增大而增大。润滑油含量的增大,导致压降的增大。在5mm管内,润滑油含量对换热系数和压降影响比较明显。     

Thermal performance analysis of heat exchanger for closed wet cooling tower using heat and mass transfer analogy

In closed wet cooling towers, the heat transfer between the air and external tube surfaces can be composed of the sensible heat transfer and the latent heat transfer. The heat transfer coefficient can be obtained from the equation for external heat transfer of tube banks. According to experimental data, the mass transfer coefficient was affected by the air velocity and spray water flow rate. This study provides the correlation equation for mass transfer coefficient based on the analogy of the heat and mass transfer and the experimental data. The results from this correlation equation showed fairly good agreement with experimental data. The cooling capacity and thermal efficiency of the closed wet cooling tower were calculated from the correlation equation to analyze the performance of heat exchanger for the tower.     

螺旋扁管冷凝器强化传热评价与应用

提出了螺旋扁管强化传热评价指标.通过实验,得出了螺旋扁管强化传热及阻力性能特性.结果表明,在较低Re下螺旋扁管强化传热效果较好,在传热的同时,使流动阻力系数增大,其增长幅度基本上与传热系数增长幅度相同.     

Influences of the wavy surface inserted in the middle of a circular tube heat exchanger on thermal performance

Numerical investigations on flow topology, heat transfer behavior and performance evaluation in a circular tube inserted with various configurations of wavy surfaces, Inclined wavy surface (IWS), V-downstream wavy surface (VDWS), V-Upstream wavy surface (VUWS) are presented. The effects of the flow attack angles; 20°, 30°, 45° and 60° are studied for the Reynolds numbers, Re = 100-2000. The numerical results are compared with the smooth circular tube with no wavy surface and the previous works. It is found that the IWS, VDWS and VUWS can produce longitudinal vortex flow and impinging jet of the fluid flow like inclined baffle, V-downstream baffle and V-Upstream baffle, respectively, but give lower friction loss. The flow phenomena created by the wavy surfaces help to augment the heat transfer rate and thermal performance in the test tube. In the range studied, the order of enhancement for heat transfer rate is around 1.40-3.75, 1.60-6.25 and 1.30-5.80 times higher than the smooth tube for IWS, VDWS and VUWS, respectively. Moreover, the maximum thermal performance, presented in terms of the Thermal enhancement factor (TEF), is found to be about 1.60, 2.40 and 2.10, respectively, for IWS, VUWS and VDWS.     

Convection and radiation heat transfer in a tube with core rod and honeycomb network inserts at high temperature

Heat transfer and friction factor characteristics in a circular tube fitted with core rod and honeycomb network inserts at high temperature have been investigated experimentally. In the experiments, ambient air with Reynolds numbers ranging from 6000 to 20,000 is passed through a circular tube with uniform wall temperature. Convection and radiation heat transfer phenomena are studied. The experimental results show that at uniform wall temperatures of 373, 473, 553, and 633 K, the average shares of the radiation heat transfer coefficient to the total heat transfer coefficient are 13.9%, 18.3%, 24.7%, and 28.7% for core rod and 11.5%, 13.1%, 15.3%, and 17.8% for honeycomb network insert, respectively. In addition, the heat transfer coefficient increased by 227%, 299%, 327%, and 369% for core rod and 409%, 529%, 614%, and 679% for honeycomb network insert compared with the plain tube under the aforementioned temperatures.     

内置扭带换热管三维流动与传热数值模拟

对自转扭带换热管内流体的运动进行了分析,根据流体在自转扭带管内的切向运动特点,提出将自转扭带等效虚拟于静止扭带的思路。建立内置螺旋扭带换热管流体流动的三维物理模型,采用大型CFD软件FLUENT6.0中的RNG k-ε模型对内置扭带换热管内的流动与传热进行了数值模拟,得到了内置扭带换热管流体流动的速度、压力、湍流强度场分布规律及传热特性。比较了静止、旋转及旋转等效虚拟静止扭带换热管的传热和阻力降特性,分析了不同螺距对强化传热和阻力降的影响。速度场的模拟值与激光测速仪试验值进行了比较,二者吻合较好。     

R410A在内螺纹强化管管内冷凝的传热性能试验研究

为了研究水平强化单管的管内冷凝性能,搭建了实验台。研究了在冷却水量不变的情况下,R410A在不同冷凝温度(35℃和40℃)和不同管径(5mm和9.52mm)下的换热情况。结果表明:总换热系数和压降随工质质量流量的增大而增大,质量流量对管内换热系数影响不是很大。冷凝温度40℃,5mm铜管的换热系数最高;冷凝温度40℃,9.52mm铜管的压降最小。     

Experimental investigation on convective heat transfer and friction factor in a helically coiled tube with Al2O3/water nanofluid

In this study, the heat transfer and friction factor of a shell and helically coiled tube heat exchanger using Al₂O₃ / water nanofluid at 0.1%, 0.4% and 0.8% particle volume concentration were tested. The test was conducted under laminar flow condition at 5100 < Re_i < 8700. It is found that the overall heat transfer coefficient, inner heat transfer coefficient and experimental inner Nusselt number are 24%, 25% and 28%, respectively, higher than water at 0.8% particle volume concentration of nanofluid. It is observed that the presence of nanoparticles further intensify the formation of secondary flow and proper mixing of fluid when nanofluid passes through the helically coiled tube. Apart from further flow intensification, higher thermal conductivity of nanofluid and random movement of nanoparticles contribute to the enhanced heat transfer coefficient. Also found that the friction factor increases over particle volume concentration and this is due to increased nanofluid viscosity while increasing particle volume concentration.     

Some aspects of experimental in-tube evaporation

The heat transfer characteristics of refrigerant-oil mixture for horizontal in-tube evaporator have been investigated experimentally. A smooth copper tube and a micro-fin tube with nominal 9.5 mm outer diameter and 1500 mm length were tested. For the pure refrigerant flow, the dependence of the axial heat transfer coefficient on quality was weak in the smooth tube, but in the micro-fin tube, the coefficients were 3 to 10 times greater as quality increases. Oil addition to pure refrigerant in the smooth tube altered the flow pattern dramatically at low mass fluxes, with a resultant enhancement of the wetting area by vigorous foaming. The heat transfer coefficients of the mixture for low and medium qualities were increased at low mass fluxes. In the micro-fin tube, however, the addition of oil deteriorates the local heat transfer performance for most of the quality range, except for low quality. The micro-fin tube consequently loses its advantage of high heat transfer performance for an oil fraction of 5%. Results are presented as plots of local heat transfer coefficient versus quality.     

低压降高效换热器复合强化传热试验研究

大小孔折流板与圆弧波纹管都是近几年提出的降低换热器壳程压降和提高传热效果的结构元件。针对大小孔折流板和圆弧波纹管的特点,提出了将两者相结合的低压降高效换热器,并试验研究该换热器的流动和传热性能。结果表明,换热器具有较低的壳程压降和良好综合传热能力。与光管的普通弓形折流板换热器相比,相同流量下,大孔直径为φ26mm的圆弧切线波纹管与大小孔折流板复合结构换热器的壳程板间压降可降低64％,虽然孔径较大时壳程膜传热系数有所下降,但总传热系数有明显提高。若以单位压降的传热系数来评判,圆弧切线波纹管与大小孔折流板复合结构换热器的强化传热性能要远高于普通弓形折流板换热器,最高值可达普通弓形折流板换热器的2．87倍。     

缩放管强化传热机理分析

应用数值模拟方法对光滑圆管与缩放管内的空气湍流对流传热在相同条件下进行了计算,对缩放管与光滑圆管内的对流传热系数、速度模量分布、径向速度分布、湍流强度的对比表明：缩放管内空气对流传热系数的提高,是近壁区域流体扰动增强产生了较大的流动径向速度与湍流强度的结果。表面传热系数、近壁区径向速度、近壁区湍流强度三者沿流向周期性变化的规律一致。缩放管强化传热的机理分析指出,强化气体传热的粗糙高度应位于流动过渡区。     

An experimental apparatus measuring convective heat transfer coefficient from a heated fine wire traversing in nanofluids

Most of the previous convection experiments for nanofluids have been performed for internal tube flow with constant heat flux boundary condition. In contrast, a simple experimental apparatus measuring convective heat transfer coefficient from a heated wire to external nanofluids is proposed and its working principles are explained in detail. The convective heat transfer coefficient provided by the present system might be used as a useful indication justifying the adoption of prepared nanofluids as new efficient heat transfer fluids. Validation experiments by comparing convective heat transfer coefficients between the conventional correlation and measured values are carried out for base fluids. Also the effect of increased thermal conductivity of nano lubrication oil on the enhancement of convective heat transfer coefficient is investigated.     

Forced convective boiling in vertical tube for binary refrigerant mixtures of R11 and R113

An experimental study was carried out on convective boiling heat transfer for mixtures of R11 and R113 flowing in a uniformly heated vertical tube by measuring the wall and bulk temperatures, and the results were compared with an existing correlation. A reduction of the average heat transfer coefficient for mixtures was verified for flow boiling. It was observed that two kinds of boiling behavior existed depending on mass flux. It was also found that the Chen's correlation was particularly successful for the case of high mass rate flow in which convective boiling prevailed. However in the case of low mass rate flow where nucleate boiling was dominant, the Chen's correlation was found to be inappropriate. Mass transfer resistance in the liquid film played a vital role for determining the heat transfer coefficient of refrigerant mixtures. It has been also found that the equilibrium assumption was hardly applicable to the convective boiling phenomena.