槐糖脂用于含油砂质土壤处理及石油资源回收

模拟了以生物型表面活性剂槐糖脂配制水溶液和微乳液对原油污染土壤进行处理并回收原油的实验,通过对比证明槐糖脂微乳液对含油土壤的原油脱除效果优于其水溶液,分析了槐糖脂、NaCl、丙三醇的添加量对原油脱除效果的影响,并筛选出3种微乳液配方。将原始原油、土壤与3种配方微乳液回收的原油、土壤进行理化性质对比发现：回收土壤的pH略高且大致呈中性,黏粒体积分数减少,zeta电位无明显变化,微乳液处理对土壤的理化性质影响较小;回收原油中饱和分含量升高,芳香分、胶质和沥青质含量降低,灰分含量增加,密度增大,黏度降低,表明回收原油具备一定的经济使用价值。将3种配方微乳液进行温度和循环利用实验以检验原油脱除效果的稳定性,结果表明：随着温度的升高,微乳液对含油土壤的原油脱除率先升高后趋于稳定,微乳液循环使用5次,对含油土壤的原油脱出率仍在60%以上,其中配方槐糖脂10%、丙三醇3.5%、NaCl 2.5%、柴油19.2%的微乳液处理含油土壤的稳定性最好。     

油气田含油污泥生物处理技术研究进展

油气田含油污泥是石油钻井、运输、储存过程中产生的主要污染物。随着油气田开发的逐步深入,含油污泥所带来的生产和环境矛盾越来越突出。原有的含油污泥处理方式已经不适用新的环保要求。目前,物理化学处理方法初步实现了含油污泥减量化和原油资源回收,但其并不能从根本上去除含油污泥的石油污染物,甚至有可能造成二次污染。生物处理方法有低毒、环保、效率高等特点,具有较广泛的应用前景。本文介绍了含油污泥的来源、特征、处理标准和环境影响。将生物处理技术分为生物表面活性剂（BSF）洗油法和生物降解法,并从BSF的类型和特性、洗油机理、降解工艺、降解菌、对处理效果的影响因素以及BSF增强生物降解作用等方面进行了详细阐述。文章指出BSF洗油法主要应用于高含油污泥（含油率≥6%）的处理,含油率可降到2%以下;对于低含油污泥（含油率≤6%）采用微生物降解技术处理,可达到0.3%的生态标准。生物处理技术是最有前景的满足资源回收的环保型的含油污泥处理技术。     

槐糖脂的研究进展

槐糖脂作为化学法生产的表面活性剂的良好替代品,其使用范围越来越广泛,因此对其的研究也日益增多。合成槐糖脂的方法有很多种,近年来通过发酵法生产槐糖脂的研究备受关注。本文就其产生菌、生产、应用及修饰的研究进展作一综述。     

槐糖脂的生物合成及最新应用

生物表面活性剂与化学表面活性剂相比,具有显著的优势:无毒、可生物降解、生态安全以及高表面活性等优点。槐糖脂作为一种生物表面活性剂,广泛的应用于食品、医药、日化及环境保护等领域,有逐渐取代化学表面活性剂的趋势。主要介绍了产槐糖脂的微生物和槐糖脂的生物合成过程,以及槐糖脂在纳米技术中的应用,具有广泛的应用前景。     

表面活性剂淋洗技术在含油土壤污染治理中的应用

为提高含油土壤污染治理效果,研究表面活性剂淋洗技术在含油土壤污染治理中的应用.选取相关试验材料与试验仪器,采用超声波提取-红外分光光度法测定土壤中石油类污染物质量分数,利用超声波、四氯化碳从土壤样品中提取石油类污染物,分析表面活性剂与助剂复配对含油土壤污染的修复效果.试验结果表明:随着原油pH值增加,溶液中酸碱有机反应...     

微乳液法降低含油污泥黏度

含油污泥黏度高,流动性差,是含油污泥中油分回收资源化利用的关键瓶颈。基于含油污泥的黏度和流变特性,研究了添加微乳液降低油泥黏度的方法。探讨了微乳液添加量、表面活性剂种类、表面活性剂复配对降黏效果的影响。结果表明,对于所研究的炼化含油污泥,微乳液添加量为25%时,黏度可以降低95%以上,且微乳液可以和油泥均匀混合无分层。微乳液选用单一的表面活性剂时,十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）的降黏效果最好。当烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚（OP-10）和SDBS按2：1的比例复配且添加量为25%时,黏度可以降低99%以上,降黏效果要优于两者单独使用的效果。     

生物表面活性剂处理含油固废的应用研究进展

总结了近年来生物表面活性剂在含油固废清洗和生物处理过程中的应用效果,分析了目前应用过程中存在的问题.提出降低生物表面活性剂使用成本、加强清洗剂复配和协同降解机理研究是工业化应用过程中的重点研究方向.     

含油土壤处理技术研究进展

考虑到含油土壤已经成为当前环保业界人士需要考虑的首要问题,通过对于含油土壤所产生的危害入手,探讨了含油土壤处理的相关技术的研究进展,希望能够对于后期的含油土壤处理技术研究提供一点帮助。     

热洗法处理含油污泥工艺研究

采用热洗法处理大庆油田含油污泥,通过投加适宜药剂对油泥进行调质,以含油污泥脱油率为指标,综合考察热洗过程中的工艺条件(固液比、热洗温度、热洗时间、搅拌强度、热洗液pH值和热洗次数)以及表面活性剂的筛选和投加量对油泥洗涤效果的影响,确定最佳热洗工艺条件,使处理后的油和泥沙能满足回收和环境的要求,油泥达到无害化、减量化和资源化再利用的标准。热分析及扫描电镜结果表明热洗法有利于污泥脱水除油。     

Production of surface-active sophorolipid biosurfactant and crude oil degradability by novel Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain SKF2

Biosurfactants are produced by important types of microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, and filamentous fungi and have been used in a variety of industries. Among the 15 crude oil-degrading fungi, the two molds and one yeast were identified by 18S rDNA sequences as Mucor circinelloides strain SKMC, Fusarium fujikuroi strain DB2, and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain SKF2. These strains were isolated from crude oil–contaminated soil, diesel oil–contaminated soil, and activated sludge in the Oil Refinery Plant in Isfahan, Iran, respectively. The yeast strain was identified as a novel crude oil–degrading and biosurfactant-producing fungi in the presence of (1% v/v) Iranian light crude oil in the minimal salt medium (MSM). The highest amount of the dry weight of produced biosurfactant was measured at 6.2 g L⁻¹. Chemical nature of produced biosurfactant was determined as a surface-active sophorolipid biosurfactant compound by thin-layer chromatography, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. The residual hydrocarbons in the MSM were analyzed by GC–MS, and it was shown that octadecane and docosane were eliminated by this novel strain completely.     

原油污染土壤生物修复研究进展

概述了国内外在修复石油污染土壤方面的生物修复工艺:原位生物修复和异位生物修复。从这两方面总结了近年来利用生物法治理原油污染土壤的研究进展,介绍了生物修复方法的基本原理、应用现状,并指出了其存在的问题。在此基础上,对生物法治理原油污染土壤的发展进行了展望。     

原油污染土壤生物修复研究进展

概述了国内外在修复石油污染土壤方面的生物修复工艺:原位生物修复和异位生物修复。从这两方面总结了近年来利用生物法治理原油污染土壤的研究进展,介绍了生物修复方法的基本原理、应用现状,并指出了其存在的问题。在此基础上,对生物法治理原油污染土壤的发展进行了展望。     

溶剂萃取法修复石油污染土壤

对溶剂萃取法修复石油类污染土壤的新技术做了较为全面的概述.首先,介绍了溶剂萃取技术的概念、机理和适用范围;其次,介绍了包括有机溶剂、表面活性剂、环糊精、超临界流体在内的萃取剂的研究进展;再次,阐述了影响溶剂萃取效率的因素和溶剂萃取的工艺条件;最后,对溶剂萃取技术的研究和应用做了展望.     

Remediation of soil contaminated with lubricating oil by extraction using subcritical water

The remediation of lubricating oil contaminated soil was investigated by extraction using subcritical water. The effects of temperature and time on extraction efficiency were studied by performing eight individual extractions and varying the subcritical water temperature (200, 225, 250, and 275 °C) and extraction time (90, 120, 180, and 240 min) in a dynamic mode. Also, a comparison was carried out of the feasibility of two operational modes, namely, dynamic and static-dynamic mode. Of the 25,088 mg/kg of lubricating oil as the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration in untreated soil, the residual concentration was found to be ∼500 and 235 mg/kg for after 120 min extraction in a lab-scale apparatus and 150 min extraction in a 30-fold scale-up experiment, respectively, at 275 °C in static-dynamic mode. The result of this study showed the significant effect of the static-dynamic mode on extraction efficiency. The time and volume of water needed for the static-dynamic mode were much lower than those needed for the dynamic mode. These results are of practical interest in developing the subcritical water extraction technology for extraction of lubricating oil and, in a broad sense, petroleum hydrocarbons contaminated soil.     

亚临界萃取油污染土壤技术及实验研究

选择一种非极性溶剂作为油污染土壤萃取剂,将油污染土壤浸泡在亚临界态萃取剂中冲洗并静置一定时间,萃取完成后排出混合液并脱溶回收萃取剂;采用称重法测量处理后试样的除油率,并根据相关标准测定处理前后试样中的总石油烃含量。结果表明,该萃取剂对油污染土壤中的石油烃类物质和其他有机物有良好的去除效果。鉴于分离出的原油和使用过的萃取剂均能有效回收,证明使用该萃取剂亚临界萃取油污染土壤是一种经济有效的处理技术。     

亚临界萃取油污染土壤技术及实验研究

选择一种非极性溶剂作为油污染土壤萃取剂,将油污染土壤浸泡在亚临界态萃取剂中冲洗并静置一定时间,萃取完成后排出混合液并脱溶回收萃取剂;采用称重法测量处理后试样的除油率,并根据相关标准测定处理前后试样中的总石油烃含量。结果表明,该萃取剂对油污染土壤中的石油烃类物质和其他有机物有良好的去除效果。鉴于分离出的原油和使用过的萃取剂均能有效回收,证明使用该萃取剂亚临界萃取油污染土壤是一种经济有效的处理技术。     

Biodegradation of slop wax by Bacillus species isolated from chronic crude oil contaminated soils

Slop wax waste by-product obtained through the lube oil manufacture was subjected to biotreatment using five isolated Bacillus species at 30 °C and various incubation periods, 7, 14 and 21 days. The results obtained from HPLC for the 15 samples showed that the aromatic contents decreased, especially, for that treated with Bacillus sp. MAM-27 which degrade PAHs faster at 1% (w/v) concentration of slop wax waste by-product and exhibited high biodegradation ability within 1 week. Bacillus sp. MAM-27 degraded 99.9% of PAHs, while Bacillus sp. MAM-24 degrades 99.8% of PAHs within 2 weeks and then the degradation ability is slightly increased afterwards. The gas chromatographic analysis of the samples before and after treatment with Bacillus spp. showed that, the aromatics, naphthenes and iso-alkanes were more degradable than saturated n-paraffins. Treatment by Bacillus sp. MAM-27 and Bacillus sp. MAM-24 can be an effective method for biodegradation of slop wax waste by-product leading to paraffin waxes match with plastic paraffin wax according to USSR 1121284 specifications.     

Flavor evaluation of crude oil to predict the quality of soybean oil

Reliable methods for evaluation of crude oils are needed to assist processing and to improve flavor quality of finished products. The quality of crude oils from soybeans of different sources and treatments was determined by sensory evaluation and by capillary gas chromatographic (GC) analyses of volatiles. Taste panelists were specially trained in using a new technique to evaluate crude oils by dilution and comparison with freshly deodorized oils. The flavor quality of crude oils from untempered soybeans was significantly poorer than that of oils from soybeans steam-tempered at 104 C for four min. Capillary GC analyses of total volatiles and hexanal correlated well with differences in flavor quality and stability. Crude oils extracted from soybeans damaged by storage at 45 C and 13% moisture received decreasing flavor scores with prolonged storage time. Similarlly, hexanal and total volatile contents increased with storage times. Commercial crude oils from several geographic locations showed a wide range in flavor scores. However, flavor scores of crude oils showed good agreement with flavor stabilities (decrease in flavor scores after storage at 60 C) of the corresponding oils after refining, bleaching, and deodorization. Therefore, the combined use, of sensory evaluations and GC-volatile analyses of crude oils can provide convenient, rapid, sensitive and reliable screening methods to assist in improving the quality of finished soybean oils by controlling soybean storage and processing.