莲藕渣多糖通过MAPK/NF-κB途径调节小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的免疫应答

揭示莲藕渣多糖（Lotus Root Residue Polysaccharide,LRP）对BALB/c小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的体外免疫调节作用,探讨LRP刺激腹腔巨噬细胞产生免疫应答的信号通路。利用MTT法测定不同浓度LRP对细胞活力影响;选用不同浓度梯度及同一浓度不同时间点的LRP刺激细胞,Griess法检测细胞NO释放量;半定量PCR检测细胞TLR4、TLR2受体及免疫关联因子（TNF-α、IL-6、iNOS、1L-1β、COX-2、Nfkbia）mRNA的表达,蛋白印迹法检测其MAPK通路（ERK1/2、JNK、p38）及Akt的磷酸化,同时研究了LRP对和蛋白AP-1及NF-κB的影响,对LRP对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的免疫调节活性及其信号机制进行评估。研究表明,LRP对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞无毒作用,25~50 μg/mL LRP促进细胞生长,细胞存活率为104.82%和102.53%（p<0.05）;NO浓度随LRP浓度提高而显著提高（p<0.05）,200 μg/mL LRP刺激细胞产生一氧化氮（NO）为36.47 μmol/L,200 μg/mL的LRP处理细胞,NO产量随培养时间延长而增多（p<0.05）,24 h时NO浓度为44.18 μmol/L;mRNA基因表达研究显示,LRP调控TLR4、TLR2受体,并调节免疫基因的表达;此外,LRP促进核蛋白c-Jun、p65由核外转向核内,增强ERK1/2、JNK、p38蛋白的磷酸化水平,但对于Akt的磷酸化没有显著影响。因此,莲藕渣多糖（LRP）可通过MAPK/NF-κB途径增强BALB/c小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞免疫应答。     

大蒜素对脂多糖诱导腹腔巨噬细胞炎症反应的抑制作用及机制

目的:探讨大蒜素对脂多糖(LPS)诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞炎症反应的抑制作用及机制。方法:建立LPS诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞炎症反应细胞模型,并用地塞米松和不同浓度大蒜素处理,MTT法检测细胞活力,中性红吞噬实验检测吞噬能力,Griess法检测一氧化氮(NO)及ELISA法检测COX-2酶活性和IL-6的分泌,qPCR检测环氧合酶2(COX-2)、一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和IL-6的mRNA表达水平,Western Blot检测COX-2、iNOS和IL-6的蛋白表达以及核转录因子NF-κB p65及其磷酸化产物的相对表达。结果:大蒜素浓度在40~160 μg/mL范围内对腹腔巨噬细胞均无细胞毒性;与LPS组比较,大蒜素处理组能促进腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬能力,能显著(P<0.05)抑制炎症因子COX-2酶活性、NO和IL-6的分泌,能显著(P<0.05)抑制基因COX-2、iNOS和IL-6 mRNA和蛋白的相对表达,并极显著(P<0.01)抑制NF-κB p65信号通路的磷酸化。结论:大蒜素能显著抑制LPS诱导的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的炎症反应,其机制可能与抑制NF-κB信号通路激活有关。     

羊栖菜多酚通过核转录因子-κB/丝裂原活化蛋白激酶通路缓解脂多糖诱导的RAW264.7细胞炎症反应

目的：研究羊栖菜多酚对脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）诱导小鼠单核巨噬细胞白血病细胞RAW264.7细胞炎症反应的影响。方法：噻唑蓝法测定细胞活力;Griess法测定一氧化氮（NO）水平;实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应测定白细胞介素（interleukin,IL）-6、IL-1β、肿瘤坏死因子（tumor necrosis factor,TNF）-α、环氧合酶2（cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2）和诱导型一氧化氮合酶（inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS）的基因相对表达量;流式细胞术测定细胞吞噬能力;蛋白免疫印迹法测定信号通路丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPKs）和核转录因子（nuclear factor,NF）-κB信号通路关键蛋白表达水平。结果：羊栖菜多酚对RAW264.7细胞的安全质量浓度范围为0～160 μg/mL。与LPS组相比,羊栖菜多酚剂量依赖性降低巨噬细胞吞噬能力并抑制NO的生成。同时,羊栖菜多酚下调促炎细胞因子（IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α）和炎症诱导酶（iNOS、COX-2）的mRNA水平,且作用效果与给药剂量及LPS刺激时间相关。这些炎性介质的表达与羊栖菜多酚抑制p38 MAPK和NF-κB p65的激活有关。结论：羊栖菜多酚可通过减弱p38 MAPK和NF-κB p65信号通路的激活水平,抑制下游炎症介质的转录表达,从而缓解LPS诱导的巨噬细胞炎症反应。     

沙葱总黄酮水洗组分的体外抗炎活性

本实验在体外应用脂多糖（lipopolysaccharides,LPS）诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞建立炎症模型的基础上,探讨沙葱总黄酮水洗组分的体外抗炎活性。应用CCK-8法检测0、50、100、200、400、800 μg/mL沙葱总黄酮水洗组分对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞增殖活力的影响;将细胞分为空白对照组、LPS应激模型组及不同质量浓度沙葱总黄酮水洗组分预处理组,采用Griess法及酶联免疫吸附测定法分别测定各处理组细胞上清液中NO浓度和肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）、白细胞介素（interleukin,IL）-1β、IL-6、IL-10的质量浓度,反转录实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应法检测各处理组细胞中诱导型一氧化氮合酶（inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS）、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10、髓样分化蛋白（myeloid differential protein,MyD）88、核因子 κB（nuclear factor κB,NF-κB）mRNA的表达水平。结果显示：与对照组相比,沙葱总黄酮水洗组分在50～800 μg/mL时对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞无明显细胞毒性作用。与LPS应激模型组相比,沙葱总黄酮水洗组分能够极显著抑制促炎介质NO、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6质量浓度及其mRNA的表达（P＜0.01或P＜0.001）;高度显著提高抗炎细胞因子IL-10质量浓度及其mRNA的表达（P＜0.001）,且呈剂量依赖效应;极显著降低MyD88、NF-κB mRNA的表达水平（P＜0.01或P＜0.001）。由此得出,沙葱总黄酮水洗组分对LPS诱导的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞具有抗炎作用,其抗炎活性可能是通过抑制促炎性介质NO、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6的分泌并提高抗炎性细胞因子IL-10的质量浓度实现的,其作用机制可能与NF-κB信号通路有关。     

蛹虫草多糖调节小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7免疫活性的分子机制

多种真菌多糖近年来因其免疫调节活性成为保健食品领域研究的热点。本实验以食药用真菌蛹虫草提取物蛹虫草多糖（Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides,CMP）为研究材料,初步探究CMP对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7免疫活性的调节机制。噻唑蓝实验结果显示CMP无细胞毒性,且100、200 μg/mL CMP可以明显增强RAW264.7细胞活性;中性红法、Griess法和酶联免疫吸附检测结果表明25～200 μg/mL的CMP以剂量依赖方式增强RAW264.7细胞吞噬活性并增加一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）和白介素-1β（interleukin-1β,IL-1β）分泌,肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）的分泌呈先升高后降低的趋势,在100 μg/mL时达到最高值;抑制剂中和实验结果显示当Toll样受体4（Toll-like receptors 4,TLR4）和甘露糖受体（mannose receptor,MR）受到抑制时,CMP诱导的RAW264.7免疫反应显著降低,这表明TLR4和MR均为CMP激活巨噬细胞的受体;此外,Western blot结果显示丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPK）信号通路也参与CMP诱导的RAW264.7细胞分泌NO、TNF-α和IL-1β。表明TLR4和MR/MAPK信号传导途径在CMP诱导巨噬细胞RAW264.7产生免疫应答时发挥了重要作用。     

酱油渣中免疫活性肽水解用酶的筛选

为筛选制备酱油渣免疫活性肽的最适水解酶,采用小鼠巨噬细胞(RAW264.7)增殖和脂多糖（LPS）炎症模型细胞内NO释放量实验,考察了Acalase、Papain、Pepsin、Trypsin与Protamex水解酱油渣蛋白所得到酶解物的免疫活性。结果表明,制备酱油渣免疫活性肽的最佳水解酶为Acalase,Acalase酶解物对小鼠巨噬细胞的增殖指数(SI)为1.09(6.25 μg/mL),且对脂多糖炎症模型中细胞内NO释放量具有极显著抑制作用,抑制率为10.80%（P<0.01）;其酶解物中180～1 000 u的组分占比81.33%,多肽含量及可溶性氮回收率分别为51.47%和89.43%。     

甘草黄酮对大气细颗粒物PM2.5引起肺泡巨噬细胞损伤的保护作用

目的:研究甘草黄酮对大气细颗粒物PM2.5(SRM 2786)导致的大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞(NR8383)损伤的保护作用。方法:实验分为对照组、模型组(125 μg/mL SRM 2786)与不同浓度甘草黄酮给药组(3.125、6.25、12.5、25 μg/mL+125 μg/mL SRM 2786),药物作用24 h后分别用MTT法检测细胞存活率、细胞形态观察、酶联免疫法(Elisa)检测细胞上清液肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白介素6(IL-6)及白介素1β(IL-1β)的含量、各组细胞NO和ROS释放及细胞中SOD活性和GSH-PX含量。结果:相较于对照组,125 μg/mL SRM 2786诱导可减少细胞贴璧生长且显著降低细胞存活率、SOD活性和GSH-PX含量、提高TNF-α、IL-6及IL-1β三种细胞因子的释放及细胞ROS和NO释放(p<0.01);而3.125~25 μg/mL甘草黄酮可使大部分悬浮细胞重新贴璧且显著提高下降的细胞存活率,显著抑制SRM 2786诱导的炎症细胞因子的释放和ROS释放、显著提高SOD活性及GSH-PX含量(p<0.05或 p<0.01),6.25~25 μg/mL甘草黄酮可显著降低SRM 2786导致的NO释放(p<0.05或p<0.01)。结论:甘草黄酮可显著提高由细颗粒物SRM 2786降低的细胞存活率和提高抗氧化酶活性、抑制炎性因子释放及氧化应激,其机制可能与其抗炎性损伤和氧化损伤有关。     

毛酸浆果提取物对RAW264.7细胞的免疫调节作用

该文探讨了毛酸浆果提取物（Physalis pubescens L. Fruits Extract,PPFE）对RAW264.7巨噬细胞免疫调节作用。采用噻唑蓝比色法（MTT）确定细胞毒性和增殖活性,格里斯法（Griess）、酶联免疫法（ELISA）、荧光探针法、中性红吞噬实验测定体外培养的巨噬细胞中一氧化氮（NO）、肿瘤因子-α（TNF-α）和白介素-6（IL-6）、干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）、活性氧（ROS）含量以及吞噬率;流式细胞术测定细胞周期变化及细胞凋亡情况,荧光定量反转录-聚合酶链反应（qRT-PCR）检测TNF-α、IFN-γ以及IL-6等细胞因子mRNA表达水平。结果显示：运用UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS测定PPFE化学成分分析,共鉴定出14种黄酮类物质。PPFE作用RAW264.7细胞的安全浓度在25~250 μg/mL范围内,与空白组相比,毛酸浆果提取物质量浓度为25 μg/mL时免疫增强效果最佳,其细胞增殖率、NO释放量、吞噬率、相对活性氧水平、TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-6的分泌量分别为130.53%、27.79 μmol/L、189.88%、137.75%、150.54 pg/mL、119.36 pg/mL、15.41 pg/mL。PPFE治疗组的细胞周期的G0/G1期、S期、G2/M期百分比分别为53.08%、17.40%、29.52%。细胞凋亡率与空白组相比降低了52.80%,同时极显著（p<0.01）上调TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-6的表达。综上可知,PPFE通过调节RAW264.7细胞吞噬功能、分泌免疫因子、细胞周期分布及凋亡情况,以及上调细胞因子mRNA表达水平,增强RAW264.7细胞免疫调节作用。     

新型液体婴儿配方乳对小鼠免疫功能的影响

本文研究新型液体婴儿配方乳对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响,利用腹腔注射环磷酰胺制备免疫抑制小鼠模型,将昆明小鼠分为5组,每组10只,经口灌胃给予小鼠0、1、2、4 g/kg·bw新型液体婴儿配方乳连续喂养28 d。分别对小鼠免疫器官脏体比值、刺激指数、抗体生成细胞情况、小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬率、NK细胞活性进行探讨。与模型对照组相比,高、中剂量组能显著增加（p<0.05）小鼠刺激指数、小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬、小鼠NK细胞活性,各剂量组能显著增加（p<0.05）小鼠肝脏和胸腺指数、抗体细胞的OD^413nm。结果表明,新型液体婴儿配方乳对免疫抑制小鼠有一定免疫增强作用。      

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the