面向视觉搜索的空间局部敏感哈希方法

目的 视觉检索需要准确、高效地从大型图像或者视频数据集中检索出最相关的视觉内容,但是由于数据集中图像数据量大、特征维度高的特点,现有方法很难同时保证快速的检索速度和较好的检索效果。方法 对于面向图像视频数据的高维数据视觉检索任务,提出加权语义局部敏感哈希算法（weighted semantic locality-sensitive hashing, WSLSH）。该算法利用两层视觉词典对参考特征空间进行二次空间划分,在每个子空间里使用加权语义局部敏感哈希对特征进行精确索引。其次,设计动态变长哈希码,在保证检索性能的基础上减少哈希表数量。此外,针对局部敏感哈希（locality sensitive hashing, LSH）的随机不稳定性,在LSH函数中加入反映参考特征空间语义的统计性数据,设计了一个简单投影语义哈希函数以确保算法检索性能的稳定性。结果 在Holidays、Oxford5k和DataSetB数据集上的实验表明,WSLSH在DataSetB上取得最短平均检索时间0.034 25 s;在编码长度为64位的情况下,WSLSH算法在3个数据集上的平均精确度均值（mean average precision,mAP）分别提高了1.2%32.6%、1.7%19.1%和2.6%28.6%,与几种较新的无监督哈希方法相比有一定的优势。结论 通过进行二次空间划分、对参考特征的哈希索引次数进行加权、动态使用变长哈希码以及提出简单投影语义哈希函数来对LSH算法进行改进。由此提出的加权语义局部敏感哈希（WSLSH）算法相比现有工作有更快的检索速度,同时,在长编码的情况下,取得了更为优异的性能。     

密集网络图像哈希检索

目的 为提取可充分表达图像语义信息的图像特征,减少哈希检索中的投影误差,并生成更紧致的二值哈希码,提出一种基于密集网络和改进的监督核哈希方法。方法 用训练优化好的密集网络提取图像的高层语义特征;先对提取到的图像特征进行核主成分分析投影,充分挖掘图像特征中隐含的非线性信息,以减少投影误差,再利用监督核哈希方法对图像特征进行监督学习,将特征映射到汉明空间,生成更紧致的二值哈希码。结果 为验证提出方法的有效性、可拓展性以及高效性,在Paris6K和LUNA16（lung nodule analysis 16）数据集上与其他6种常用哈希方法相比,所提方法在不同哈希码长下的平均检索精度均较高,且在哈希码长为64 bit时,平均检索精度达到最高,分别为89.2%和92.9%;与基于卷积神经网络的哈希算法（convolution neural network Hashing,CNNH）方法相比,所提方法的时间复杂度有所降低。结论 提出一种基于密集网络和改进的监督核哈希方法,提高了图像特征的表达能力和投影精度,具有较好的检索性能和较低的时间复杂度;且所提方法的可拓展性也较好,不仅能够有效应用到彩色图像检索领域,也可以应用在医学灰度图像检索领域。     

自适应高效深度跨模态增量哈希检索算法

针对现阶段深度跨模态哈希检索算法无法较好地检索训练数据类别以外的数据及松弛哈希码离散化约束造成的次优解等问题,提出自适应深度跨模态增量哈希检索算法,保持训练数据的哈希码不变,直接学习新类别数据的哈希码。同时,将哈希码映射到潜在子空间中保持多模态数据之间的相似性和非相似性,并提出离散约束保持的跨模态优化算法来求解最优哈希码。此外,针对目前深度哈希算法缺乏有效的复杂度评估方法,提出基于神经网络神经元更新操作的复杂度分析方法,比较深度哈希算法的复杂度。公共数据集上的实验结果显示,所提算法的训练时间低于对比算法,同时检索精度高于对比算法。     

哈夫曼编码乘积量化的图像哈希检索方法

目的 基于哈希编码的检索方法是图像检索领域中的经典方法。其原理是将原始空间中相似的图片经哈希函数投影、量化后,在汉明空间中得到相近的哈希码。此类方法一般包括两个过程：投影和量化。投影过程大多采用主成分分析法对原始数据进行降维,但不同方法的量化过程差异较大。对于信息量不均衡的数据,传统的图像哈希检索方法采用等长固定编码位数量化的方式,导致出现低编码效率和低量化精度等问题。为此,本文提出基于哈夫曼编码的乘积量化方法。方法 首先,利用乘积量化法对降维后的数据进行量化,以便较好地保持数据在原始空间中的分布情况。然后,采用子空间方差作为衡量信息量的标准,并以此作为编码位数分配的依据。最后,借助于哈夫曼树,给方差大的子空间分配更多的编码位数。结果 在常用公开数据集MNIST、NUS-WIDE和22K LabelMe上进行实验验证,与原始的乘积量化方法相比,所提出方法能平均降低49%的量化误差,并提高19%的平均准确率。在数据集MNIST上,与同类方法的变换编码方法（TC）进行对比,比较了从32 bit到256 bit编码时的训练时间,本文方法的训练时间能够平均缩短22.5 s。结论 本文提出了一种基于多位编码乘积量化的哈希方法,该方法提高了哈希编码的效率和量化精度,在平均准确率、召回率等性能上优于其他同类算法,可以有效地应用到图像检索相关领域。     

基于映射字典学习的跨模态哈希检索

针对网络上出现越来越多的多模态数据,如何在海量数据中检索不同模态的数据成为一个新的挑战.哈希方法把数据映射到Hamming空间,大大降低了计算复杂度,为海量数据的跨模态检索提供了一条有效的路径.然而,大部分现存方法生成的哈希码不包含任何语义信息,从而导致算法性能的下降.为了解决这个问题,本文提出一种基于映射字典学习的跨模态哈希检索算法.首先,利用映射字典学习一个共享语义子空间,在子空间保持数据模态间的相似性.然后,提出一种高效的迭代优化算法得到哈希函数,但是可以证明问题的解并不是唯一的.因此,本文提出通过学习一个正交旋转矩阵最小化量化误差,得到性能更好的哈希函数.最后,在两个公开数据集上的实验结果说明了该算法优于其他现存方法.     

语义保持哈希在跨模态检索中的应用

哈希表示能够节省存储空间,加快检索速度,所以基于哈希表示的跨模态检索已经引起广泛关注。多数有监督的跨模态哈希方法以一种回归或图约束的方式使哈希编码具有语义鉴别性,然而这种方式忽略了哈希函数的语义鉴别性,从而导致新样本不能获得语义保持的哈希编码,限制了检索准确率的提升。为了同时学习具有语义保持的哈希编码和哈希函数,提出一种语义保持哈希方法用于跨模态检索。通过引入两个不同模态的哈希函数,将不同模态空间的样本映射到共同的汉明空间。为使哈希编码和哈希函数均具有较好的语义鉴别性,引入了语义结构图,并结合局部结构保持的思想,将哈希编码和哈希函数的学习融合到同一个框架,使两者同时优化。三个多模态数据集上的大量实验证明了该方法在跨模态检索任务的有效性和优越性。     

语义相似性保持的判别式跨模态哈希

针对跨模态哈希检索方法中存在标签语义利用不充分,从而导致哈希码判别能力弱、检索精度低的问题,提出了一种语义相似性保持的判别式跨模态哈希方法.该方法将异构模态的特征数据投影到一个公共子空间,并结合多标签核判别分析方法将标签语义中的判别信息和潜在关联嵌入到公共子空间中;通过最小化公共子空间与哈希码之间的量化误差提高哈希码的判别能力;此外,利用标签构建语义相似性矩阵,并将语义相似性保留到所学的哈希码中,进一步提升哈希码的检索精度.在LabelMe、MIRFlickr-25k、NUS-WIDE三个基准数据集上进行了大量实验,其结果验证了该方法的有效性.     

基于对抗投影学习的跨模态哈希检索

跨模态哈希检索以其较高的检索效率和较低的存储成本,在跨模态检索领域受到了广泛的关注.现有的跨模态哈希大多直接从多模态数据中学习哈希码,不能充分利用数据的语义信息,因此无法保证数据低维特征在模态间的分布一致性,解决这个问题的关键之一是要准确地度量多模态数据之间的相似度.为此,提出一种基于对抗投影学习的哈希(adversarial projection learning based Hashing for cross-modal retrieval,APLH)方法用于跨模态检索.利用对抗训练学习来自不同模态的低维特征,并保证低维特征在模态间的分布一致性.在此基础上,利用跨模态投影匹配约束(cross-modal projection matching,CMPM),最小化特征投影匹配分布和标签投影匹配分布之间的KL(Kullback-Leibler)散度,利用标签信息使数据低维特征之间的相似度结构与语义空间中的相似度结构趋于一致.此外,在哈希码学习阶段,引入加权余弦三元组损失进一步利用数据的语义信息;且为减小哈希码的量化损失,使用离散优化的方法优化哈希函数.在3个跨模态数据集MIRFlickr25K,NUS-WIDE,Wikipedia上,以不同码位计算mAP,且所提方法的mAP值均优于其他算法,验证了其在跨模态哈希检索上的优越性、鲁棒性以及CMPM的有效性.     

面向遥感影像的深度语义哈希检索

目的 哈希检索旨在将海量数据空间中的高维数据映射为紧凑的二进制哈希码,并通过位运算和异或运算快速计算任意两个二进制哈希码之间的汉明距离,从而能够在保持相似性的条件下,有效实现对大数据保持相似性的检索。但是,遥感影像数据除了具有影像特征之外,还具有丰富的语义信息,传统哈希提取影像特征并生成哈希码的方法不能有效利用遥感影像包含的语义信息,从而限制了遥感影像检索的精度。针对遥感影像中的语义信息,提出了一种基于深度语义哈希的遥感影像检索方法。方法 首先在具有多语义标签的遥感影像数据训练集的基础上,利用两个不同配置参数的深度卷积网络分别提取遥感影像的影像特征和语义特征,然后利用后向传播算法针对提取的两类特征学习出深度网络中的各项参数并生成遥感影像的二进制哈希码。生成的二进制哈希码之间能够有效保持原始高维遥感影像的相似性。结果 在高分二号与谷歌地球遥感影像数据集、CIFAR-10数据集及FLICKR-25K数据集上进行实验,并与多种方法进行比较和分析。当编码位数为64时,相对于DPSH（deep supervised Hashing with pairwise labels）方法,在高分二号与谷歌地球遥感影像数据集、CIFAR-10数据集、FLICKR-25K数据集上,mAP（mean average precision）指标分别提高了约2%、6%7%、0.6%。结论 本文提出的端对端的深度学习框架,对于带有一个或多个语义标签的遥感影像,能够利用语义特征有效提高对数据集的检索性能。     

基于标记增强的离散跨模态哈希方法

跨模态哈希通过将不同模态的数据映射为同一空间中更紧凑的哈希码,可以大大提升跨模态检索的效率.然而现有跨模态哈希方法通常使用二元相似性矩阵,不能准确描述样本间的语义相似关系,并且存在平方复杂度问题.为了更好地挖掘数据间的语义相似关系,提出了一个基于标记增强的离散跨模态哈希方法.首先借助迁移学习的先验知识生成样本的标记分布,然后通过标记分布构建描述度更强的语义相似性矩阵,再通过一个高效的离散优化算法生成哈希码,避免了量化误差问题.最后,在两个基准数据集上的实验结果验证了所提方法在跨模态检索任务上的有效性.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.