Reducing sodium intake from meat products

Sodium intake exceeds the nutritional recommendations in many industrialized countries. Excessive intake of sodium has been linked to hypertension and consequently to increased risk of stroke and premature death from cardiovascular diseases. The main source of sodium in the diet is sodium chloride. It has been established that the consumption of more than 6g NaCl/day/person is associated with an age-increase in blood pressure. Therefore, it has been recommended that the total amount of dietary salt should be maintained at about 5-6g/day. Genetically salt susceptible individuals and hypertensives would particularly benefit from low-sodium diets, the salt content of which should range between 1 and 3g/day. In industrialized countries, meat products and meat meals at home and in catering comprise one of the major sources of sodium, in the form of sodium chloride. Sodium chloride affects the flavour, texture and shelf life of meat products. The salt intake derived from meat dishes can be lowered by, whenever possible, adding the salt, not during preparation, but at the table. In most cases, salt contents of over 2% can be markedly lowered without substantial sensory deterioration or technological problems causing economical losses. Salt contents down to 1.4% NaCl in cooked sausages and 1.75% in lean meat products are enough to produce a heat stable gel with acceptable perceived saltiness as well as firmness, water-binding and fat retention. A particular problem with low-salt meat products is, however, that not only the perceived saltiness, but also the intensity of the characteristic flavour decreases. Increased meat protein content (i.e. lean meat content) in meat products reduces perceived saltiness. The required salt content for acceptable gel strength depends on the formulation of the product. When phosphates are added or the fat content is high, lower salt additions provide a more stable gel than in non-phosphate and in low-fat products. Small differences in salt content at the 2% level do not have marked effects on shelf life of the products. By using salt mixtures, usually NaCl/KCl, the intake of sodium (NaCl) can be further reduced.     

冻藏条件对带鱼鱼肉及其鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

为研究不同冻藏条件对带鱼鱼肉及其鱼糜凝胶特性影响,将新鲜带鱼分别置于-7、-13、-18和-23℃下冻藏15～120 d,期间测定带鱼鱼肉理化特性(羰基、巯基、Ca²⁺-ATPase活性、TBARS),随后将鱼肉制成鱼糜凝胶后测定凝胶特性(色泽、凝胶强度、持水力),并结合扫描电镜观察微观结构。结果表明,随着冻藏时间的延长,鱼肉羰基含量和TBARS值逐渐升高,巯基含量和Ca²⁺-ATPase活性下降。冻藏温度越低,鱼肉的各项指标变化程度越小。除-7℃冻藏60 d后的样品TBARS值大于0.58 mg MDA/kg外,其余样品均未发生腐败。随冻藏时间的延长,带鱼鱼糜凝胶色泽逐渐劣变,持水力逐渐降低,冻藏温度越低色泽和持水力的变化越小。带鱼鱼肉在四个温度下冻藏120 d制成的鱼糜凝胶,其凝胶强度分别下降了72.33%、54.13%、39.17%和29.31%。通过SEM观察发现更低的冻藏温度能够使鱼糜凝胶保持良好的三维网状结构,抑制带鱼凝胶的劣变。综上,随冻藏时间的延长,带鱼鱼肉及其鱼糜凝胶特性逐渐劣变,随着冻藏温度由-7℃降低到-23℃,劣变过程...     

Addition of Phosphates, Proteins, and Gums to Reduced-Salt Frankfurter Batters

Reducing the added salt levels in frankfurter batters from 2.5 to 1.5% decreased water binding aoilities. Gel strength was less affected and fat release least affected. Tripolyphosphate and pyrophosphate were very effective at levels of 0.1% in restoring the water binding and gel strength. The effectiveness of these phosphates was nearly identical although they have opposing effects on batter pH. Soy isolate and rennet-treated, calcium-reduced dried skim milk improved the batters when added at 1 and 3%. Additions of alginate or especially xanthan gums (0.1-0.3%) improved the water binding but were very detrimental to the gel strength.     

High-pressure-cooked Low-fat Pork and Chicken Batters as Affected by Salt Levels and Cooking Temperature

The application of high pressure (200 and 400 MPa, 30 min) favored water and fat binding properties of chicken and pork batters even at low ionic strength. Textural properties of meat batters (particularly hardness and chewiness, and to a lesser extent springiness and cohesiveness) were influenced by cooking temperature. High pressures influenced the texture of batters, so that pressurized samples were less hard, cohesive, springy or chewy than nonpressurized samples; this effect was not related to on salt concentration. High pressure treatment limited the formation of gel structures, which probably was associated with its preserving effect against thermal denaturation of meat proteins.     

Influence of Lipid Composition on the Water and Fat Exudation and Gel Strength of Meat Batters

Blends of lard with eight separate fats or oils (70:30 w/w) were prepared and used as the fat component of meat batters. After cooking, the batters were analyzed for water and fat exudation and gel strength. None differed significantly from the control of 100% lard. Positive correlation coefficients, however, were significant between percent monounsaturated triglycerides and water exudation, polyunsaturated triglycerides and fat exudation and saturated triglycerides and gel strength. Addition of lecithin, cholesterol or methyl palmitate to the lard increased fat exudation and decreased gel strength. Sodium laurate had the opposite effect whether added to the lard or to the aqueous phase.     

食盐添加量对微波加热鸡胸肉糜凝胶品质的影响

食盐是肉类加工过程中最广泛使用的咸味剂,食盐的添加直接影响食品物料的介电特性,改变微波加热对肉制品的作用效果。本文以鸡胸肉为原料,研究不同食盐添加量对微波加热肉糜升温情况及凝胶品质的影响。实验数据表明:添加食盐能显著降低微波加热鸡胸肉糜的升温速率,同时使肉糜的升温速率更趋向于线性;随着食盐添加量的增加,鸡胸肉糜的蒸煮损失显著降低,非压出水分含量和持水性均有显著性提高(p0.05),食盐添加量为1.5%时达到最大值;肉糜的硬度值下降,弹性、黏聚性和恢复性等指标增加(p0.05),咀嚼性和凝胶强度变化不明显;肉糜的白度值逐渐降低,彩度值逐渐升高。添加1.5%的食盐能使微波加热肉糜样品的凝胶结构更加均匀致密,质地细腻且富有弹性。     

不同漂洗处理对罗非鱼浆的影响

分析了水洗、酸洗和盐洗对罗非鱼浆的脱水性、罗非鱼糜凝胶的持水性、白度及凝胶强度的影响,并对漂洗中干物质的损失率作了分析.结果表明:酸洗和盐洗可以使鱼浆易于脱水,各种漂洗都可以提高鱼糜凝胶的持水性、白度及凝胶强度,但提高程度随漂洗处理的不同而异.酸洗可以降低鱼浆中干物质的损失.     

影响狮子头口感的关键工艺标准研究

目的：通过对影响狮子头口感的关键要素的研究,得出狮子头最佳工艺配比和加热时间。方法：先采用单因素分析法,通过嫩度、滑爽度、肥腻感感官品质进行鉴定得出淀粉用量、用盐量、肥瘦比、加热时间的工艺参数,再用正交试验法得出综合配比的最佳值,同时运用质构仪、水分检测、脂肪检测方法得出狮子头在不同条件下的硬度、水分含量、脂肪含量,通过相关性分析得出硬度、水分、脂肪与工艺参数之间的关系。结果：狮子头的最佳工艺配比为肥瘦比5:5、用盐量3g、淀粉用量10g、加热时间120min。     

解冻方式及漂洗方法对冷冻竹荚鱼鱼糜品质的影响

探讨了解冻方式及CaCl_2溶液漂洗对冷冻竹荚鱼鱼糜加工品质的影响。实验中采用流水解冻、4℃空气解冻及微波解冻3种解冻方式,对解冻后竹荚鱼鱼肉盐溶蛋白含量、ATPase酶活以及其鱼糜凝胶的变化做了比较;同时以凝肢强度、持水性及微观结构为鱼糜品质的检测指标,考察了不同浓度CaCl_2溶液漂洗对冷冻竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。结果表明:4℃空气解冻得到的鱼糜品质最好,流水解冻次之,但4℃空气解冻时间较长。CaCl_2溶液漂洗对冷冻竹荚鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度有较大影响,低质量分数的CaCl_2(<0.6%)漂洗可以增强冷冻竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶强度,0.6%CaCl_2溶液漂洗时,凝胶强度最大,随后凝胶强度随CaCl_2质量分数增大而减小。     

Influence of Various Salts and Water Soluble Compounds on the Water and Fat Exudation and Gel Strength of Meat Batters

Meat batters were prepared in which the sodium or chloride from salt was replaced by other ions. Then the functional properties of the batters were determined by measuring water and fat exudation, and gel strength. Generally cations from groups IA and IIA of the periodic table equalled or surpassed the batters made with sodium only, whereas other cations decreased water binding. Of the anions, bromide, orthoand pyrophosphates, and citrate increased water retention. Zinc chloride increased fat exudation greatly. Magnesium chloride and sodium pyrophosphate increased the gel strength. Magnesium and calcium chlorides made good batters although they caused a drop of approximately 0.25 pH units. Sodium thiosulfate, sodium borohydride, starch, sucrose, glycerol, arginine and urea improved the water binding and gel strength, while nonionic detergents, monoglycerides and alcohols were very detrimental.     

淡水鱼肉蛋白质组成及其在鱼糜制品加工中的变化

本文通过鱼肉蛋白质组成、鱼糜凝胶特性的测定及SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳,研究了鲢、鳙、草、鲫四种淡水鱼鱼糜凝胶特性及其凝胶形成过程中蛋白质组成的变化。四种淡水鱼肉粗蛋白质含量基本相同,但凝胶特性存在明显差异,其原因是四种淡水鱼肉的盐溶性蛋白含量不同。在鱼糜制品加工过程中,盐溶性蛋白质、水溶性蛋白的比例逐渐下降,而不溶性蛋白比例逐渐上升。弹性凝胶体的形成始于盐擂阶段,主要形成于低温凝胶化阶段。SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳图谱显示,肌球蛋白重链的量在鱼糜凝胶形成过程中明显减少,而肌球蛋白轻链和肌动蛋白的量几乎未发生变化。肌球蛋白重链在内源转谷氨酰胺酶作用下,发生分子间或分子内的ε-(γ-Glu)-Lys共价交联,形成了网络状的不溶性蛋白。     

猪肉添加量对鱼糜凝胶制品品质的影响

本文研究了猪瘦肉、猪肥膘添加量对鱼糜制品凝胶强度、持水性、色度、感官品质的影响。实验结果表明,添加30%的猪瘦肉和6%的猪肥膘,产品的凝胶特性和持水性较好,感官品质适宜。鱼糜制品中添加猪肉可以使产品具有鲜香味,可掩盖鱼糜制品的腥味。     

EFFECTS OF SALT REDUCTION ON THE RHEOLOGICAL AND GELATION PROPERTIES OF WHITE AND DARK POULTRY MEAT BATTERS

The rheological and gelation properties of poultry dark and white meat batters prepared with average and reduced NaCl levels (2%, 1% and 0%) and with 0.5% hexametaphosphate (HMP) added to the 1% salt batters were studied. Lowering the salt content decreased the shear stress in both the white and dark meat at the same shear rates. HMP addition to the 1% NaCl treatments increased the shear stress in the dark meat but not in the white meat at the same shear rates using a concentric cylinder viscometer. The relationship between the rotor angular velocity and shear stress of the raw batters was nonlinear and resembled a pseudoplastic behaviour with yield stress in all cases. Plots of the modulus of rigidity (G) versus cooking temperature indicated that white meat always exhibited higher G than that of dark meat. The highest G was observed in the white meat with 2.0% NaCl and the lowest in the dark meat with no salt. The batters with no salt also exhibited gel formation, however with lower G values.     

甲基纤维素添加量对低盐肉糜凝胶特性的影响

将甲基纤维素(methyl cellulose,MC)作为替代物加入肉糜中等量替代食盐,采用5个不同MC添加量(0％、0.4％、0.8％、1.2％、1.6％)即肉糜中的食盐质量分数分别为2％、1.6％、1.2％、0.8％、0.4％.通过测定肉糜凝胶的蒸煮损失率、色泽、质构、低场核磁共振横向弛豫时间(T2)以及流变特性,...     

热处理对大豆分离蛋白结构和凝胶性的影响

通过对大豆分离蛋白（soybean protein isolate,SPI）的亚基组成及结构、自由氨基浓度、游离巯基含量、 表面疏水性及凝胶强度的测定,研究热处理对SPI理化性质、结构特性及凝胶特性的影响。研究表明,随着热处理 温度的升高,SPI亚基解离加剧,SPI的β-折叠含量明显下降,无规卷曲含量显著增加。当热处理时间为10 min、温 度从70 ℃提高到95 ℃时,SPI中自由氨基浓度、自由巯基含量及表面疏水性呈上升趋势,SPI形成凝胶的强度先升 高后降低,凝胶失水率呈下降趋势。当热处理温度为90 ℃,随着时间从5 min延长到60 min时,SPI中自由氨基浓 度不断增加,自由巯基含量及表面疏水性则先增加后降低,SPI形成凝胶的强度呈上升趋势,凝胶失水率呈下降趋 势。随着凝胶保温时间的延长和温度的提高,SPI凝胶的强度均不断提高,失水率均不断下降。综合考虑,制备SPI 凝胶的最佳条件为：热处理90 ℃、15 min,保温90 ℃、30 min。     

亚麻籽胶与肉蛋白相互作用的研究

采用差示扫描量热仪分别测定了添加与不添加亚麻籽胶的肉蛋白、肌原纤维蛋白和盐溶肉蛋白的变性温度 ,用AR1 0 0 0流变仪和TPA全质构分析仪分别测定了盐溶肉蛋白以及添加亚麻籽胶的盐溶肉蛋白的动态流变性质和凝胶的硬度 ,结果表明 ,亚麻籽胶与肉蛋白、肌原纤维蛋白、盐溶肉蛋白发生了相互作用     

Gelation of Shark Meat under Mild Acidic Conditions: Physicochemical and Rheological Characterization of the Gel

Homogenate of washed shark meat in water was converted into a gel by lowering its pH to 3.5 by acetic acid. Unlike unacidified homogenate, water was strongly bound to the gel. The strength of the gel increased with increasing moisture content, while expressible water content was not affected. Gelation was associated with reduction in myosin heavy chain and sulfhydryl groups. Dynamic rheological measurements indicated viscoelastic nature of the gel. The storage modulus increased with increased temperature. The shear stress sweep of the gel dispersions as a function of temperature suggested pseudoplastic behavior.     

食盐添加量对鱼糜凝胶过程中水分状态的影响

以金鲳鱼、草鱼（均为白肉鱼）和鲣鱼、鲐鱼（均为红肉鱼）为原料,利用低场核磁共振技术测定食盐添加量对鱼糜凝胶过程中水分状态的影响,探讨4 种鱼糜不同凝胶阶段水分状态的变化。结果表明：食盐添加量对4 种鱼糜凝胶过程的水分状态存在显著影响;金鲳鱼与草鱼及鲣鱼与鲐鱼的鱼糜凝胶各阶段的水分状态变化趋势相似;食盐添加量对同种鱼糜凝胶过程中的水分分布无影响,其主要影响水分的弛豫时间;水分迁移的变化与鱼种肌球蛋白（盐溶性蛋白）种类及其热稳定性有关;4 种鱼糜凝胶过程中水分状态的变化在一定程度上间接反映出凝胶温度及食盐添加量对鱼糜凝胶结构的影响,导致不同鱼种鱼糜凝胶质量的差异性。     

羧甲基壳聚糖与NaCl组合漂洗制备白鲢鱼糜工艺条件优化

目的：探讨羧甲基壳聚糖（carboxymethyl chitosan,CBC）与NaCl组合漂洗白鲢鱼糜对凝胶品质、鱼糜收率及蛋白损失率等的影响。方法：以鲜白鲢鱼为原料,分别采用去离子水、0.25%、0.5%、0.75%、1.0%的NaCl溶液,0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%的CBC溶液,1.0% CBC＋1.0% NaCl、1.0% CBC＋0.75% NaCl、1.5% CBC＋1.0% NaCl、1.5% CBC＋0.75% NaCl,对鱼糜进行一次漂洗（鱼肉与漂洗液质量比1∶5）,测定不同漂洗处理对鱼糜凝胶强度、白度、蛋白质组成及流变特性的影响。结果：单独采用NaCl漂洗时,随着其用量的增大,鱼糜凝胶强度、白度呈现增加趋势（P＜0.05）,总蛋白含量呈现先增加后下降的趋势,过高或过低的NaCl质量分数,均不利于提高鱼糜得率。单独采用CBC溶液漂洗时,凝胶强度、白度、水溶性蛋白含量随着CBC质量分数的增大呈上升趋势（P＜0.05）。采用NaCl和CBC组合漂洗时,1.5% CBC＋0.75% NaCl组合得到的鱼糜凝胶强度最高,达232.05 g•cm,显著高于对照的142.22 g•cm（P＜0.01）,此时的盐溶性蛋白含量10.53%和水溶蛋白含量4.91%,显著高于空白对照的9.36%（P＜0.05）及4.06%（P＜0.01）。1.5% CBC＋0.75% NaCl组合漂洗,获得良好的鱼糜凝胶强度、白度及粗蛋白含量。结论：采用1.5% CBC＋0.75% NaCl漂洗可以改善鱼糜的凝胶品质,蛋白损失率比对照组降低10.56%,从而提高鱼糜得率,并降低废水排放。     

云岭牛不同部位肉的品质特性分析

为了探索云岭牛不同部位肉品质特性的差异,选用30月龄云岭牛霖肉、臀肉、肩肉、牛腱、黄瓜条和牛腩6个部位肉,对水分、脂肪、蛋白质和胶原蛋白含量、p H值、色差、质构、剪切力、蒸煮损失、解冻损失、凝胶特性及乳化特性进行测定。结果显示:相较于其它品种的牛,云岭牛具有蛋白质含量高,脂肪含量低的特点。肩肉的水分(75.80%)、蛋白质(24.00%)和胶原蛋白含量(13.68%)高,脂肪含量(1.05%)低,凝胶特性、嫩度和保水性均较好,但乳化特性较差;霖肉的蛋白质含量(21.30%)最低,但脂肪(5.13%)和胶原蛋白含量(17.91%)最高;臀肉的凝胶特性和乳化特性较好。结果表明,云岭牛不同部位肉间的品质特性有显著性差异,肩肉适合块状产品开发;霖肉适合烤制产品的开发;臀肉适合肠类产品开发。