Principles of an approach for coloring military camouflage

Optimum technology for dyeing serge with water-soluble sulfur dyes by the continuous pad-steam method was developed. It was shown that the colors for the background obtained in dyeing with Thiosol Olive and Diresul Olive-green satisfy camouflage requirements only in the daytime. Optimum technology for dyeing serge with Active Olive Special by continuous pad-steam and pad-thermofixation methods was developed. The background colors obtained in dyeing with Active Olive Special ensures camouflage both in the visible and in the IR region of the spectrum. __________ Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 2, pp. 53–56, March–April, 2008.     

Role of the polymer substrate in oxidative degradation of natural and synthetic dyes on flax cellulose

The “protective” function of the polymer substrate in oxidative treatments of linen cloth was revealed. It was found that the stability of the chromophore structure of direct and active dyes on flax cellulose in both acid and basic medium is much higher than in aqueous solution and printing composition. The “protective” effect of the polymer in oxidative degradation of flax cellulose natural dyes is manifested to a lesser degree due to the effective destruction of cellulose dye satellites in conditions of discharge printing of grey linen. Ivanovo State University of Chemical Engineering. Translated fromKhimicheskie Volokna, No. 2, pp. 47–50, March–April, 2000.     

Polyester fibre with high dyeability and pilling

Polyester fibre based on poly(ethylene terephthalate) modified by addition of 3 wt. % sulfoisophthalic acid Na salt dimethyl ester, has high resistance to the pilling effect and elevated dyeability with disperse dyes. Sorption of the dye by the modified fibre at 100°C is several times higher (and in the case of a disperse dye, more than one order of magnitude higher) than sorption of dyes by mass-produced polyester fibre. The fastness of dyeing the modified and mass-produced fibres in different kinds of treatment is almost the same. The high sorption capacity of the modified fibre not only allows dyeing it with disperse dyes at normal pressure in a wide range of deep and medium shades, but also reducing the amount of unused dye in the baths and thus decreasing the effect on the environment. Translated fromKhimicheskie Volokna, No. 1, pp. 35–39, January–February, 2000.     

Synthesis of solvatochromic merocyanine dyes and their immobilization to polymers

Solvatochromic merocyanine dyes were immobilized onto polymer surfaces and copolymerized with acrylic resins, yielding novel reversibly solvatochromic polymers, which were used as solvent polarity indicators that exhibited different colors in water and alcohols. To generate solvatochromic polymer for solvent polarity indication, two solvatochromic merocyanine dyes containing moieties, which allow their immobilization onto polymer surfaces, or copolymerization with acrylic and vinyl monomers, were sequentially synthesized in four and six steps. Merocyanine dye (E)‐2‐(2‐(1‐(6‐aminohexyl)pyridinium‐4‐yl)vinyl)‐4,6‐dichlorophenolate (AHPVD) was prepared with a terminal aminohexyl group which allowed covalent bonding to activated carboxylated or sulfonated polymeric materials. The dyes were covalently bonded to the polymer surfaces, such as, nylon, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, and silicone. Solvatochromic merocyanine dye (E)‐2‐(2‐(1‐(6‐acrylamidohexyl)pyridinium‐4‐yl)vinyl)‐4,6‐dichlorophenolate (AAPVD) was synthesized for radical copolymerization with acrylate and vinyl monomers and oligomers. Side‐chain solvatochromic merocyanine‐containing hydrophilic polymers with differential water and alcohol absorption were obtained upon photoinitiated radical copolymerization with specially formulated acrylated resins. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 44451.     

Surface modification and dyeing of polyester fibres using magnetically activated aqueous solutions

For surface modification of polyester fibres in an alkali bath, dyeing them with disperse dyes, and successively performing these operations, the water must be magnetically activated. The color characteristics and degree of surface alkaline hydrolysis are a function of the magnetic field strength. The optimum current strength in the electromagnet is approximately 1.6 A. __________ Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 4, pp. 41–44, July–August, 2007.     

Special features in dyeing modacrylic fibre

Conclusions The possibility of dyeing freshly-spun modacrylic fibre with cationic dyes and in bulk with dyes or pigments of various classes has been investigated under laboratory conditions.It is recommended to use dyeing of modacrylic fibre in bulk with acetone-soluble dyes, which permits one to eliminate the energy-intensive process of pigment dispersion.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 6, p. 36, November–December, 1988.     

A novel and eco-friendly approach for dyeing polyester fabrics by liquid disperse dyes treated with deep eutectic solvent

Disperse dyes do not contain water-soluble groups and are difficult to dissolve in water, so they cannot be directly formulated into dyeing liquor. In the current dyeing process, the solubility of disperse dyes is mainly improved by adding dispersants. However, dispersants are not absorbed by fibres and survive in the dyeing effluent, aggravating the pollution of water bodies and causing difficulties in treatment. Therefore, the development of a novel, eco-friendly dyeing approach is important to overcome these problems. Herein, for the purpose of improving the solubility of disperse dyes and reducing the dosage of dispersants, a deep eutectic solvent consisting of choline chloride/ethylene glycol was employed instead of dispersant to dissolve CI Disperse Blue 79 and CI Disperse Red 343, thus forming liquid disperse dyes. The results show that both CI Disperse Blue 79 and CI Disperse Red 343 were well dissolved in choline chloride/ethylene glycol with excellent stability, and the dissolution behaviour was strongly associated with the dissolution temperature and time. Moreover, polyester fabrics can be dyed successfully with liquid disperse dyes, and it was observed that the K/S value and rubbing fastness were evidently improved at the same dyeing temperature with unchanged colour characteristics, and a higher K/S value could still be obtained by lowering the dyeing temperature. This work establishes a green dyeing process, which reduces dyeing costs and meets the demand for environmental protection. It is also expected to realise the liquid state of disperse dyes, which will help to promote the further development of textile dyeing.     

Possibilities of polymer‐aided dyeing of cotton fabric with reactive dyes at neutral pH

Water‐soluble polymers have versatile application, viz., water‐soluble polyacrylates have been widely used in the reactive dyeing of cellulosic fibers and the related soaping as an important component of the leveling and washing agent. In this article, one such water‐soluble polymer, polyacrylic acid has been synthesized, characterized, and applied in conjunction with various types of reactive dyes, namely triazinyl, vinyl sulfone, high exhaustion, and bifunctional reactive dyes, along with crosslinking agents, namely glycerol 1,3‐dichlorohydrin and hexamethylene tetramine‐hydroquinone, respectively. One of the crosslinking agents (the former one) has been synthesized in the laboratory. Crosslinking agent is necessary to adhere the dye molecule onto the cellulose macromolecule. Different process sequences have been formulated and explored for dyeing purpose. All such dyeings were carried out at neutral pH. The dyed samples were assessed through color strength in terms of K/S values and their fastness properties were assessed by standard methods. All such dyeings were compared with conventional dyed samples. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

A comparative study of ethylene polymerization by bis(aminotropone) Ti catalysts

A series of titanium aminotropone complexes bearing a pair of chelating [O–N] ligands have been synthesized and used for polymerization of ethylene successfully. Ethylene polymerization reactions were carried out at different conditions using the prepared catalysts. The activities for ethylene polymerization were significantly dependent on the catalyst structure. The polymerization activity increased with increasing of the both monomer pressure and [MAO]:[Ti] ratio. The highest activity of the catalysts was obtained at about 30–40 °C. It was demonstrated that unlike the high performance Ti–FI catalysts, bis(aminotropone) Ti catalysts do not require the presence of steric bulk in close proximity to the oxygen moiety. Introduction of the bulky alkyl substitution next to the oxygen moiety decreased the activity of the catalysts. Density Functional Theory (DFT) studies reveal that the active species derived from these catalysts normally possess higher electrophilicity nature compared with those produced using bis(phenoxy-imine) Ti catalysts (Ti–FI catalysts). Hydrogen was used as the chain transfer agent. The activities of the catalysts were increased with hydrogen concentration to some extent, but the M _v values of the obtained polymers were decreased. Crystallinity and melting point of the obtained polymer were between 42–62% and 102–124 °C, respectively. Higher pressure increased both the crystallinity and the M _v values of the resulting polymers. The catalyst 8a also produced PE with almost narrow polydispersities (1.10–2.55) as is typical for single-site catalysts. However, PDI was broadened by time.     

A significant approach to dye cotton in supercritical carbon dioxide with fluorotriazine reactive dyes

A series of fluorotriazine reactive dyes have been synthesized and applied to dye cotton in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) with good dyeing results. The pieces of cotton to be dyed were previously presoaked in a protic solvent and cosolvents were applied during dyeing. The colour strength of the dyeings was evaluated by K/S measurements. The K/S values achieved on cotton dyed were up to 35.8 ± 4.2. Even after the cotton was subjected to a Shoxlet extraction at 358 K for 1 h, a maximum K/S value of 20.2 ± 1.8 was measured. The percentage of dye molecules chemically fixed to the cotton was on average 85%. The excellent reactivity of fluorotriazines allowed a reduction of 3 h on the dyeing time. It is noticeable that a dye concentration of 10% on weight of the fibre (owf) can be applied to dye cotton with fluorotriazines, since no damage of the cotton fibres occurred, as observed for the chlorotriazines at this high dye concentration.Dyes with fluorotriazine as reactive group were found to be the most preferable dyes for dyeing cotton in scCO₂, as they were able to exceed the limitation of the reaction with the cotton.     

New dyestuffs for polyester fibres—synthesis and comparative tinctorial behaviour of 3-alkyl-4-arylhydrazono-N1-picolinoyl-2-pyrazolin-5-ones and their isomeric pyrid-3- and -4-yl analogues

The condensation reaction of pyridine-carboxylic acid hydrazides IIa-d with ethyl butanoylacetate was selectively used to synthesize new azo-disperse dyes embodying a pyrazolone moiety with a view to evaluating and comparing their dyeing performance on synthetic polymer fibres. Fastness properties of these dyes were of a generally good order, particularly for those of nicotinoyl derivatives VIIIa-h . Comparison of the promising tinctorial properties (%R, K/S function and Tristimulus values) of the latter products with that of the corresponding oxygenated analogues Xa-h revealed the advantages of using the former colourants as azo-disperse dyes for the used polyester fibre.     

Dyeing of polyamide—wool fibre blend with acid dyes using α-cyclodextrin

The colors of polyamide fibre obtained in dyeing with α-cyclodextrin (CD) additive are uniform and saturated. This effect is also obtained on wool fibre and wool—polyamide fibre blend. It was found that the dyeability of the samples with α-CD is much higher than for samples without the additive with an increase in the temperature. In spectrophotometric determination of complexation in the dye—α-CD aqueous system, it was found that the dyeability of the samples was highest in a 1:1 ratio than with the standard dyeing method. α-CD thus acts as a process booster. __________ Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 3, pp. 37–39, May–June, 2007.     

Studies on Some New Reactive Disperse Dyes

The preparation of some new reactive disperse dyes which can be used for dyeing 100% synthetic and fibre blends is described. The preparation of some disperse dyes containing a chlorohydrin group is also described. This radical is the precursor of the epoxide reactive group in the active form of these dyes. Dyeings produced on various fibre blends by a two–stage high–temperature and by a carrier–dyeing technique are assessed. It was found that dyeings produced by the high–temperature technique were brighter, more level and possessed much better technical properties than those obtained using the carrier–dyeing method. The fastness properties of dyed samples were determined and found to be comparable with those of conventional disperse and reactive dyes. The colour yield was also determined in order to examine the possibility of obtaining deep dyeings on blended fibres, and to evaluate the potential commercial use of these dyes for dyeing blends as well as 100% synthetic–polymer fibres.     

An innovative study on dyeing silk fabrics by modified phospholipid liposomes

Modified phospholipids from the commercial soybean lecithin were prepared via acetylation of the acetone insoluble fraction phosphatidylethanolamine. N‐Acetyl‐phosphatidylethanolamine was used to prepare liposomes for encapsulating anionic dyes (acid and reactive dyes) to be used in dyeing silk fabric. Size measurements of the liposomes showed that the maximum vesicle size was 36.61 nm for empty liposomes in comparison with 39.08 and 39.75 nm for acid dyes and 51.78 and 59.20 nm for reactive dyes. The efficiency of the micro‐encapsulated dyes to dye silk fabric has been investigated and compared with the conventional dyeing process using different parameters. It was confirmed that the acetylated acetone insoluble fraction liposome shows better encapsulation of the reactive dyes and achieves more dye uptake than the acid dyes. It was also found that fastness properties of dyed silk with micro‐encapsulated anionic dyes did not change significantly more than the conventional dyeing method. Reuse of the micro‐encapsulated dyebath produces low water pollution as the effluent is virtually colourless. As a result, the process is also economic and eco‐friendly.     

One‐bath dyeing of polyester/cotton blends with disperse and bis‐3‐carboxypyridinium‐s‐triazine reactive dyes. Part 2: Application of substantive reactive dyes to cotton at 130 °C and neutral pH†

An earlier paper reported that the reactive dyes (not the disperse dyes) were responsible for the inability to achieve heavy depths of shade, when dyeing polyester/cotton blends by a one‐bath process at 130 °C and neutral pH using reactive dyes containing a 3‐carboxypyridinium‐s‐triazinyl group. It was shown that the poor colour yield of the bis‐3‐carboxypyridinium‐s‐triazine reactive dyes was because of their low exhaustion level at 130 °C and pH of 7.0–7.5. We now report the synthesis and evaluation of some bis‐3‐carboxypyridinium‐s‐triazine reactive dye structures, possessing highly substantive chromophores, as a means of obtaining high colour yield, on 100% unmercerised cotton, under the specified dyeing conditions. The technical performance of these dyes under such conditions was compared with that of selected Novacron (Cibacron) LS and Procion H‐E dyes, applied under their recommended (atmospheric) dyeing conditions.     

Synthesis and properties of acid dye derivatives of arylsulphonanilides

Thirty-five acid dyes suitable for dyeing wool and polyamide fibres were synthesized, using derivatives of arylsulphonanilides prepared from o-nitrotoluene or chloronitrotoluene. As coupling components, derivatives of 1-phenyl-3-methylpyrazolone-5 and 2-naphthol were used. Fastness and colour properties of the prepared dyes were determined. It was found that some of the prepared dyes on polyamide fibres show batho- and hypso-chromic effects as well as hypo- and hyper-chromic effects during testing of their fastness to washing and to acid and alkaline perspiration. Spectroscopic examinations and determination of pK_a of the sulphonamide and hydroxyl groups of the dyes showed that the observed changes are associated with aggregation or disaggregation of the dyes on fibres or with a change in the azo-hydrazone equilibrium. Some of the prepared dyes are characterized by very good dyeing and fastness properties.     

Extraction of natural dyes from Alpinia blepharocalyx K. Schum. for dyeing of silk fabric

Natural dyes were extracted from the leaves and stems of Alpinia blepharocalyx K. Schum. Analysis of the designed experiment revealed that extraction at a plant/water ratio of 1:20 could reach an optimal production of natural dyes when extraction was performed at 80 °C, for 4 h, under 20 min ultrasound, in the presence of 10 g/l sodium hydroxide, and with two extractions. The extracted natural dyes were applied to the dyeing of silk fabrics using different methods, including or excluding a mordant. It was found that mordants had a significant effect on the colour of dyed silk fabrics. The silk fabric dyed with the pre‐mordant method using potassium aluminium sulphate as a mordant showed a bright yellow with a higher colour strength. The optimal dyeing conditions were reached when the extracted natural dyes were pre‐mordanted with 10 g/l potassium aluminium sulphate at pH 6, and for a 20 min dyeing time.     

Synthesis of acid dyes containing polyetheramine moieties and their low‐temperature dyeing properties on wool fiber

To realize the low‐temperature dyeing of wool fibers, the use of auxiliaries and wool modification are common methods. Low‐temperature auxiliaries may cause water‐pollution problems, and wool modification is a costly and uncontrollable process. In this study, new acid dyes, named D1–D3, containing polyetheramine groups were synthesized and applied to wool fiber by conventional and low‐temperature exhaust dyeing procedures. The results indicate that the new acid dyes could interact with wool‐fiber‐like auxiliaries and render a high exhaustion rate to the wool fiber at a dyeing temperature of 80 °C. In comparison with Acid Blue 25, the D1–D3 dyes showed an increased dyeing rate, especially under a dyeing temperature of 80 °C. Despite the bigger relative molecular masses of D1–D3, the exhaustion rates of D1–D3 were still higher, and the times of half‐dyeing were shorter than that of Acid Blue 25. The color differences between the wool fabrics dyed with the four dyes at 80 and 98 °C, respectively, were compared. We found that the color differences of D1–D3 between 80 and 98 °C were smaller than that of Acid Blue 25. The interactions between the dyes and wool fiber were analyzed and manifested by the measurement of the ζ potential of the dyes and wool fiber. The leveling and transfer properties of the D1–D3 dyes were also investigated, and the color differences of the wool fabrics dyed with Acid Blue 25, D1, and D2 were very low at all measured pH values and temperatures. The fastnesses of D1–D3 on wool fabric were almost the same as that of Acid Blue 25. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 45793.     

Self-Assembled 3D Flower-Like Hierarchical β-Ni(OH)2 Hollow Architectures and their In Situ Thermal Conversion to NiO

Three-dimensional (3D) flower-like hierarchical β-Ni(OH)₂ hollow architectures were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal route. The as-obtained products were well characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM (HRTEM), SAED, and DSC-TGA. It was shown that the 3D flower-like hierarchical β-Ni(OH)₂ hollow architectures with a diameter of several micrometers are assembled from nanosheets with a thickness of 10–20 nm and a width of 0.5–2.5 μm. A rational mechanism of formation was proposed on the basis of a range of contrasting experiments. 3D flower-like hierarchical NiO hollow architectures with porous structure were obtained after thermal decomposition at appropriate temperatures. UV–Vis spectra reveal that the band gap of the as-synthesized NiO samples was about 3.57 eV, exhibiting obviously red shift compared with the bulk counterpart.     

蓝色活性染料的合成及拼混增效

本文设计合成了22只含复合双活性基的蓝色活性染料。测定了活性染料的四个特征参数S、E、R和F值,考察了染料结构与直接性的关系。测定了染料的提升力,根据染料的相容性和染料的结构特征选择拼混染料;不同类活性染料的拼混和同类活性染料的拼混都得到染深性很好的混合染料。测定了活性染料的耐碱性,耐碱性好的染料与耐碱性差的染料通过适当比例混合后,混合染料具有优异的耐碱性。